Histology Review Q's

When naming epithelium, stratified epithelium are named based on the shape of the ______layer.

Apical

The release of lipid droplets from cells is which type of secretion? a. Merocrine b. Serous c. Apocrine d. Mucous e. Holocrine

Apocrine

An individual genetically unable to synthesize normal integrin proteins is likely to have epithelia with defective regulation in which of the following?

Attachment to the basement membrane

A 25-year-old man presents with persistent joint pain and a history of recurrent fractures of each humerus. His hematocrit and complete blood count (CBC) are normal, but blood calcium levels are high. Hormone levels are all within normal ranges except PTH that exceeds normal by threefold. Which if the following could be pre- scribed to offset the effects of the elevated PTH?

Calcitonin

Microscopic autoradiography uses radioactivity and can be employed to study what features in a tissue section? -The types of enzymes found in various cell locations -Cellular sites where various macromolecules are synthesized -The sequences of mRNA made in the cells -The dimensions of structures within the cells -The locations of genes transcribed for specific mRNA

Cellular sites where various macromolecules are synthesized

What are the relatively large particles formed in the intestinal epithelial cells and rich in ingested lipids?

Chylomicrons

With a 5-year history of chronic respiratory infections, a 23-year- old, non-smoking man is referred to an otolaryngologist. A bron- chial biopsy indicates altered structures in the epithelial cells. Which of the following, if altered to reduce function, is most likely involved in this patient's condition? Hemidesmosomes Cilia Basolateral cell membrane folds Microvilli Tight junctions

Cilia

Which of the following connective tissue components is located in the ECM but not in the ground substance? Collagen bundles Fibronectin GAGs Hyaluronan Proteoglycans

Collagen bundles

Which feature is typical of elastic cartilage?

Collagen is mainly type II

Which of the following most accurately describes the periosteum?

Composed of two layers: osteogenic and fibrous

A 36-year-old man is referred by his family physician to the pulmo- nary clinic. He complains of shortness of breath following physical activity and decreased capacity for exercise. He says that strenuous exercise including yard work is impossible without sitting down and resting every few minutes. After taking several deep breaths during the physical examination, he begins to wheeze. He is not a smoker and works in an office not exposed to dust, fumes, or other irritants. He appears slightly jaundiced. Serum alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) concentration analysis is below normal and is followed up with AAT phenotype and DNA testing that indicates one copy of S and one of Z mutations with 40% abnormal AAT production. Urinalysis shows elevated levels of desmosine and isodesmosine. These excreted com- pounds normally contribute to efficient lung function by which of the following mechanisms? Posttranslational modification of fibrillin Cross-linking elastin Activating elastase Activating AAT Binding type IV collagen to elastin

Cross-linking elastin

In preparing tissue for routine light microscopic study, which procedure immediately precedes clearing the specimen with an organic solvent? -Dehydration -Fixation -Staining -Clearing -Embedding

Dehydration

A 42-year-old woman of Mediterranean descent presents with mul- tiple oral blisters and a few cutaneous blisters on her back and but- tocks. The superficial bullae are fragile, some have unroofed to form ulcerated lesions, and there is a positive Nikolsky sign. Blood tests reveal antibodies to a subfamily of cadherins and immunohisto- chemical staining of a biopsy from the oral mucosa shows distribu- tion of the antigen throughout the epithelium. In what structures is the defect that is causing this patient's condition? Desmosomes Tight junctions Hemidesmosomes Gap junctions Reticular lamina

Desmosomes

Which component of bone impedes the distribution of nutrients and oxygen to osteocytes?

ECM

Osteoarthritis is characterized by the progressive erosion of articu- lar cartilage. The matrix metalloproteinases involved in this ero- sion primarily act on which matrix component?

Fibril-forming collagen

Which of the following contains binding sites for integrins and is an important part of the ECM in both loose connective tissue and dense irregular connective tissue? a. Aggrecan b. Fibronectin c. Perlecan d. Fibrillin e. Most types of collagen

Fibronectin

Which step occurs first in chondrogenesis?

Formation of mesenchymal condensations

A 33-year-old homeless woman has been living in an abandoned building and eating dried meat and bread from the dumpster behind a delicatessen. She smokes cigarettes "bummed" from others. She presents at a free clinic with bleeding under the skin, particularly around hair follicles, and bruises on her arms and legs. She is irrita- ble, clinically depressed, and fatigued with general muscle weakness. Her gums are bleeding, swollen, purple, and spongy, with several loose teeth. She has an infected toe, which may be broken. She is afe- brile, a glucose finger-stick is normal, and the urine dipstick shows no sugar, protein, or ketones. You suspect a vitamin deficiency. What might be the underlying mechanism for this patient's symptoms? Decreased degradation of collagen Stimulation of prolyl hydroxylase Formation of unstable collagen helices Excessive callus formation in healing fractures Organ fibrosis

Formation of unstable collagen helices

Using immunohistochemistry a population of cells is shown to be positive for the protein connexin. From this we can infer that the cells are connected by what type of junction? Tight (occluding) junctions Zonula adherens Gap junctions Hemidesmosomes Desmosomes (macula adherens)

Gap junctions

Which of the following staining procedures relies on the cationic and anionic properties of the material to be stained? -Enzyme histochemistry -PAS reaction -H&E staining -Immunohistochemistry -Metal impregnation techniques

H&E staining

A 42-year-old woman, who has been a type I diabetic for 30 years, falls when she trips over the vacuum cleaner hose. She tried to break her fall by placing her hand out to save herself and in the process her wrist was forced backward, breaking her radius near the wrist. Which of the following is produced in the first step in healing this bone injury?

Hematoma

Which type of cartilage is found between the ribs and the sternum, or at the ends of long bones?

Hyaline

The molecular basis for the shock absorbing properties of cartilage involves which of the following?

Hydration of glycosaminoglycans

Important target cells of leptin are found in which organ?

Hypothalamus

To identify and localize a specific protein within cells or the ECM, one would best use what approach? -Autoradiography -Enzyme histochemistry -Immunohistochemistry -TEM -Polarizing microscopy

Immunohistochemisty

In the diaphysis of a typical long bone which of the following struc- tures is in closest proximity to the trabeculae of cancellous bone?

Inner circumferential lamellae

Research scientists at a small biotech firm are investigating new methods of controlling the growth and metastasis of malignant cells in patients diagnosed with breast cancer. They have developed a novel peptide-based drug, potentially deliverable therapeutically, that disrupts the tumor cells' ability to adhere to the ECM, which in turn triggers apoptosis. Which of the following is a most likely target of such drugs? Cadherins Adhesins Integrins Glycolipids of the cell membrane Fibrillin

Integrins

________ ossification involves osteoblasts differentiating from progenitor cells in condensed ___________ of mesenchyme.

Intramembranous membrane

How does articular cartilage differ from most other hyaline cartilage?

It lacks a perichondrium.

What distinguishes cartilage from most other connective tissues?

It lacks blood vessels.

An intermediate filament protein found in cytoplasm of most epithelial cells is which of the following? Actin Vimentin Laminin Myosin Keratin

Keratin

Which of the following most accurately describes the endosteum?

Lines the medullary cavity

To stain a frozen section of fat tissue one would need to use a stain such as Sudan black or Oil-red-O because these stains are

Lipid Soluble

Hospital laboratories frequently use unfixed, frozen tissue specimens sectioned with a cryostat for rapid staining, microscopic examina- tion, and diagnosis of pathologic conditions. Besides saving much time by avoiding fixation and procedures required for paraffin embedding, frozen sections retain and allow study of what macro- molecules normally lost in the paraffin procedure? -Carbohydrates -Small mRNA -Basic proteins -Acidic proteins -Lipids

Lipids

What cells numerous in loose connective tissue are filled with secre- tory granules and stain with metachromasia? Macrophages Mast cells Fibrocytes Active fibroblasts Leukocytes

Mast cells

An individual genetically unable to synthesize normal occludin is likely to have epithelia with defective regulation in which of the following? Material crossing the epithelium between the cells (paracellular movement) Communication between the cells Attachment to the basement membrane Strong attachment to neighboring cells Movement of membrane proteins in the apical domains of cells

Material crossing the epithelium between the cells (paracellular movement)

Salivary glands secret using the _____type of secretion.

Merocrine

White adipocytes are derived developmentally from what precursor cells?

Mesenchymal cells

An 11-month-old girl is referred to a pediatric gastroenterology clinic due to a history of generalized weakness, slow growth, and refractory diarrhea. For the past month she has been hospital- ized regularly to receive parenteral nutrition. Examination of the epithelium lining her small intestine confirms that the failure to absorb nutrients is most likely due to a significant decrease in which of the following? Microvilli Gap junctions Cilia Cell layers Basement membrane thickness

Microvilli

Functions of the basement membrane include which of the follow- ing? Contractility Molecular filtering Active ion transport Excitability Modification of secreted proteins

Molecular filtering

Exocrine glands in which the acini all produce a secretion of heavily glycosylated, hydrophilic proteins are an example of which type of gland? Serous gland Mixed gland Mucous gland Tubuloacinar gland Simple gland

Mucous gland

What substance, released from the adrenal gland and some autonomic neurons, increases lipolytic activity in white adipocytes?

Norepinephrine

In situ hybridization is a histologic technique used to visualize what type of macromolecule? -Proteins -Carbohydrates -Certain enzymes -Nucleic acids -Lipids

Nucleic acids

Which of the following cellular features is used in naming types of epithelia? Shape of cells in the basal layer Number of cell layers Presence of a basal lamina Size of the nuclei Nature of the cell junctions that are present

Number of cell layers

In a light microscope used for histology, resolution and magnification of cells are largely dependent on which component? -Condenser -Objective lens -Eyepieces or ocular lenses -Specimen slide -The control for illumination intensity

Objective lens

In healthy bone canaliculi are likely to contain which one of the following?

Osteocytic processes

A 46-year-old woman presents with pain in the left leg that wors- ens on weight bearing. An x-ray shows demineralization, and a bone biopsy decalcified with EDTA shows reduction in bone quantity. The patient had undergone menopause at age 45 without estrogen replacement. She reports long-standing diarrhea. In addition, labo- ratory tests show low levels of vitamin D, calcium, and phosphorus, and elevated alkaline phosphatase. A second bone biopsy was taken but not decalcified, which showed extensive deposition of uncalci- fied osteoid on all the bone surfaces. On the basis of these data, the best diagnosis would be which of the following?

Osteomalacia

Ten days after birth a full-term newborn boy develops firm, ery- thematous nodules, and plaques over his trunk, arms, buttocks, thighs, and cheeks. His mother's pregnancy was complicated by placenta previa and his airway was cleared of aspirated meconium immediately after birth. A biopsy of subcutaneous tissue shows necrosis within the brown adipose tissue. What metabolic activity is liable to be affected in this patient?

Oxidation of fatty acids for thermogenesis

Cellular storage deposits of glycogen, a free polysaccharide, could best be detected histologically using what procedure? -Autoradiography -Electron microscopy -Enzyme histochemistry -H&E staining -PAS reaction

PAS reaction

What is the source of the mesenchymal progenitor cells activated for the repair of hyaline cartilage of accident-damaged costal cartilages?

Perichondrium

The best type of microscopy for visualizing unstained living cells would be?

Phase contrast microscopy

Dense regular connective tissue typically involves which of the fol- lowing features? a. Contains mostly synthetically active fibroblasts b. Contains much ground substance c. Contains a similar cell population as areolar connective tissue d. Predominant tissue type in the stroma of most organs e. Predominantly located in tendons and ligaments

Predominantly located in tendons and ligaments

Some substances bind specifically with certain molecules within cells and tissues. If you wanted to use a substance to interact with the Fc region of immunoglobulins you should use?

Protein A

Sulfated GAGs are important constituents of what extracellular structures? a. Hyaluronan b. Elastic fibers c. Type I collagen d. Proteoglycans e. Multiadhesive glycoproteins

Proteoglycans

What is the first step of collagen production that occurs after the protein undergoes exocytosis? Cross-linking of collagen fibrils with a short-linking collagen Removal of the terminal nonhelical domains by peptidases Hydroxylation of lysine and proline Assembly of subunits to form a larger structure Disulfide bond formation

Removal of the terminal nonhelical domains by peptidases

What is an important part of the role played by macrophages during maintenance and renewal of strong extracellular fibers in connective tissue? Storage for a major energy source needed for ECM maintenance Production of specific collagen subunits A sentinel function against invaders entering the ECM Secretion of MMPs Presentation of antigens important for assembly of collagen bundles

Secretion of MMPs

In the diaphysis of a typical long bone which of the following structures is in FURTHEST from the trabeculae of cancellous bone?

Sharpey fibers

The major lubricant for diarthrotic joints is synthesized by cells located in which joint structure?

Synovial membrane

Adding heavy metal compounds to the fixative and ultrathin sec- tioning of the embedded tissue with a glass knife are techniques used for which histologic procedure? -Scanning electron microscopy -Fluorescent microscopy -Enzyme histochemistry -Confocal microscopy -TEM

TEM

Which area in cartilage is relatively collagen-poor and proteoglycan-rich?

Territorial matrix

How would removing hydroxyapatite (calcium salts) from bone matrix affect the physical properties of a bone?

The bone would be more flexible

Applied to adipocytes, the term "multilocular" refers to which of the following?

The large number of small cytoplasmic lipid droplets

A 66-year-old man who suffered from severe osteoarthritis is referred to an orthopedic surgeon for replacement of his right knee. He had been actively involved in both high school and intercolle- giate football and had continued running until about the age of 45 as a form of relaxation and exercise. With the patient's permission the removed joint is used by investigators performing a proteomic analysis of different joint tissues. The meniscus was found to con- tain almost exclusively type I collagen and aggrecan was undetect- able. What is the most likely explanation for this result?

The meniscus had undergone repeated rounds of repair due to wear-and-tear during which its hyaline cartilage component was replaced by dense connective tissue.

Resolution in electron microscopy greatly exceeds that of light microscopy due to which of the following? -The wavelength of the electrons in the microscope beam is shorter than that of a beam of light. -The lenses of an electron microscope are of greatly improved quality. -For electron microscopy the tissue specimen does not require staining. -The electron microscope allows much greater magnification of a projected image than a light microscope provides. -An electron microscope can be much more finely controlled than a light microscope.

The wavelength of the electrons in the microscope beam is shorter than that of a beam of light.

The hormone-sensitive lipase in the cells of adipose tissue acts primarily on what substrate?

Triglycerides

What is the most important form of lipid storage in both white and brown adipocytes?

Triglycerides

A 28-year-old woman visits the family medicine clinic com- plaining of loss of the sense of smell, nosebleeds, problems with swallowing, and hoarseness. She admits to "casual, social use" of cocaine on a regular basis since her sophomore year of college. A complete examination of her nose with a speculum and otoscope shows severe rhinitis (inflammation). There is also perforation and collapse of the nasal cartilage resulting in a "saddle nose" defor- mity. Erosions in the enamel of her front teeth are noted. The breakdown of the nasal cartilage releases collagen fibers primarily of which type?

Type II

Which vitamin is associated with collagen?

Vitamin C

Which "zone" of endochondral ossification in the growing femur of an adolescent is the farthest from that bone's secondary ossification center?

Zone of ossification

Using immunohistochemistry a population of cells is shown to be positive for the protein E-cadherin. From this we can infer that the cells are connected by what type of junction?

Zonula adherens

Malignant tumors derived from glandular epithelial tissue are called_____.

adenocarcinomas

The central canal of an osteon contains

blood vessels

Which if the following most accurately describes compact bone?

characterized by the presence of osteons

Primary cell in cartilage

chondrocyte

Elastic cartilage is found

ear and epiglottis

The ____ cell is a unicellular gland that produces _____ that when hydrated becomes mucous.

goblet mucin

A 44-year-old African-American woman visits her family physician for a physical examination at the urging of her husband. She has no current complaints and is taking no medications. She is allergic to erythromycin. She works as a software developer and lives with her 52-year-old husband and 12-year-old daughter. She is a nonsmoker and drinks an occasional glass of wine when she and her husband go out to dinner. She is involved in no regular exercise. Her mother is 66 and suffers from type II diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension and had a myocardial infarction last year. The patient's father died of a stroke last year at the age of 72. On examination, the patient's blood pressure is 155/100 mm Hg, pulse 84, weight 215 lb (increased from 180 lb 3 years ago), and height 5 ft. 7 in. In this patient, during the period of weight gain which one of the following responses would be most likely in her white fat?

increased incorporation of fatty acids into triglycerides

What are responsible for secreting osteoid, the initial bone matrix.

osteoblasts

Functional unit of compact bone

osteon or haversian system