History 1 Final Study Guide
Umayyads
made numerous efforts to capture Constantinople itself but failed every time and gave up after 718. But they were much more successful in North Africa. Sweeping out of Egypt, they took Carthage in 698.
Pepin the Short
marched into Italy, defeated the Lombards, and granted to the pope certain territories in Central Italy that would eventually become the Papal States
Holy Roman Empire
rose from the wreckage of the Frankish Empire in Germany and northern Italy
Treaty of Verdun
was the last great act in the history of the Franks.
Teotihuacán
- 200,000 or more people in central mexico
mali
- came from ghana - reached the atlantic and extended further - greatest ruler was masa musa - made pilgramege to mecca
Sui Dynasty
- chinese dynasty that reunited china - didnt last all that long - beset by a war in korea, underminded by military conscription, labor conscrition and heavy taxes
great zimbabwe
- civilization in southern africa - name for kindom and capital - two impressive stone buildings - one was kings palace - chinese good reached this place by middle men
Tang Dynasty
- classic period of chinese history - saw two important females; onoly woman to rule china in her own right - undermined by the an lushan rebellion
Ming Dynasty
- dyansty that replaced the mongols - last native chinese dynatsy -yongle (third emperor) built the forbidden city in beijing
Michelangelo
- famous for david, sistene chapel
mansa musa
- greatest ruler of mali pilgrimage to mecca - spent lots and lots of gold,upset people
Ghana
- kingdom in west africa along the river of niger - dominated by people known as the sinoki - country about the size of texas - almost reached the atlantic ocean but not quite
Bantu
- language group who moved from west africa east and south - when they migrated they brought with them ironwork - very good ironworkers
Chinggis (Gen ghis)
- leader of mongols - carved out a huge empire from noth china throughout central asia and into russia - after death mogol empire got bigger
An Lushan Rebellion
- led by obese general of non-chinese origin - ulimateley supressed
Olmecs
- lived in meso america - established the culture of meso america - lived along the gulf of mexico in modern mexico states of vero cruise and tabasco - precurser to writing system
Leonardo da Vinci
- most famous paintings last supper mona lisa; painted in a dining room of monastary
First Four Crusades
- no question about the 2nd crusade - 1st crusade preached by pope urabn 2nd, captured jeruselum; was a success - 2nd crusade started when one of these fell to the muslims; kingdom of jeruselum fell - 3rd crusade ws led by three greatest rulers in western europe, philip, fredrick barbarosa, king of england lionheart, richard conquered a coastal strip (modern israel) but failed to capture jeruselum - 4th crusade supposed to be the crusade that learned from the mistakes of the past; they wound up short of money, captured constananoble, which was then conquered by the greeks
Raphael
- painted the school of athens; philosophy - died at an early age, buried at the pantheon
Pope Alexander VI
- rodruigo bourga before became the pope - most corrupt pope of them all
Theodora
- saved the throne of justinian during the riots -wife of Justinian
Cesare Borgia
- son of pope alexander - ruthless and feared political force
Inca
- south american civilization - from ecuador to northern part of chile - central core was peru - had a system of gov't thats been compared to socialism
Maya
- south of the olmecs - more advanced civilizations - most remarkable of meso civilizations - mathmetitians, astronomers
final exam
- starts at 11:30 - 50 questions - extra 50 points - 6 page term paper
KhanKhubilai (Kublai) Khan
- the great khan - conquered southern china - held off two disasterous invasions of japan - knew marco polo
Toltecs
- used to think they were "builders"
Aztecs
- very warlike people - practiced human sacrifice on a large scale - built cities on ruins of Teotihuacán
Pope Julius II
- warrior pope - patron of michaelangelo
axum
- what is now ethiopia - destoinghuished as a christian kingdom
Machiavelli
- writer; famous book was "the prince" guideboook to power
Holy Roman Empire
Frederick's death in 1250 really marked the end of the ____________
Magyars
From the late 800s to the late 900s Western Europe was menaced by three new groups of invaders: the Saracens, the ___________, and the Norsemen or Vikings.
Theodora
In reality, she was a high-class hooker who lived with Justinian before a law forbidding the marriage of men of rank to actresses was changed. Nevertheless, she proved to be an intelligent and courageous empress who on at least one occasion saved Justinian's throne for him.
Umayyads
Islam renewed its expansion after the triumph of the _______________
Feudalism
It is a method of government under which the essential relationship is not between ruler and subject, nor between state and citizen, but rather between lord and vassal
Feudalism
It is primarily a political and military system rather than a social or economic one, though it certainly has its social and economic components.
Muhammad
It was in Mecca, in or around the year 571, that the prophet ____________ was born - religion only took off after he fled to medina
Muhammad
Muslims believe that the Koran was written by Allah and was dictated to __________________ by the archangel Gabriel.
Shi'ites
Orthodox Islam became known as Sunni Islam. The ____________ and the Sunnis are still at odds today.
William the Conqueror
The High Middle Ages in England actually began in 1066 with the Norman Conquest in which William the Bastard, Duke of Normandy, became _____________, King of England. - defeated english king harold
Justinian
The greatest of the Byzantine emperors was probably __________.
Abbasids
The greatest of the ___________ was Harun al-Rashid. It was during his reign that Baghdad became the intellectual capital of the world.
Heraclius
The heroics of ________ notwithstanding, his reign also marks the beginning of the so-called Byzantine Dark Age, which lasted until 867
Holy Roman Empire
The imperial coronation of Otto I marks the beginning of the ______________ - german response to the invasions - centered in germany
Normans
They adopted the French language and ways but retained their martial skill and revealed a certain genius for good government so that Normandy became the best-run state in Europe. - conquered england scicily
Monophysitism
This was an unorthodox view of the nature of Christ. ______________ arose in Egypt and spread into Syria and Palestine, but it had its adherents in Constantinople as well. The general view towards ___________ was hostile, however, and this hostility alienated the vast numbers of its followers in Egypt and Syria—so much so that they preferred Muslim rule to their own emperors. In short, ____________ greatly weakened the Byzantine Empire.
Abbasids
Though they were caliphs were Arabs, they favored the Islamized Persian aristocracy and soon transferred the capital of the Islamic World from Damascus to Baghdad on the Tigris in what is now Iraq. This move also marked the end of the monopoly of ethnic Arabs of political power in the Islamic World.
Treaty of Verdun
Under its provisions, Charles the Bald received the west Frankish realm or modern France; Louis the German received the east Frankish realm or modern Germany; Lothar received the imperial title and what was called the Middle Kingdom or Lotharingia - luis, charles,lothar were grandchildren of charelemange
Gregory I the Great
When elected pope in 590, he protested bitterly and actually had to be held down forcibly on the papal throne while being crowned. Despite this unpromising beginning, he proved to be a forceful, effective pope He was also responsible for the Christianization of England -- protected rome from the lumbards - founder of the medieval pipes
Vikings
also known as Norsemen, terrorized Western Europe From the late 800s to the late 900s
Feudalism
arises when the central government is unable to protect its subjects against either internal oppressors or external marauders, particularly when military power has fallen into the hands of a specialized class of warriors consisting of only a small portion of the population
Muhammad
belonged to the leading clan of Mecca, but he was only a poor relation and had little formal education. He became a camel driver and a caravan trader
Black Death
bubonic plague that struck europe - probably came from china - may have killed half population of europe
Basil II the Bulgar-Slayer
captured the southern half of the Crimea. Nevertheless, his greatest achievement was the conquest and annexation of the Bulgars - created a second heartland in addition to the first heartland - known to have blinded 14,000 bulgarians
Charles Martel
confiscated great tracts of church land and granted them to the most important of his warrior chieftains in return for their loyal support.
Umayyads
defeated Ali and esta¬blished the Syrian city of Damascus as the new Islamic capital.
Vikings
eventually defeated by Conrad of Franconia, as the new king of Germany. - swedish vikings became the founders of russia - danish vikings tried to conquer england
Justinian
greatest accomplishment was his famous law code. convened a panel of legal experts to codify and correct the imperial edicts and the Roman laws that predated them. The result was the________ Code built the great church
Clovis
group of Salian Franks had established itself at Tournai near what is now the border between France and Belgium. Their new king was a fifteen-year-old boy named Chlodavech but better known as_________
Otto I the Great
had three aims: (1) defeating the Magyars once and for all; (2) extending his control over the tribal dukes; and (3) conquest of what had been the old Middle Kingdom of Lothar. - crowned emperor by the pope - first roman holy emperor, defeated magyars
Basil II the Bulgar-Slayer
handled all military and administrative affairs, while Constantine took charge of the more ceremonial and cultural imperial duties
Charlemagne
hanged 4500 Saxons in a single day; nevertheless, it was not until 804 when Frankish control over Saxony was well established.
Basil II the Bulgar-Slayer
he and his younger brother Constantine VIII became nominally co-emperors with their father Romanus II in 960;
Charlemagne
he was not only the greatest king of the Franks but also the greatest European ruler of the Early Middle Ages.
Heraclius
his reign marks the beginning of the period known to historians as the Middle Byzantine State. he would eventually prove to the savior of the Byzantine Empire
Normans
inhabited northern france, naming it normandy
Otto I the Great
initially tried to govern Germany by making his sons the dukes of Bavaria, Swabia, and Lorraine, but they joined the other nobles in the rebellion against him.
Charles Martel
introduced heavy cavalry (knights) to Frankish warfare and in 732 repulsed a Muslim raiding party at Tours (or Poitiers), thereby saving Western Europe from the Muslims based in Spain.
Feudalism
is the concept most closely and commonly associated with the Middle Ages and is often used pejoratively or simply incorrectly.
Umayyads
march of conquest was interrupted by the outbreak of civil war over the question of who would be the new caliph. The battle was between the __________ (or Omayyads), a powerful commercial family of Mecca, and Ali, the son-in-law of Muhammad.
Clovis
married a Catholic and in 498, to give the traditional date, converted from paganism to Catholicism. His baptism, however, was more politic than pious and won him the active support of the bishops both inside and outside his domain. - grreatest of the merovingian kings
Magyars
nomadic people from the steppes of Central Asia who were related to the Huns. Superb horsemen, fierce warriors and ruthless enemies, they terrorized all of Germany, much of France and even Northern Italy - settled down to become modern hungarians
Abbasids
overthrew the Umayyads
Pepin the Short
succeeded his father Charles Martel - sick of being mayor of palace, wanted to be king of france
Otto I the Great
succeeded his father Henry, his imperial coronation of marks the beginning of the Holy Roman Empire
Charlemagne
succeeded his father Pepin the Short but was much taller
Charles Martel
succeeded his father illegitimate father Pepin of Heristal
Iconoclasm
the Byzantine army began to score major victories against the Muslims, indicating that ________ was pleasing to God.
St. Benedict of Nursia
the father of western monasticism, and Pope Gregory I the Great, the father of the medieval papacy.
Vikings
the fearsome warrior-seafarers from Scandinavia
Holy Roman Empire
the first few emperors were very strong rulers and this delayed the introduction of feudalism into Germany for a hundred years.
Gregory I the Great
the first great pope of the Middle Ages
Justinian
the last of the genuine Roman emperors and the first of the truly Byzantine emperors. He was certainly the most remarkable emperors of the Early Byzantine Period. Originally named Peter
Vikings
the most menacing and widest ranging of the new invaders, attacked more countries and did more damage than the Saracens and Magyars put together. They began with hit-pillage-and-run raids on undefended ports and coastal settlements and then sailed up rivers to loot and burn towns and monasteries
Heraclius
the son of the Exarch (governor) of Carthage, led a fleet to Constantinople and overthrew Phocas, personally putting Phocas to death and becoming emperor. - defeted persians as well - made greek the official language
Holy Roman Empire
this empire was only as strong as each individual emperor, though it managed to survive until 1806 when it was finally ended by Napoleon.
Charlemagne
was above all a warrior king. He led his Frankish warriors on campaign every year as a matter of course and this gradually became a coherent plan of conquest based on the idea of a Christian mission. His eventual goal was the unification and expansion of the Christian West. - converted pagans forcibly by the sword - crowned emperor of the romans by the pope
Mayor of the Palace
was inevitably the most powerful noble of each Frankish kingdom. - most important mayor of the palace was charles mertel
Justinian
was probably the real ruler of the Byzantine empire even before his uncle died.
Clovis
was the grandson of the semi—legendary king Merovech, hence his family is called the Merovingians. he proved to be intelligent, shrewd, treacherous, and ruthless.
William the Conqueror
was the illegitimate son of Robert I the Devil, Duke of Normandy, but became duke himself after the death of his father in 1035 when he was still a child.
Shi'ites
went underground and organized a politico-religious movement which held that the only true caliph could be a descendant of Muhammad. - followers of Ali - unorthodox muslims
Normans
were descended from the Vikings.
Umayyads
were overthrown by the Abbasids
Iconoclasm
were religious images of Jesus and the saints, and in the western half of the empire the veneration of icons amounted to a virtual worship of them. This disgusted people from the eastern provinces of the empire, for they were heavily influenced by the Jewish and Muslim abhorrence of graven images
