History 1221 Exam

philanthropy

charitable response of elite

Iacovetta, Franca. "From Contadina to Woman Worker." in Italian Immigrants in Postwar Toronto

Italian woman in postwar Toronto played a vital role in bridging the gap between the Old World and New, contributing through both labor paid and unpaid towards reappropriating traditions for a new context

To what extent did Canada have both a pro-immigration policy and an anti-emigration strategy?

The CPR made it possible to accelerate the process of Prairie settlement. Settlement and railways also combined as a strategy for asserting sovereignty across the West against American and Aboriginal ambitions and counterclaims - Tariff barriers would ensure that Western farmers, home builders, and businesses would purchase their supplies from central Canadians - CPR officials act as extension of govt to ensure immigrants bounded for West did not escape

Knowles, Norman. "'Object Lessons': Loyalist Monuments and the Creation of Usable Pasts."

Monuments do not reflect an objective past but the values and concerns of their contemporary promoters, reminding people what to believe and how to behave - Ex. Laura Secord (saved her husband in battle) used by Reform-minded women to push agenda of equality

What social and cultural fracture lines were revealed by the two world wars?

Nationalists in Quebec were opposed to the war - Ontario had introduced severe limits on French-language instruction in 1912-1913 with Regulation 17 Newfoundland was also reluctant to volunteer with no factories participating in the war effort

Myth of Maritime Canada

Not as essential to Canadian economy as mythologized. It did not decline because of wooden sailing ships, but because they decided there were better investments elsewhere in Canada like railways, factories, cotton mills, etc.

How did feminism change in the third quarter of the 20th century?

Second wave feminism: - A critique of patriarchy and the diminished status of women both privately and publicly - Recognition of grim realities: domestic abuse - Women's studies courses and disciplines begin emerging

Milloy, John. "'Our Country': The Significance of the Buffalo Resource for a Plains Cree Sense of Territory."

Starting in the 1790s, the Cree people forged a new identity on the plains of Canada that brought remarkable changes to their social formation, cosmology, and relationship to the land due to plentiful buffalo herds - changes again in 1850s due to depletion of buffalo herds

Keough, Willeen G. "Contested Terrains: Ethnic and Gendered Spaces in the Harbour Grace Affray."

The Affray at Harbour Grace was the staking of territorial claims and due to increasing tensions between ethnic (Irish & English), religious (Catholic vs. Protestant) and gender identities (women integral in Irish-Catholics; not Englishmen)

Popular culture in early 20th century

- popular culture being commercialized - not frequented by working class but still enjoyed once in a while - change from serious personal discipline and goal of survival to enjoyment of various pleasures

Long and Short 19th and 20th

- Long 19th = "the period from the French Revolution (1789) to the outbreak of global war in 1914" - Short 20th = "Whether measured from August 1914 or the Treaty of Versailles that ended the Great War, the "short 20th century" is said to have concluded in 1991." - Helps to see long term trends

What were the three pillars of the National Policy? How did they relate to one another?

*1879* *The Railway* - Quelled uprisings, flooded western markets, free trade *Immigration and settlement of the west* - Theory was productive frontier would create an internal marketplace for Central Canadian goods - Railway as means of delivering goods and people here *The Tariff* - "The tariff placed cheap imports from the United States at a disadvantage to protect embryonic Canadian industries." - "The CPR had a stake in the growth of manufacturing capacity in the East and in the shipment of manufactured goods — and, thus, in the success of the tariff."

Smith, Andrew. "Toryism, Classical Liberalism, and Capitalism: The Politics of Taxation and the Struggle for Canadian Confederation."

*Argument: believed that the Canadian Confederation was formed on the basis of liberal values such as free trade and low tax. However using various historical sources, Andrew Smith argued that many were worried that a unified Canada would lead to a Tory-interventionist style government. *Main Points:colonies divided as supporters of Confederation or the opposition. NF, NB, NS worried of tax increase and use of tax dollars on projects irrelevant to colony. Lower Canada greatly disliked the central government and believed that Confederation would lead to a substantial amount of debt. Upper Canada also did not trust the central government, but some believed that Confederation would aid them in their reform movement.

Ajzenstat, Janet. "Human Rights in 1867." In The Canadian Founding: John Locke and Parliament

*Argument: current society is in a state of confused thinking. They are losing faith in the constitutions and their abilities to secure the rights of the citizens. This is contrary to the founders' primary goal and expectations through the formation of the governing bodies. *Main Points: Founding Fathers had formed the Parliament by applying many of Locke's ideologies. This included the emphasis on the avoidance of power concentration in order to decrease the likelihood of the misuse of power. The Founders worked on the idea that the Parliament is there to uphold liberties and that there shall be no legitimate government without the people's consent. It proved to be effective as the Parliament is able to represent all constituencies while allowing a variety of ideologies to be heard. The effectiveness has been further proven by the fact that no revolution has occurred under a Lockean style government.

What factors led to the internment of Japanese Canadians in 1942-45?

- Japan joined Hitler's Axis. Canadians called to defend Hong Kong were killed and captured. White BC citizens were already prejudiced against Japanese competition - The War Measures Act (power to act without consultation of parliament) - concerns that Japanese Canadians could threaten the security of Canada's West Coast - buttressed by racist feelings, even from Prime Minister King himself

What were the issues raised by imperialists and nationalists in Canada at the start of the Boer War?

*Boer War* = resistance of South African Dutch descendants to be annexed into British colonies *Imperialists* were interested in maintaining the glory of Britain, participating in their wars, benefitting from their protection, and perhaps one day inheriting the mantle of the leader of Britain - *Stephen Leacock*, articulating a vision of muscular Canada taking over the British throne *Nationalists*, mostly French-Canadiens, instead pointed to the unique duality of Canada, it's unique northerners, and the desire to rid itself of a subservient image - journalist *Henri Bourassa* pushing a dualistic agenda to maintain a unique Canadian identity against America

*Unit 4: Victorian and Edwardian Politics*

*Roughly from Confederation to Great War* - Identify the leading figures and organizations involved in Canadian politics before 1911. - Describe the chief political crises of this period. -Explain the relative success of Macdonald's Conservatives and Laurier's Liberals. - Distinguish between the ideological and pragmatic positions of the two parties. - Illustrate ways in which dualism, nationalism, and imperialism influenced visions of Canada and Canadian foreign policy in the years 1867-1911. - Consider the impact of language and religion in framing Canadian political culture.

How did immigration change after 1914 and then again after the Second World War?

- *Before the War,* immigration was largely open besides the sick, ill, and Chinese - Under a revised Immigration Act in 1919 *(after WWI)*, the government excluded certain groups from entering the country, including Communists, Mennonite, and national groups they had fought with - *After the second WW*, Canada played a large part in taking in displaced refugees — a huge migration of ravaged European countries. - Chinese racism was liberalized as China had been a target of Japan and actively participated in the war. Canada removed immigration barriers temporarily until the rise of Maoist China

What do we know about the economic impact of alcohol in the late 19th and early 20th centuries?

- An economy based on wheat and rye will have a surplus and many made their fortunes selling alcohol in upper and lower Canada - Taxing alcohol was a huge source of income for the government. Therefore, brewers and spirit makers often had prestigious roles in the community

Cook, Tim. "'He was determined to go': Underage Soldiers in the Canadian Expeditionary Force."

- As many as 20 000 underage Canadians served eagerly during WWI and the record shows that they were approvingly admitted into the force - There was no legislation dictating the legal age of children - A chance to escape hard industrial life for a short war with regular meals and pay was enticing. Patriotism was also a large part of school life

In what ways did the First World War lead to greater informal and official Canadian sovereignty?

- Canada demonstrated at battles such as Vimy ridge that it was an entity to be reckoned with. - Borden, current Prime Minister, a strong advocate for Canada's place at the table of nations - Mackenzie's 4 day delay to go to war in WWII demonstrates desire to demonstrate this to other nations

What factors led to the Northwest Rebellion of 1885?

- Canada did not negotiate terms with the Metis in the area, and instead sent over land surveyors to divide the land which angered them. - Metis started up a provisional government to resist annexation — - Canada responded aggressively out of worry of losing the land to the US

Harold Troper. "'The line must be drawn somewhere': Canada and Jewish Refugees, 1933-39.

- Canada was one of the most niggardly acceptors of Jewish refugees - The onset of the depression allowed for a rise in anti-immigrant rhetoric - Frederick Blair, Director of Immigration, was an anti-semite

In what ways and why did attitudes toward immigrants and inclusion change in the 1960s and '70s?

- Changed Immigrant Act in 1967; point system that allows for more non-traditional immigrants - Nazi war crime trials in 1940 revealed extent of Jewish Holocaust --> beginnings of official multiculturalism and inclusivity - By 60's many "hyphenated children" pushing back again English & French privilege. Liberal party, starting with Trudeau, begins calls for pluralism

Liberalism

- Closely tied to modernity - Focus on individual and rights and freedoms - Much of federalism debate centered around pro or opposition to liberalism - All citizens are equal - Urbanization leads to increased density hence need for liberal ideas and policies - set of beliefs how people can live together in political economy to have functioning society

What roles did Louis Riel play in the two decades after Confederation? What was his legacy over the short-term?

- Doubled the government in the Prarie West and added diversity (Englishmen, Protestants) - Executed a toxic, Anti-catholic Canadian man named Thomas Scott - Responsible for the birth of Manitoba - Saw the rallying of all people, regardless of politics or religious denomination, around the Riel militia - Conservative values and respect for authority bubbling up spontaneously - formed and led provisional govt to get better terms for Metis. Ended up in 1885 Rebellion - vilified in the English-speaking provinces, lionized in French-Catholic Quebec

What led to a change of mind in PEI as regards Confederation?

- Economic standstill - Ottawa promises to pay for railroad

What strategies for success did immigrant populations adopt?

- Germans tried to be discrete after the war - Eastern Europeans and South Asians who arrived in large groups were often able to establish whole communities that sustained older cultural practices and strategies of mutual support (like language, shared parenting, and religion). - Japanese did very successfully in the fisheries and mail-ordered in brides when male immigration was stifled

Why did Laurier believe that "the 20th century would be the century of Canada?"

- In part it was rhetoric aimed to unite divided imperialists and nationalists during the Boer war. - He also foresaw mass immigration to Canada that he believed would turn it into an economic engine. - Canada was also enjoying a booming economy.

Finkel, Alvin. "Early Canada: Continuity and Change, 1867-1914."

- Many people were the victim of capitalism and urbanization, but governments and businesses insisted it was moral failings that resulted in poor. Overcrowded poor/workhouses were common. - Boards of health open following advent of germ theory, pro-vaccination, clean water, sanitary systems - Social work profession emerges (secular as opposed to religious), with philosopher, empirical men at the helm - With urbanization, neighbourly charitability becomes more difficult - by end of 1914 only major social program in Canada was workmen's compensation program

What was the expectation for Maritime manufacturing at Confederation, and how do historians explain what actually happened?

- Many thought it would be the workshop of the Dominion as it had a promising start with lots of manufacturing. - Canada ended up imposing many unhelpful tariffs that led to Maritime diminishment; Ottawa-centric

How did workers in Canada respond to the prohibition and regulation of liquor? What was the Canadian compromise?

- Massive civic disobedience - bootlegging, difficult to reinforce - Canadians eventually re-opened liquor stores and then beer parlours as soldiers returned and were upset to see their country dry; - They opened up strictly regulated bars: one beer at a time, no singing, etc.

How was Macdonald able to stay at the helm of the Conservative Party for two dozen years and in the Prime Minister's Office for almost all of that time?

- McDonald for dual nation, English & French - The constitution uniquely included a plan for a rail-road and the resulting National Policy was a work of economic prosperity but also nationalistic pride and unity - Mcdonald's politics were highly flexible, ruthless, morally slippery but mostly effective

DeLottinville, Peter. "Joe Beef of Montreal: Working-Class Culture and the Tavern, 1869-1889."

- McKieran demonstrates move away from local charity to labor unions and dissolution of neighbourly bonds - McKiernan, the owner of Joe Beef, pushed for the working class to overcome their ethnic and religious differences and unite - McKiernan offered simple social services like room and board, fielding of the job market, care of those in tough times, donations to the local hospital, feeding of labor protests. - Knights of Labor: reform group - YMCA encouraging youth towards muscular, Christian activities - Reformers negative attitude towards city slums

What were the origins of the Industrial Revolution? What were its main features?

- New social organization, the concentration of people in cities - New technology/ mechanization/ automation results in factories and mass-produced products - Untrained laborers joining the workforce, including women and children - Shift from organic & water-based energy → fossil fuels - A narrowing of responsibility and changing of craft for skilled labors as opposed to the previous century

What were the sources of regional dissatisfaction with Confederation from 1867 to the 1890s?

- Nova Scotia felt their orientation should be towards the Atlantic, Britain and a Martime Union, not inland cities that they had nothing in common with - Quebec was unhappy with the treatment of French Canadians and Metis

In what ways was the wartime experience of Newfoundlanders distinct from that of Canadians?

- Of strategic geographical significance, leading to modernization of much of their industry - Target of German forces and U-Boats - NF lost autonomy, thus went to war when Britain went to war

What were some of the main features of cities in this era? How were they different from the cities of pre-Confederation BNA?

- Overcrowding was widespread. Health conditions were often poor. Sewage systems were deplorable - Factories replace smaller shops, urban developments built by companies for the workers they employed - Sharper class distinctions and neighborhoods begin to emerge

How was Canadian political culture changed by industrialization and urbanization?

- Politicians more frequently resorting to racist policies and sentiments - Radio culture & mass media increasingly used as platforms - Rise of labor unions and parties

Causes of Confederation, 1867

- Post-civil war American had large, mobile army (want increased protection) - Railway would increase trade among BNA - access to ice free ports - However, many feared interventionist government; were already self-sufficient; saw bloody effects of federalization elsewhere (America)

Changes in Canadian history

- Prior to 1960s - focus on political history - After 1960s - focus on social history (those less-known about)

Miller, J. R. "Owen Glendower, Hotspur, and Canadian Indian Policy."

- Reinterpretation of Indian assimilation policies in 19th century - FN not always victim, often in control of own self interest - pass system no implemented uniformly - FN able to evade, resist, defy cultural bans - parents had significant control over children's schooling

How does industrialization impact the working class?

- Seasonal work (timber) --> year-long work - Capitalist owners have money as the bottom line - men not home often, women also often involved in factory work - children helped w domestic work, street trades, babysitting

What do interwar politics in Canada reveal about the impact of the Great War and the Great Depression?

- Sense of pending social and political crisis (Leninst uprising in Russia) leads to general strikes and violent confrontations between workers, employers, and authorities in 1919-20. - every government that was in office — federally or provincially — in 1929-30 was kicked out of office the very first chance the voters got. - Economic depression brought unprecedented political discontent; sense that Capitalism was dying - Women's suffrage begins to take off due to women's involvement in the war effort

How did Canadian society respond to the arrival of large numbers of immigrants?

- Suspicious; wondered whether Russians, Chinese, Scandinavians could truly integrate - Racism as a structural part of modern society with resulting policies (e.g. no African-Americans from US; Chinese Head Tax 50 - 500 dollars before an eventual wholescale ban.) - belief of superior and inferior race - Believed that poor health, gambling, prostitution, were all the result of an inferior culture

What is eugenics, and how do we see it manifested in public policy in Canada in the first half of the 20th century?

- The belief that immoral behaviour, such as drinking, rowdiness, poverty, illness are genetically passed on. - Canada even sterilized some citizens; more likely to be discharged from mental asylum if agreed to - *Alberta Sexual Sterilization Act* - Immigrants and minorities were heavily targeted

What connections can be drawn between the social reform movements of pre-WWII Canada and political movements of the time?

- The now NDP has its roots in Social Reform movements: farmers rights, Knights of Labour, democratic socialism - The socialist party formed in 1903, with a large constituent promoting revolution over reform

What challenges are presented by the historical record of crimes against women, working people, and people of colour around the turn of the century?

- The rape of Ann Burton and murder of Melina Masse demonstrates the prevalence of misogynistic ideas in the court systems, accepted science, and societal structure that resulted in the diminishment of female suffering and generally oppressive measures. - First Nations and people from Asia lost their right to vote

In what ways did the experience of the Great War impact wage earners and their political goals?

- The war created job shortages in which woman filled the gaps. - Increasing socialist policies as labor unions are able to negotiate better standards due to job shortages

Modernity

- Things moving so much quicker than ever before - Science versus superstition; individual merit and upward social mobility versus a life-sentence in a single social class determined by the status of one's parents; cities rather than the countryside - Rejection of previously held norms

What role(s) did First Nations people play in the two wars?

- Tribes that honoured warriors viewed this as good opportunity, desire to defend their people's ancestral territory, impulsiveness - Conscription applied to Status Indians - WWII some of above and as a political act, calculated to win greater respect, to prove one's worth, or claim enhanced rights.

How were Canadians on the "home front" engaged in the wars?

- Women in factories & labor force - encouraged to buy victory bonds - Food restrictions & recycling laws put in place - Shipbuilding & aircraft building important

Growth of the state in late 19th century (Ruth Sandwell)

- educational state: 1870s compulsory schooling in most provinces - most families sent if could, but difficult for some whose children help provide for family

Main effect of NW Rebellion in English Canada

- emergence of Canadian identity - militia have something in common, time when Canadians came together to have country worth fighting for

Canada's energy use of 20th century

- end of 19th urban horse pop inc (main transport) - horses obsolete at arrival of streetcars and automobiles

Why were many of the western First Nations prepared to sign treaties with Canada?

- experiencing a sharp decline in Bison numbers - arrival of Sioux nation refugees. - assumed the treaties would be on going.

What instruments did Canada use to subdue the west?

- gave aboriginals agricultural education in order to lessen dependency. - creation of the NWMP also maintained order and Canadian military presence. - The government also turned to banning indigenous cultural practices.

How did women's role change due to the wars?

- given right to vote - large number in workforce - greater independence - more vocal - fought for women's suffrage and prohibition

Value of history - Eric Sager

- have informed history - w/o would have social amnesia - informed to solve problems of present and future

How did Liberal Party distinguish itself from Conservative Party?

- held anti-tariff position (popular in farming districts) - anti-clerical

Roy, Patricia. "A Civil Necessity: The Decision to Evacuate."

- initially wanted to keep citizens calm and prevent conflicts arising from White Canadians - Canada succumbed to political pressure and started rounding up the Japanese after Pearl Harbor citing military obligations. - Internment nicely dovetailed with the fisheries and canneries who were competing with Japanese fisherman - Fear of attack or annexation was extremely high

Asylums in early 20th century

- institutions for those deemed mentally ill, primarily state funded - many ways to interpret institutions: place for mentally ill, place of refuge for those suffering from emotional distress, institution of social control (policing of deviant behaviour from society) - had mixed conditions: some places gave people refuge and notion of work. Other places had unimaginable treatment (solitary confinement, overcrowding, lobotomy, sexual sterilisation)

Stanley Park and what it tells us about late 19th century

- is the lungs of the city - attachmen tot parks rooted to attachment to past and heritage - perception that park is pre-colonial environment that we have to keep safe

madness

- is what makes society uncomfortable - changes over time - de-institutionalization occurred as society view changed - more accepting of various "madness" - thoughts of mental health as community issue

Why did Canada want to annex Rupert's land?

- land becoming scarce in 4 colonies (losing families to US) - at time when US in annex mood - Canada's actions urgent and hasty

Colonies resistance to new federation

- mainly due to taxation policy - worried about increase and misuse of tax money

In what ways did the wars provide reasons to both advance and limit democracy in Canada?

- participation increases (women working in factories, getting the vote) and decreases (foreign-born Canadians thrown into internment camps) - Ottawa directed the militarizing of much of the economy, and introduced compulsory service (War Measures Act) - questioning of class assumptions - increased demand for democratic rather than hierarchical society - Aboriginal Canadians were welcomed into the ranks and some 200 Chinese Canadians volunteered and were accepted for service. In sharp contrast, African Canadians were not permitted to serve

Roles of religious division in Canadian politics

- prov given exclusive authority over education (to stop Eng Can from attacking Catholic schools of QB) - NB wanted uniform curriculum. Protestants welcomed but Catholics resisted - MN - Premier removed French as official language and removed public funding for Catholic school - Laurier convinced Premier of MN to allow small degree of support for French language institutions and Catholic schools

*Unit 6: Canada at War, 1914 - 45*

1. Account for Canada's participation in the wars. 2. Describe Canada's involvement in the world wars. 3. Give examples of ways in which involvement in the wars changed Canadian society and economy. 4. Identify changes to the status, rights, and roles of women in the period 1914-45. 5. Describe and interpret the experiences of Aboriginal peoples and the Japanese-Canadian community in wartime. 6. Account for the collapse of the old Canadian imperialism and the rise of the ideal of Canadian autonomy. 7. Compare and explain Newfoundland's wartime experience with that of Canada. 8. Consider the changing relationship between the Dominions and the United States.

*Unit 1: Pre- to Post-Confederation*

1. Describe the broad patterns of modern history since 1867. 2. Identify the external and internal causes of Confederation. 3. Assess the critiques of the federal project in the late 1860s and early 1870s.

*Unit 3: Economic and Social Transformation, 1867 - 1920*

1. Describe the causes and features of industrialization. 2. Explain late 19th-century population mobility and change. 3. Distinguish late Victorian and Edwardian urban centers from pre-Confederation cities. 4. Illustrate ways in which industrialization and urbanization were transforming the body politic. 5. Distinguish the various forms of workers' responses to industrialism, capitalism, and the class system. 6. Survey the rise of women's reform movements in this era. 7. Consider the impact of the Great War on wage earners and their political goals.

*Unit 5: Immigrant Nation*

1. Describe the main sources and causes of emigration and immigration since Confederation. 2. Identify the Canadian policies designed to attract or restrict immigration. 3. Give examples of the motivations of immigrants and the interests of recruiters. 4. Interpret the different forms of xenophobia, nativism, and racism encountered by newcomers. 5. Account for the timing of various immigration waves. 6. Distinguish between the changing nuances of "diversity." 7. Differentiate between the various refugee experiences since the Great War. 8. Illustrate ways in which the host population managed immigrant populations. 9. Consider the various strategies adopted by immigrants and immigrant groups.

*Unit 7: Reform and Reaction*

1. Describe the social and economic contexts that gave rise to reform movements. 2. Identify major reform movements. 3. Distinguish between the social gospel and philanthropy. 4. Give examples of the beliefs and goals of specific reform movements. 5. Compare and contrast the first and second waves of feminism. 6. Account for the rise of third parties at the federal and provincial levels in the context of the larger reform movement. 7. Differentiate between the various goals and strategies put forward by the anti-liquor lobby. Illustrate ways in which the reform movement was successful.

*Unit 2: Birthing Pains—Confederation's Early Conflicts*

1. Describe the territorial growth of Canada since 1867. 2. Summarize the contrasting and conflicting positions taken by the various BNA colonies regarding Confederation. 3. Compare the anti-Confederation movements and their significance. 4. Distinguish the Canadian agenda from that of the First Nations. 5. Describe and evaluate the institutions created and utilized for the purpose of expanding the Dominion of Canada and its authority.

In what ways did the First World War challenge the beliefs of Conservatives like Robert Borden?

An imperialist at the start of the war, he emerged a nationalist. - Due to British condescension towards Canadian troops - Borden became an increasingly vocal advocate for Canada's place at the table of nations - Borden embraced women's suffrage, deficit spending, an interventionist role for government, and prohibition — from a Conservative no less!

When Canada Said No: The Abandoned Jews of the MS St. Louis

Anti-semitism was not relegated to Germany - Mackenzie-King stayed silent on the issue of Jewish refugees as he knew many votes were to be lost here - Editorials and citizens lobbied for Canadian acceptance - at time of depression onset - accepted very few compared to other countries

How were BC and NF distinct from rest of BNA?

BC: separated w complex mix of people NF: preferred self-sufficiency. had denominational education system, own railway and several trade agreements w US

Lord, Kathleen. "Representing Crime in Words, Images, and Song: Exploring Primary Sources in the Murder of Mélina Massé, Montréal, 1895."

CLASS, GENDER, and religious biases shaped the perspectives and evidence presented by different forms of primary sources portraying the court case involving the murder of a 30-year-old woman in Montreal in 1895 - Catholic church releases musical drama leaflets demonstrating innocence of husband (concerned with upholding authority and patriarchy) - Newspapers were primarily concerned with upholding Masses status as a meek, domestic, good-looking woman

Chilton, Lisa. "Preventing the Loss of Imported Labour: Trains, Migrants, and the Development of the Canadian West, 1896-1932.

Canada aimed to settle the West with white immigrant by means of expensive and aggressive policies. Rural life, however, was exceedingly difficult and many fled to urban centres or the US. The CPR was heavily involved with manage policies ensuring that immigrants intended to reach their Western destination and were not tempted by other offers along the way.

Bullen, John. "Hidden Workers: Child Labour and the Family Economy in Late Nineteenth-Century Urban Ontario."

Children crucial for the economy in industrial period - Children frequently helped with everyday work around the house, factories, personal service industries, street trades - Sweatshops, especially females in the clothing industry, were common - Capitalism squeezing every last penny from families

McCoy, Ted. "Legal Ideology in the Aftermath of Rebellion: The Convicted First Nations Participants, 1885

Despite religious and ritual rhetoric invoking British legal mercy, justice, and majesty, capital punishment and penitentiary's revealed the Canadian government's oppressive and politically motivated ideology in practice. - lack of legal representation - death penalty of 8 FN peoples was way of asserting govt authority

Shaw, Amy. "Expanding the Narrative: A First World War with Women, Children, and Grief."

Diversity, contestation and grief as important as pride and patriotism - There was an immediate post-war desire to forget and get back to normalcy that complicates the historical record with soldiers stories privileged - The maternal bond as part of the reason for soldiers to recruit - Grief over overlooked in historical record

How did "first-wave feminism" connect to other reform movements from the 1860s to 1930?

Feminists were pro-temperance - Prevents female abuse, female pregnancies, undermines their other feminist causes (working class females were increasingly drinking)

Dunae, Patrick A., Donald J. Lafreniere, Jason A. Gilliland, and John S. Lutz. "Dwelling Places and Social Spaces: Revealing the Environments of Urban Workers in Victoria Using Historical GIS."

Geographic Info System (GIS) to organize and analyze spatially referenced data to visualize spatial patterns and processes - GIS used to identify wageworkers, their habits, and how they experienced life (Victoria in 1890s) - small living space (cabins, tenements, hotels, boarding houses) - single, young, white men, out of province

"Dwelling Places and Social Spaces: Revealing the Environments of Urban Workers in Victoria Using Historical GIS."

Geographical Information Systems (GIS) are used to overlay spatial data in order to understand wage-workers in 19th century Victoria - "The small size of the units and inexpensive cost of construction, coupled with high densities and high demands, made them very attractive for investors and developers." - Majority of workers were single, male, caucasian, and from out of state or country

limits of politics of compromise

Laurier's record of compromise kept worst Canadian divisions under control - wanting to satisfy all led to some very poor deals

Backhouse, Constance. "'Don't You Bully Me ... Justice I Want If There is Justice to Be Had': The Rape of Mary Ann Burton, London, Ontario, 1907."

Mary Ann Burton was one of few woman to speak up against the slander of the courtroom, husband, criminal prosecutor, and justice system that so often weighed heavily on woman making rape accusations. - The police who dealt with her after the struggle were brusque and doubting of her accusation. The doctor did not perform a vaginal examination despite the fact that they were routine for the time. The newspaper chose to focus on Burton's unwillingness to comply with the police.

What role did reciprocity play in defining the Tory and Liberal parties and their respective successes and failures?

McDonald (Tory) used fear of American takeover to criticize the Liberal's pro-Reciprocity - The Liberal Party was pro-Reciprocity and anti-tariffs, making it popular in farming communities where farmers wanted access to cheap American products - Laurier & Liberal party had to temporary mute their commitment to free trade in order to gain the popular vote

What institutional responses arose to the new (perceived) social malaises?

The Women's Christian Temperance Movement emerged; Alcohol was seen as the problem for poverty, immorality, and prostitution - The Salvation Army: salvation for the individual, don't need church as a mediator

Menzies, Robert. "Race, Reason, and Regulation: British Columbia's Mass Exile of Chinese 'Lunatics' aboard the Empress of Russia, 9 February 1935."

The authorized intolerance of 'lunatics' and 'Orientals,' and the movement to eradicate both through strategies of institutionalization and transportation, were nourished by prevailing currents of hereditarianism, mental and moral hygiene, social eugenics, eurocentric xenophobia, and the deepening fiscal crisis that descended on the province during the Great Depression of the 1930s. - Anti-Asian sentiment believed they brought diseases, did not mingle, stole jobs, and had immoral habits - Long hours, spartan conditions, and failed dreams of ambition and autonomy sent many of these inmates over the edge - Deportation of inmates had less to do with psychological or charitable concerns than it did an exclusionary impulse on the part of Canada and suspicion of the other

What was the impact on federal politics of Riel's execution?

The execution of Riel poisoned relations between French-Catholics and the Tory Party (John A. Mcdonald). - Increased critique of the government and nationalistic Canadien identity

Beaulieu, Eugene: "Pork Packers, Reciprocity, and Laurier's Defeat in the 1911 Canadian General Election."

The reciprocity agreement of 1911 played an essential role in the elections of the same year. Despite the fact that Laurier lost his Liberal majority campaigning for reciprocity, support was widespread and he would have maintained it had it not been those meddling pork packers. - The results suggest that Canada did not reject reciprocity with the United States in favor of protectionism and loyalty to Britain but because of economic reasons

Why are the two world wars referred to as "total wars?"

They involved the targeting of civilian structures; the total nation was a target and involved in the war - e.g. civilian casualties not seen previously

How and why did the Church divide on linguistic lines?

Two competing visions: French that hoped for a growing Catholic presence in the west, setting up of school English speaking Catholics begin to identify with English speaking protestants and beginning to believe that English might be the future of the church, necessary for evangelization

How did the character of warfare change between 1914-18 and 1939-45?

Unlike August 1914, there were no raucous and patriotic parades in the autumn of 1939. Anyone over the age of 24 would have some recollection of the Great War - Increased mechanized war machines allowed for Blitzkrieg warfare - Canada declared war based on own decision not following UK

Social reform

a prioritizing of society over the individual

What elements and historic changes in Canadian society in the late 19th century led to the establishment of social reform movements?

industrialization and Urbanization and the new investigative role of the state contributed - Science too: evolution showed the engines of change, germ theory how strategies could prevent disease - Poverty due to unemployment grew during urbanization and the Depression didn't help

sources that framed Victorian and Edwardian Canadians' sense of past

monuments rarely use commerate event that occur. but use to convey political, social, cultural values of promoters

social gospel

movement in Protestantism that applied Christian ethics to social problems

McCann, Larry. "Seasons of Labor: Family, Work, and Land in a Nineteenth-Century Nova Scotia Shipbuilding Community."

n 19th century Weymouth, Nova Scotia was a place of occupational pluralism in relation to the adaptive family economies of the rural shipyard workers. Occupation pluralism is the act of have more than one source of income per person. Meanwhile, adaptive family economy refers to the economic well-being by the diversification of employment opportunities for family members. - important strategy of pluralists is to use land as form of security