History 136 C Final IDs

Coverture

A term which dates back to medieval and early modern Europe in which the legal identity of a woman is covered by her husband, so he has to answer for her crimes, law passed down to US, civil discourse was not allowed for women so they were effectively in the shadow of their husbands, and husbands were allowed to punish misbehaving wives.

Laura Nelson

African American woman lynched May 25, 1911 in Oklahoma, charged with murder alongside her son (son pulled the trigger). Placed in jail and then kidnapped by a mob of dozens of white men, raped, and then lynched with her son.

Partus sequitur ventrum

Offspring follows the womb, basically meant that children inherited the condition of the mother, which is why white women having children with black men was especially heinous, 1662, throughout the US. series of laws passed throughout the states such as 1691: banishment for white who married african, 1799: banishment for woman and her mulatto children, white men did not get punished since this simple meant increasing their wealth.

Primogeniture

Practice which began with the kings of Europe in which the first born son would inherit most or all of the wealth and power that the father would leave behind. This cut women's ability to have wealth as they could not inherit and could effectively be left with nothing.

Angelina Grimke

1805-1879, a southern wealthy woman who discussed the horrors of slavery and fought to abolish it. Identified as a quaker, also looked to advance women's rights.

Geneva Conventions

1864-1949 international agreement. Rules that apply only in times of armed conflict and seek to protect people who are not or are no longer taking part in hostilities; these include the sick and wounded of armed forces on the field, wounded, sick, and shipwrecked members of armed forces at sea, prisoners of war, and civilians. Notably violated with impunity during the war in Iraq by the US.

The Comstock Act

1873, made it illegal to mail any obscene materials including contraception, sex ed, advice lit, porn, medical and anatomy textbooks, federal law.

The muncy act

1913 act, Pennsylvania, send any woman over 16 years old to prison, if conviction of crime was punishable by one year, women were sentenced indefinitely, if three years, judges had to administer max sentence possible (men were not serving max), reduced parole for women.

Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill

1922, , one of 200 bills to define lynching as crime, did not pass, passed the house, but senate filibustered, closest instance to passing this. While this was nationwide, the senator who proposed it was from Missouri.

Rockefeller drug laws

1973, gov Nelson Rockefeller, mandatory min sentences of 15-life for people with 4oz of narcotics (NY, but other states follow suit).

Roe v. Wade

1973, made it possible to get safe, legal abortions from well trained practitioners, dramatic decrease in pregnancy related injury and death.

The Hyde amendment

1976 law restricting funds allocated for the DHHS, barring the use of federal funding to pay for abortion except in the cases of incest, rape, or danger to the mother.

Madrigal vs. quilligan

1978 federal class action lawsuit from Los Angeles County, California involving sterilization of Latina women that occurred either without informed consent, or through coercion. Although the judge ruled in favor of the doctors, the case led to better informed consent for patients, especially those who are not native English speakers.

Thomas/ine Hall

Caused controversy in 1629 in the city of Jamestown due to people's inability to understand that Thomas/ine was intersexed. The court ruled that they were both a man and a woman. Bothersome because his/her gender fluidity stood in direct contrast to strict gender roles portrayed through clothing and actions.

Margaret Sanger

Coined the term birth control, advocated for women's sexual pleasure, wanted women to be able to control reproduction, a privilege for the rich and a duty for the poor, co founded planned parenthood federation of America in 1939.

The fancy trade

During slave America (18th-19th c), a class of mixed race girls used purely for sexual pleasure, obviously in the South.

Two-spirited people

Early 1700's, East coast, indigenous individuals that were transgendered. Thought to have magical powers and deeply respected within the community. This only changed after Colonialism and its influence on indigenous peoples.

Shameful matches

Early colonial period, all throughout the US, the term used to denote unconventional love such as same gender matches or interracial matches. Caused controversy because whites were hell bent on keeping hierarchical structure and strict roles. Out of this came anti-sodomy and anti-miscegenation laws.

James Marion Sims

From Alabama known as the father of modern gynecology, Sims operated on African American women without anesthesia to create a surgical procedure to fix vesicovaginal fistulas from 1845-1849.

Eugenics

Height of eugenics in the 1920's-1930's although it is arguably still relevant given the Madrigal case as well as accusations from Native Americans of forced sterilization stretching at least to the 70's. science of improving human pop by selective breeding, Galton (don't intermarry you keep around the weak),Laughlin's law: prevent procreation of socially inadequate. Buck v. Bell case (1927), Racial integrity Act of 1924, influenced Nazi eugenics movements, later deemed a pseudo-science. While nationwide, vast majority of sterilizations as a result of eugenics happened in CA.

Indentured servitude

In the colonial period, the South especially had a large demand for labor so men and women would exchange 4-7 years of labor in exchange for passage and wages, sometimes because of debt, periods of indenture were often prolonged, lived in slave-like conditions. Got freedom dues upon survival and completion of term of indenture.

Women in between

Indigenous women in the early 1700's that married to form political and social alliances, fought settlers, taught culture (east coast), fought dilution but became mixed race women, acted as interpreters, guides and liaisons.

Body politics

Stephanie Camp argued that in the South, the slave body was a site of resistance where slaves fought back by slowing their work, by having sex, and by wearing clothing they wanted to wear. Body politics also extended to slave patrols and drapetomania (malady of a slave who continually tries to run away), the South, slave patrols begin in 1704, Camp publishes in the 20th c.

Intersexed

Thomas/ine hall, a person who is born with both male and female biological parts. 1 in 1666 births are intersex, 17 types of known intersexuality.

Abortifacient

a product used to induce an abortion, usually an herb, origins in ancient times, but used in the US to this day.

Hijab

a veil traditionally worn by Muslim women in the presence of adult males outside of their immediate family, which usually covers the head and chest. Dates back to pre-Islamic times. In the US, women who choose to wear this have been labeled as terrorists or oppressed, especially after the 9/11 attacks.

Cathay Williams

an American soldier who enlisted in United States Army under the pseudonym William Cathay. She is the first African-American woman to enlist, and the only documented to serve in the United States Army posing as a man (1844-1892), served for the Union.

Mary Elizabeth Tyler

an Atlanta public-relations professional who, starting in 1920 along with Edward Young Clarke, helped to turn the initially anemic second Ku Klux Klan into a mass-membership organization with a broader social agenda including temperance, anticommunism, antisemitism, and anticatholicism, and she owned the Klan's newspaper "The Searchlight".

Islamophobia

especially relevant post 9/11 all throughout the US, unfounded hostility towards Muslims and therefore fear or dislike of all or most Muslims.

Lynndie England

former United States Army Reserve soldier who served in the 372nd Military Police Company and became known for her involvement in the Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse scandal. She was one of eleven military personnel convicted in 2005 by Army courts-martial for mistreating detainees and other crimes in connection with the torture and prisoner abuse at Abu Ghraib prison in Baghdad during the occupation of Iraq. She was sentenced to three years in prison and dishonorably discharged from the Army. England served her prison sentence from 2005 to 2007, when she was released on parole. She attributes fault to her love for Graner and to following chain of command, has also been speculated that she had mental health problems even prior to Abu Ghraib.

Sabrina Harman

former United States Army reservist, one of several persons convicted by the U.S. Army in connection with the 2003-2004 Abu Ghraib prisoner abuse scandal in Baghdad, Iraq, during and after the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Harman was tried for allowing and inflicting sexual, physical, and psychological abuse of Iraqi prisoners of war. Harman held the rank of specialist in the 372nd Military Police company during her tour of duty in Iraq. She was sentenced to six months in prison and a bad conduct discharge.

Miscegenation

is the mixing of different racial groups through marriage, cohabitation, sexual relations, or procreation.there were state laws in individual states, particularly in the Southern States and the Plains States, that prohibited miscegenation. These laws were a part of American law since before the United States was established and remained so until ruled unconstitutional in 1967 by the U.S. Supreme Court in Loving v. Virginia. Typically defining miscegenation as a felony, these laws prohibited the solemnization of weddings between persons of different races and prohibited the officiating of such ceremonies. Sometimes, the individuals attempting to marry would not be held guilty of miscegenation itself, but felony charges of adultery or fornication would be brought against them instead. All anti-miscegenation laws banned the marriage of whites and non-white groups, primarily blacks, but often also Native Americans, Latinos, and Asians.

The anti drug abuse act of 1986

minimum sentencing established, a 100-to-1 disparity between distribution of powder and crack cocaine, so drug addiction criminalized, jumps in recidivism, incarceration of huge numbers of nonviolent felons, disproportionately affected minorities, especially African Americans.

Ann Marie pictou aquash

moved to Boston in the 1960s and joined American Indians in education and resistance. She was part of the American Indian Movement in the Wounded Knee incident at the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, United States in 1973. Later killed by AIM members in South Dakota, who were indicted for her death in 2003.

Ida B Wells-Barnett

particularly active in the 1890's "princess of the press", fought back with her pen and her voice, was a suffragist, and known for anti-lynching activism and her publications.

The hajj

term used to denote the journey to Mecca taken by the prophet Muhammed, and a mandatory religious duty for Muslims that must be carried out at least once in their lifetime by all adult Muslims who are physically and financially capable of undertaking the journey, and can support their family during their absence. One of the five pillars of Islam. (extra info): During Hajj, pilgrims join processions of hundreds of thousands of people, who simultaneously converge on Mecca for the week of the Hajj, and perform a series of rituals: each person walks counter-clockwise seven times around the Ka'aba (the cube-shaped building and the direction of prayer for the Muslims), runs back and forth between the hills of Al-Safa and Al-Marwah, drinks from the Zamzam Well, goes to the plains of Mount Arafat to stand in vigil, spends a night in the plain of Muzdalifa, and performs symbolic stoning of the devil by throwing stones at three pillars. The pilgrims then shave their heads, perform a ritual of animal sacrifice, and celebrate the three-day global festival of Eid al-Adha.

Black codes

the Black Codes were laws passed by Southern states in 1865 and 1866, after the Civil War. These laws had the intent and the effect of restricting African Americans' freedom, and of compelling them to work in a labor economy based on low wages or debt. Black Codes were part of a larger pattern of Southern whites trying to suppress the new freedom of emancipated African American slaves, the freedmen. Pig laws and vagrancy laws added to creating the system of mass incarceration we have today.

Personhood measures

the moment when a human is first recognized as a person. There are differences of opinion as to the precise time when human personhood begins and the nature of that status. The issue arises in a number of fields including science, religion, philosophy, and law, and is most acute in debates relating to abortion, stem cell research, reproductive rights, and fetal rights. Especially important in this era due to the idea of "quickening" (1800's-present)

Jessie Daniel Ames

was a civil rights activist in the Southern United States. She was one of the first Southern white women to speak out and work publicly against lynching of blacks, which was often done by white men as a misguided act of chivalry to protect women's "virtue." She bravely stood up to these men and led organized efforts (in 1930 she founded the association of Southern women for the prevention of lynching) to protest the brutality of lynching helping to bring about its decline in the 1930s and 1940s.

Harriet Jacobs

was an African-American writer who escaped from slavery and was later freed. She became an abolitionist speaker and reformer. Jacobs wrote an autobiographical novel, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, first serialized in a newspaper and published as a book in 1861