History 151 Midterm

What happened to Indigenous peoples in Great Smokey Mountains and Everglades National Park

Great Smokey Mountains - Park boundary did not include Eastern Cherokee lands Everglades National Park - Excluded the Seminole and Miccosukee people from using park lands for traditional purposes

What did Richard Henry Pratt establish in 1879 to assimilate Indigenous children in an effort to "kill the Indian, save the man"

He established the most well known of the off-reservation boarding schools, the Carlisle Indian School in Carlisle, Pennsylvania

Why do public lands matter

Helps preserve natural resources and animal habitats

What state had the most homesteads patented

Montana had the most homesteads

What kind of property did the Articles of Confederation create in 1777

Unorganized territory held in common and belonging to no state

Despite the perception that national parks and forests looked like places untouched by humans, whose trails did visitors follow and who did they see hunting

Visitors followed the trails Indigenous peoples made

What region of the United States contains the most public lands

West

Who is credited with drawing public attention to the crime of taking wildlife outside of Established regulations and advocated for further wildlife protections

William T. Hornaday

In 1890, what two events marked the completion of the expansion and settlement of the United States

Wounded Knee Massacre

What new kind of park type got established in this process

(Un)natural Parks

What publisher's tourist guide brought visitors to early national forests and parks

George A Crofutt's Tourist Guide

Who is credited with being an early ecologist and environmentalist concerned with human impacts on nature

George Perkins Marsh

What period of American history in the late 19th century saw the extraction of natural resources in the United States at an industrial scale

Gilded Age

Which president, who also had protected Niagara Falls, doubled the size of the forest reserves in 1897 from 19 million acres to 39 million acres

Grover Cleveland

What population did the federal government remove from their homelands during this major period of expansion

Indigenous people

What new kind of touring experience got established in this process

Interpret the past human residence

What demographic of Americans largely benefitted from land disposal

Railroad corporations benefited significantly from land grants

What caused the Homestead Act to be less effective west of the Ohio and Missouri river valleys

Rainfall was less, and agriculture required irrigation infrastructure. Expensive, technologically Difficult, and required a great deal of labor to build

What were the stipulations for creating national parks in the East and South

Required the purchase of private land, but the government could not make the purchase

Which state has the least percentage of public lands

Rhode Island

What tourist campaign encouraged Americans to see the nation's natural wonders as an act of Citizenship

See America First

What kind of property ownership did Thomas Jefferson envision for Americans

Small landowners and yeoman farmers

What levels of government have jurisdiction over public lands

States

Who was the first director of the National Park Service

Stephen Mather

What metaphor does historian Adam Sowards use to explain the relationship between Americans and public lands

Table metaphor makes public lands part of the democratic experiment

Which president succeeded President William McKinley after his assassination and was close friends with Gifford Pinchot

Teddy Roosevelt

Where were national forests located before 1911

The American west

What organization in the East helped get American citizens out into the eastern forests the same way the Sierra Club got American citizens out into forests in the West

The Appalachian Mountain Club (founded in 1876)

What did the federal government do to legitimize Americans' possession of lands they illegally settled on

The federal government legitimated the presence of squatters who illegally occupied land through preemption

Where was the Hetch Hetchy valley located in California

The northwestern Yosemite National Park

What became the basis for American property ownership grounded in a 1493 declaration by the Pope

"Doctrine of Discovery" became the basis of all European claim

What year did Congress pass the Homestead Act passed and during what conflict

1862

How much territory in the United States is public lands

40%

What federal agency became responsible for land disposal and when was it established

General land office 1812

The same year the Homestead Act passed, Congress also passed what other two acts

Pacific Railroad Act Morril Act

Which part of the constitution codified these laws in 1787

The Us constitution of 1787 property clause codified these laws

What is the dual mandate of the agency that oversees national parks

To preserve nature and for future enjoyment.

What measuring system is used to define property

Township and Range

According to philosopher John Locke, What was basis of property and what kind of right was property ownership

All humans held nature in common, as in nature was unowned When humans applied labor to the land, they transformed it into property and those who applied their labor to that land became its owners All humans have the god given right: The right to life (self-preservation), liberty, and property Some land could be held common

What additional authority did the Forest Service gain in 1924 with the Clarke-McNary Act

Allowed the agency to acquire land for timber protection

What is a homestead

An area of public land in the west (usually 160 acres) granted to any US citizen willing to settle on and farm the land for at least 5 years

What was the first site preserved under the Antiquities Act

Devils Tower

What are indigenous lands

Land occupied, cultivated, and cared for by indigenous residents

What three laws first governed public lands in the United States and what did each of them do

Land ordinance- Declaration the unorganized territory would become new states that would enter the nation on equal footing with other states (1784) Land Ordinance of 1785- Established the rectangular survey system divided land into township Northwest Ordinance of 1787- Process by which unorganized territory would be organized into states. Fee simple land ownership. Retained land not yet privatizes in the federal domain for future sale

How are public lands defined

Lands Managed by a public entity at the federal, state, county, or municipal level Lands funded by taxpayer dollars Lands accessible to the public

What types of public lands do people interact with the most

Public lands managed by the federal government and their local municipality

What problems did park supporters and park service leaders face in creating these new parks and how did they solve these problems

Take away private property for public use with payment of compensation

What law did Congress pass in 1891 and what did it allow Presidents Benjamin Harrison and Grover Cleveland to do

The General Revision Act The president can set aside forest land from disposal authorizing the President to designate public lands in the West into what were then called "forest reserves."

What is the name for the massive effort to settle the United Stated that displaced Indigenous peoples

The Indian Removal Act/ The Trail of Tears

What legislation passed in 1910 to protect eastern forests and on what basis was that protection created

The Week act 1911

What group of Americans received land as scrip as payment for service

Union Veterans

What did Congress set aside from settlement and natural resource extraction in 1872 based on the paintings of which artist

Yellowstone

What did the General Allotment (Dawes) Act of 1877 do with Indigenous lands

Authorized the President to break up reservation land, which was held in common by the members of a tribe, into small lands

What species of wildlife nearly became extinct and who advocated for its wildlife preservation and the conservation of its habitat

Bison

Between 1800-1862, how did the federal government generally dispose of land

By granting white men 160 acres of land

What additional authority did the Forest Service gain in 1911

The watershed of navigable streams, and to appoint a commission set firefighting Stands, lead firefighting on public land and coordinate with states

How did Indigenous peoples continue to still be present in national parks and how did visitors react to them in this context

They became a part of the tourist experience and visitors took picture with them

What did the city of San Francisco want to do to Hetch Hetchy Valley

They wanted to build a Dam

What happened in San Francisco to precipitate the city's push to transform Hetch Hetchy Valley

They was an earthquake in 1906 and fires

What violations of the law did those who lived near national parks and forests often get accused of despite the hunting and gathering rights articulated in treaties

They were accused of Poaching

Who did the US government task with surveying the American West and reporting on its conditions

John Wesley Powell

What government process transformed public land into and that could be sold and what are its different aliquots

The Public Land Survey System: Counties, Townships, Sections, and Sectional Divisions

What state in the East tried to create its own forest reserve in the Adirondacks

Adirondacks Forest Preserve New York, 1885

Which state has the most percentage of public lands

Alaska

What are the federally recognized tribes in Colorado and what are their endonyms

Cheyenne("Tsis tsis'tas), Arapahoe(Hinono'eiteen) Ute(Nuuchiu) Lakota(Lakhota)

What did the Congressionally authorized Public Lands Commission of 1879 recommend for future land Disposal

Classy land by type and dispose land by type and withdraw the timber land from disposal

What is ecology and who coined the term in 1869

Comprehensive science of the relationships of the organism to its surrounding enviorment, where we can include in the broader sense all "conditions of existence" Earnest Haeckel coined the term in 1860

What new kind of organization helped create some of these new parks

Conservation Association

What is the difference between conservation and preservation if both advocated for reserving and withdrawing land from settlement, occupancy, or sale

Conservation: Set aside as a public park or pleasuring-ground for the benefit and enjoyment of the people. Preservation (Protection if nature from human use)

Who was the first homesteader and where did he claim his homestead

Daniel Freeman

Where did these laws not apply (what states)

Did not apply to the original 13 colonies (Virginia, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia.)

Who was the first federal forester and what did his 1878 Report on Forestry document about the nation's

Franklin Hough Fears Wasting of timber and exhaustion

When did the federal government begin funding reservations and when did the federal government halt the treaty-making process

Funding for reservation 1851 8171 when treaty making stopped. 20 years apart

What four laws did Congress pass after the Homestead Act to make land disposal easier

General Mining Law 1862: Extract mineral resources on mining claims organized into mining districts Timber Culture Act 1872: Cultivated lumber on 40 acres of 320 acres Desert Lands Act 1877: Cultivate arid areas on 640 acres using irrigation Timber and Stone Act 1878: Extract lumber and mineral resources on 160 acres

Which executive branch department controlled the forest reserves and hired Gifford Pinchot as the Special Forest Agent to manage the forest reserves? Which executive branch department had the personnel with scientific expertise to manage the forest reserves and hired Gifford Pinchot as chief of the Division/Bureau of Forestry to manage the foresters?

Interior, land, Agriculture, timber

The survey group recommended two new legislative measures to address conditions in the American West. What two activities did these legislative measures cover

Irrigation Districts and Grazing Districts

What early American president expressed concern about the abundance of land available to American settlers and what consequences did he fear

James Madison was worried about land damage

What was the first eastern national park, established in 1919 , how was it created, and what is it called today

Lafayette National Park Acadia National Park Created from land donated to the federal government

What did the federal government provide to large corporations, particularly railroad companies

Large land grants to corporations and individuals

What conflict with the Lakota and Cheyenne occurred when the federal government ended treaty making and confined Indigenous peoples to reservations

Little big horn 1876

What major territorial acquisitions did the United States government make between 1803 and 1898

Louisiana Purchase 1803, Spanish Cession 1819, Texas 1845, Oregon 1846, Mexican Cession 1848, Gadsden Purchase 1854, Alaska 1867, Hawai'i 1998

What happened in 1907 in West Virginia and Pennsylvania to create national interest in legislation to protect eastern forests and what caused the event

Major flooding occurred because of deforestation

What popular phrase describing the nation's expansion did journalist John O'Sullivan coin and what did it mean

Manifest Destiny the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions

How did American visitors react to seeing these people hunting in the national parks and forests and why

Many visitors reacted badly to seeing Indigenous peoples hunting in the parks with rifles. They are fearful because they remember the violence. Conflicts with Indigenous peoples had ended only about two decades prior.

What are some of the ways in which the battle over Hetch Hetchy Valley was portrayed? Who versus who or what versus what

Meri vs Pinochet , wilderness vs. development, Conservation vs preservation Minority vs majority

Where did the Pinchot family build their summer home and what was it called

Millford, Pennsylvania Grey Towers

What group did the surveyors observe in the American West and that developed communal irrigation practices and where did they observe these practices

Mormons

What federal agency did Congress create in 1916 to oversee the national parks as a result of the Hetch Hetchy controversy

National Park service

What is the purpose of the Antiquities Act, who enacts it, and what type of public land designation did it create in 1906

National monuments Historic land marks And the president has the power to set aside

What is the largest Indigenous reservation and where is it located

Navajo Reservation Arizona, Utah, and New Mexico

What New York natural wonder became overrun by commercialism and who advocated for its scenic preservation and the conservation of its landscape

Nigral falls

Who has the power to set aside national forests? national parks

Presidents forest national parks by congress more than one person

What are the differences between the terms public land, federal land, public domain, federal domain

Public land = Land owned by U.S. citizens (federal, state, county, municipal), Federal land = Land owned and managed by the U.S. federal government in the public land system, Federal domain = Land owned by the U.S. federal government whether part of the public land system or part of the public domain

States in what region authorized the federal government to purchase private forests to conserve them

The south many states such as North Carolina wanted the federal government able to purchase private and corporate land

What idea do most people use to frame their public lands interactions and what category of use do they engage in

Through the idea of parks and an area for outdoor recreation

What are the type of Indigenous lands and how are they defined

Traditional Homelands Treaty Lands Reservation Lands Tribal Lands

What did the US Supreme Court decide in 1896 about the rights articulated in treaties

Treaties are temporarily (Expedient)

Why is recognizing Indigenous lands important

Truth and reconciliation Greater Management resources Greater economic benefits

Where did Gifford Pinchot attend university and where did he eventually establish the first forestry school

Yale

What California state park was becoming overrun by commercialism and who advocated for its scenic preservation and the conservation of its landscape

Yosemite John Muir