History 1510 First Exam

What caused the cultural change in Europe around 1750?

-Christianity adapted to outer forces -these stimuli prompted Renaissance and Enlightenment -the rest of Eurasia has less stimuli, less diversification, and develop less

Why and how self govt. in new world? was it granted?

-brits give autonomy -portuguese and spanish establish partial central rule

Witchcraft?

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New Science?

-discovery of new continents prompted new thought and consideration -Copernicus, Galileo, Newton -New Science becomes more popularized and launched scientific/industrial age. -shift from descriptive to mathematical science

Main pattern of social development in colonial America during 1500-1800?

-elite minority settler class -cheap labor and institutionalized inequality

Thinking through patterns: how did the fiscal-military state change during 1450-1700? How did the Protestant reformation and religious wars influence this?

-expanded taxation at detriment of nobility -shift from fiscal-military to naval state -religious wars strengthened centralization efforts and sped demise of nobility

(Thinking through patterns) What is the significance of European acquisition of America?

-extraction of precious metals -warm weather agricultural products -gained resources and gained power -agrarian autonomy

How did the fiscal-military state function?

-imperial state formation -gunpowder weaponry -cannons and guns -Ottomans: first standing armies (expensive soldiers) -bureaucracies maintained centralized departments that regulated the collection of taxes and the payroll of soldiers

(Ch 19) What is the significance of the Songhay Empire for West African history? How did it originate and how did it fall?

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How did European settlers express themselves culturally? What two forms, how were they different?

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How did plantation slavery evolve in North America? What were the origins of African American culture, and how did that culture evolve through interaction and adaptation?

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How did the middle passage function and what roe did it play within the triangular trade in the atlantic?

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How was the kingdom of Kongo organized and what role did Catholicism play in its society?

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What impact did the Portuguese have on Ethiopia? How did this country evolve during the 1500-1800s?

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(Thinking through patterns) On what was the pattern of kingdom and empire during the 1500-1800s?

Africa grew and evolved quickly through increased intra AFrican trade. despite slave trade

What is the nature of political change in Europe since the fall of Rome?

After the fall of Rome, Europe transitioned into small feudal states with very little centralized power. Feudalism emphasized loyalty to the king or lord directly above you, the exchange of land for military service. Catalyzed by the new technology of gunpowder, Europe transitioned toward more centralized power as a fiscal military state model. A stronger centralized government was necessary to afford standing armies to fight with gunpowder technology.

Lateen sail

Allows sailors to sail closer to the wind; smaller angle "tack." Helps Columbus sail confidently

What is creole culture, and what forms did creolization take?

American born descendants of Iberian immigrants.

Difference between descriptive and mathematical science? Who pioneered mathematical science? What impact did female scientists like Maria Cunitz have on the spread of the New Science?

Copernicus, Galileo, and Newton. Replacement of descriptive science with mathematical science. Maria Cunitz Urania propitia. Women scientists contributed to new science.

What was humanism and its role in the Renaissance?

Emphasis on philosophy, philology, and other aspects of human culture. Rediscovery of Greek and roman texts.

How were the Ottoman and Habsburg states organized? What were their economic bases? What were their social structures?

Fiscal military states; large central government that funds standing armies.

What were the key political religious differences between France, Russia, Prussia, and England between 1450-1700?

France was catholic, England Protestant, and Russia Eastern Orthodox. Dynastic struggle between France and England due to England's feudal debt of loyalty to France because of French land holdings (one of many titles).

Ottoman and Habsburg struggle for dominance in Europe and the Mediterranean? Where did it happen? Leo Africanus career & themes?

His life was shaped by the struggle between Islam and Christianity -Reconquista on Iberian peninsula -jihad, Muslim holy war against Christianity. -ottoman and Habsburg both build large armies through fiscal military state in a quest for dominance of and imperialism in Europe and Mediterranean. Patronage of arts & projections of glory

(Thinking through patterns) What patterns characterized the Christian and Muslim imperial competition in 1300-1600?

In 1300, the Ottomans renewed jihad against the empire of Byzantium, conquering the Balkans and Constantinople. The age of exploration is deeply rooted in the tradition of Western traditions of war against Islamic civilization.

What are the historic roots of modern racism?

Institutionalized inequality and hegemony to create a subservient source of slave labor. Associated with slavery.

Who were the Janissaries? How does the institution of the devsirme fit into their recruitment?

Janissaries were Christian boys kidnapped through devsirme raised Muslim to be loyal only to Ottoman Empire. Could not marry, children could not inherit. A class of slave rulers and a standing army.

Press

Legal kidnapping to work on a ship (crude draft)

(Ch. 17) How did the protestant reformation originate and who were its representatives?

Martin Luther; immorality of selling of indulgences, church catered to rich. Corruption in Roman Catholic Church.

Compare mineral mining and agriculture in Americas. Where, and when?

Mining centers and agricultural estates (haciendas.) Portuguese, interested in mining, had a good reason to exercise tight control.

What is the influence of culture and politics on technological change? Or is it the other way round: that technology shapes culture and political outcomes?

One example of this question is gunpowder and its influence on military and political structure. In Europe, feudalism was outmoded by a fiscal military state structure in order to support standing armies who would fight using gunpowder. The Ottoman Empire isolated the use of gunpowder weapons to the slave soldier class of Janissaries. And Japan chose feudalism over innovation with gunpowder because feudalism was central to Japanese values. To answer the question, technology and political/cultural structure are heavily intertwined and influence one another. Technology will shape politics and culture, but culture can influence the prevalence and use of the technology.

Colonial societies, hierarchies, and relationships among groups.

Oppressed Native American and African slaves, class of social elite of estate owners, ranchers, and planters. Creoles top tier.

What were the principal cultural expressions of the Ottoman and Habsburg empires? In which ways were they similar and in which ways were they different?

Patronage of arts, and the projection of grandeur. Building of palaces. Glorifying state through media.

Discuss and explain the interrelationship of the military and political change in Europe from the "Dark Ages" through feudalism to the gunpowder era of early modern history.

Political change throughout this era is influenced by military because political structure is ultimately shaped by the need for military. Both feudalism and the fiscal military state operate on the premise of getting soldiers. Feudalism is a way that doesn't necessarily cost money, rather land and loyalties; the fiscal military state uses a centralized govt. to pay for soldiers in standing armies to fight with gunpowder weapons. The evolution of political structure is shaped by the evolution of military needs.

(Ch 16) How did the Christian-Muslim struggle in Iberia evolve? How did Portuguese and Spanish overseas exploration shape this struggle?

Portugal's conquests in Reconquista freed up time and resources to fund overseas exploration.

How did Native American adapt?

Primarily by dying

Which patterns of cultural expression in Habsburg and Ottoman? Why did ruling classes sponsor?

Rulers built mosques and palaces and celebrated festivals visibly . They patronized the arts to promote a favorable image of the empire.

(Ch. 18) How did the colonial administration of the Spanish and Portuguese colonies evolve, and how do they compare with that of the English in the Americas?

Spanish held direct rule over colonies, while English allowed more autonomy. Eventually Portuguese sold offices due to fiscal hardship. Portuguese and Spanish destroyed central rule through purchase of offices

What was the Spanish Inquisition? What role did it play in Spanish society?

The Spanish Inquisition was a body of clergy appointed by Ferdinand and Isabella in 1481 to search out beliefs and practices which contradicted Christianity. It helped increase state power.

Caravel and carrack

Two ships Columbus travels with. Carrack is less maneuverable and carries more.

Discuss three inventions that illustrate the popularization of the New Science during 1450-1700.

Vacuum, steam engine. Barometer.

How did the patterns of slave trade and plantation slavery evolve in the Atlantic and Americas?

evolved over several centuries before arriving in Atlantic and Carribean and Americas. System for raising labor intensive cash crops. commodities. mercantilism