History 17A

The Spanish in the Chesapeake

-1565 -The Spanish established settlements in several locations along the Atlantic Coast in order to block French expansion from Canada and South Carolina south towards the Spanish settlements in Florida and convert the Natives to Christianity -Brought Spanish goods and diseases into Native American communities -Spanish insulted the native tribe by trading with other tribes, which led to their interpreter killing them. -This halted Spanish exploration in the North, because they were scared of natives, thought they were savages

King Phillip's War

-1675-1678 -began with Indian uprising against white colonists -This was a war between Native Americans and colonists -By the end of the battle, Wampanoags almost completely destroyed -King Phillip foresaw this and tried to return home but was beheaded -The end result was broadened freedoms for white New Englanders and the dispossession of the region's Indians

Slave Societies v. Societies with Slaves

-1700s -Colonial societies in New England included enslaved Africans, but the institution of slavery was peripheral to local economies and white social status here -Therefore, these regions can be identified as "societies with slaves" -Major plantation areas in southern colonies would be identified as "slave societies" because slavery stood at the center of politics, the economy, and social identities -the master-slave relationship shaped all aspects of society and daily life in the South -In societies with slaves, slaveholders treated slaves brutally precisely because they were marginal to their economic needs. In slave societies, violence against slaves served to punish resistance, prevent rebellions, and maintain the master-slaver power structure

Benjamin Rush

-1745-1813 -civic leader in Pennsylvania -A founding father of the U.S. -He signed the Declaration of Independence and attended Continental Congress -Served as Surgeon General in Continental Army -leader of American Enlightenment and Enthusiast of American Revolution -Opposed slavery, supported free public school, and sought improved education for women

The French and Indian War

-1755-63 -Fought between England and France for control of North America east of the Mississippi River -French-Indian alliance -The natives' violence during the war caused fear in colonists that would continue long after the war was over -forged a collective identity with the colonists, taught them how to fight

Dunmore's Proclamation

-1775 -The proclamation offered freedom for Patriot's slaves willing to fight for the king -it created fear and unrest in Virginia -Virginia's royal governor, John Murray issues this proclamation in response to the colonists forming armies and attacking British troops -it aligned undecided and moderate Virginians against the British -more of a strategic proclamation since they were in need of troops, as opposed to a humanitarian proclamation, which would free all slaves -most slaves never got freedom -slaves were motivated to fight for the desire of freedom, instead of their allegiance to the crown

1790 Trade and Intercourse Act

-1790 -It regulated trade and intercourse between Native Americans and Americans. -It made a prohibition on purchases of Indian lands, without the approval of the Federal Government.

Barbary Wars

-1801-1805 -North African pirates captured American ships and held more than 100 sailors as slaves, which paralyzed American trade with the Mediterranean -The U.S. Paid hundreds of thousands of dollars and agreed to annual payments in order to have peace -Thomas Jefferson refused demands for increased payments, which sparked a naval war with North African nations -The Barbary Wars were the new nation's first encounter with the Islamic world, which led them to declare the U.S. as not "founded on the Christian religion"

Louisiana Purchase

-1803 -president Thomas Jefferson purchased this territory from France for $15 million -The territory included the important port of New Orleans and 828,000 square miles west of the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains -The Louisiana Purchase more than doubled the territory of the U.S.

Yeoman Farmer

-18th and 19th centuries -Non-slaveholding, small landowning, family farmers -The ideal citizen of republic (a landowner, civic virtue, a man who will defend it all) -farmers who owned their own farms portrayed as the embodiment of American ideals: hardworking, independent, honest, virtuous -Thomas Jefferson was a leading advocate of the yeomen, arguing that the independent farmers formed the basis of republican values -They were key figures in the vision for a strong republic, dominated by hard workers and free from tyrannical rule

Coverture

-19th century -Principle in English and American law that a woman lost her legal identity when married, and that it became "covered" by her husband -Husband and wife are one person under the law. -The husband exercised almost exclusive power and responsibility and rarely had to consult his wife to make decisions about property matters. -After the rise of feminism in the mid-19th century, coverture came under increasing criticism, because it prevented women from exercising ordinary property rights

Republican Motherhood

-20th century -New nation required a new kind of mother -Mothers educated sons about the virtues of the republic -Expansion of educational opportunity for women -emphasis remains on domesticity -This was a stepping stone to feminism.

Republican Womanhood

-20th century -Women influence men as much as children -Women should be educated in a proper way and should be taught the ideals of the republic -Women should learn English, handwriting skills, bookkeeping, and history to help their husbands better succeed

John Beckley

-A lower class man who would never hold a political office, but first campaign manage for Jefferson in 1800 -He was a supporter of Jefferson and wanted to do his part as a Republican citizen -In 1796, Beckley campaigned in Pennsylvania and geared his language toward the average farmer -Jefferson won Pennsylvanis, but Adams won overall -He was deemed Clerk of the United States House of Respresentatives by Jefferson

Powhatan

-A major chief around 1607 when John Smith and company came to the New World -he had many personal relationships with other tribes because of many children he bore with different women -He protected Indian tribes against the white people (led by Smith) who were getting attacked -He reached out to the English to feed them, they never reciprocated with gifts -He adopted John Smith in order to assert control -Without his protection/generosity of food sharing, the English wouldn't have survived

"Common Sense"

-A pamphlet written by Thomas Pain in 1775-1776 that attacked the Constitution of England and inspired people to declare and fight for independence against Great Britain -Used simple language, which made it easier for the common man to read and understand, to explain the need for independence, which became an immediate sensation -Argued that a democratic system based on elections was far better than a monarchy -read at taverns and local meeting places throughout the 13 colonies -With a greater audience, Paine was able to influence the entire nation, which inadvertently led to the Second Continental Congress severing the colonies' ties with Great Britain

Northwest Ordinance

-Act of the Confederation Congress passed to create the Northwest Territory in 1787 -The Northwest Territory included the area north of the Ohio River and west of Pennsylvania -It provided a method for admitting new states into the Union from the territory -It established conditions for self-government and statehood -Also listed a bill of rights guaranteed in the territory and prohibited slavery -It's important, because it set out a plan for the country as it expanded.

The Proclamation Line of 1763

-After the French and Indian War in 1763, the British government drew a "line". East of the line was colonists and west of the line was Indians -This prohibited further colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains. This land was reserved for Indians -Colonists resented the fact that they didn't have rights to all of the land even though they considered themselves greater than the Indians -Failing to offer a viable solution to the question of westward expansion, the Proclamation of 1763 ended up further exacerbating settler-Indian relations

John Smith

-An English man who came on boat to the New World in 1607 -He became in 1608 one of the 1st leaders of the British colonies in Jamestown, Virginia -He was a brutal leader who disregarded proper Indian trading techniques and ends up getting kidnapped because of it -He gets captured and threatened with execution by Powhatan, only to be rescued by Pocahontas, one of Powhatan's children -This is significant as it led to improved relations as Pocahontas became an intermediary between the two people, bringing food and messages to Jamestown -Subsequently, this led to John Rolfe marrying Pocahontas, restoring peace after tensions were raised when John Smith went back to England

Christopher Columbus

-An Italian explorer sponsored by the King and Queen of Spain -Attempted to reach Japan to discover trade routes and ended up in the New World in 1492 -In hopes to find spices, silks, and exotic items of East and to take control of discovered land -Wrote "Letter to King Ferdinand of Spain, describing the results of the first voyage" -Columbus claims to have taken possession of a series of islands, exaggerating their size and wealth -also described the natives as savages -His discovery is important because it connects the old world to the new.

Shay's Rebellion

-An armed uprising that took place in Massachusetts during 1786 and 1787 under Daniel Shays, a former captain in the Continental Army and farmer from Western Massachusetts Many farmers in that area were suffering from high debt pot-revolution, and local sheriffs had seized farms and put farmers in prison -Attacked Massachusetts' courts and the Unites States' Federal Armory, which was an unsuccessful attempt to seize its weaponry and overthrow the government -Although Shay's Rebellion ended with military defeat, it forced the Federal government to reconsider the extent of its own powers under the Articles of Confederation

Judith Sargent

-An elite, educated married woman from New England who sought change through education and family -Prominent writer of plays, novels, and poetry -She wrote poems during the revolution, which were published in 1784 -She advocated for expanded women's education. -never advocated for complete equality, but she believed that men and women are the same in terms of the mind, and society is holding women back -JSM was one of the first women to demand equal educational opportunities for women and paved the way for new thoughts and ideas proposed by other feminists in the country.

Tobacco Brides

-Arranged marriages used from 1619-1623 to get women to come to the New World to start families and expand expand the population in Jamestown Virginia -In order to get off the ship, a man had to come and pay the woman's fair -It guaranteed a good standard of living in the New World

John Rolfe

-Arrived in Jamestown along with 150 other settlers in 1610, as part of a new charter organized by the Virginia Company. -Credited with the first successful cultivation of tobacco as an export crop in Virginia -Husband of Pocahontas. Their marriage would ensure a shaky peace between the English settlers and local Native Americans for the next eight years. -Devout Christian -believe his marriage would further spread Christianity through his role in her conversion. -Returned to Virginia after the death of Pocahontas and served a prominent role in the economic and political life of the colony.

Anne Orthwood

-Bastard trial took place in 1663 -She was an indentured servant who immigrated to Virginia from England -She had a relationship with the plantation owner's nephew and became pregnant with twins. -She went to jail when people discovered she was pregnant -She died during childbirth, leaving her only surviving son alone and unclaimed by his father -The four different cases that stemmed from this trial highlight the reasons the legal systems were first created.

Samuel Sewell

-Boston merchant -He came to Massachusetts in 1661, and was appointed to the Court of Oyer and Terminer in 1692, playing a role in the Salem Witch Trials, although later on he showed many signs of guilt and publicly apologized for his role -Published "The Selling of Joseph," first antislavery tract printed in the Colonies -This represented religious arguments against slavery and argued that all men are created equal, which would later become a part of the Consititution

George Whitefield

-English minister who arrived in the U.S. in 1739 -He brought his highly emotional branch of preaching to colonies from Georgia to New England, and his sermons were published -proclaimed that God was merciful, men and women could save themselves by repenting sins -Appealed to the passions of listeners by describing salvation and damnation -He is significant, because he sparked the Great Awakening, a mass spiritual renewal.

The Task System

-Established in South Carolina in rice rice cultivation around 1669 -Slaves had several brutal tasks to perform and once they finished their assignments, they had "free"/personal time -English gendered assumptions were imposed -male & female slaves worked alongside each other -This is important because it was unconventional. Slave owners could treat their slaves however they wanted, but this gave them more personal time

The Factory System

-Factories fathered large groups of workers under supervision and replaced hand tools with power-driven machinery -Samuel Slater, English immigrant, established America's first factory in 1790 at Patucket, Rhode Island -The earlliest factories were located where waterfalls and river rapids could be harnessed to provide power for spinning and weaving machinery. -Spinning factories produced yarn, which was sent to hand-loom weavers and farm families to be woven into clothe -These factories began early industrialization

The Quasi-War

-Fought mostly at sea between the U.S. and Great Britain against France and Spain -Took place in the late 1700s-early 1800s -Although France and the US were allies throughout the Revolutionary War, the US declared neutrality between the British and French conflict. Then France got mad at the U.S. for refusing to repay their debt and began seizing American ships. -The result was the Convention of 1800, which ended the Franco-American War, ended French privateer attacks on American shipping and American neutrality of claims against France -The checks and balance of power between the executive and legislative branches is addressed in this unofficial war, questioning whether or not it was necessary for the president to have more war power.

Les filles du roi

-French for the King's daughter -800 French women who immigrated to New France (Canada) from France between 1663 and 1673 as part of a program sponsored by Louis XIV -Most were poor women seeking financial and social stability -This encouraged male immigrants to settle there and promoted family formation to boost population -Women were actively recruited by the government and their travel was paid for by the king -Succeeded in supplying Canada with a population that firmly established its settlement, strengthening France's power in the global playing field

Jane McCrea

-Indians on the British side of the war attacked a town in NY -Jane McCrea's murder by natives in July 1777 was used as war propaganda for hatred towards Indians -She was a loyalist and was accounted for in this attack -This was important, because it was dramatized and used to depict Indian savagery and used to drum up support for the patriot cause -used as an excuse to take over Indian land -It showed the extent that Americans are willing to take in order to take over Indian lands

Erie Canal

-It was built in 1817 -Built to create a navigable water route from New York City and the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes -The canal was the first transportation system between NYC and the western interior of the United States that did not require portage -It cut transport costs by about 95%, creating a population surge in western New York -Opened regions farther west to settlement and stimulated growth of Atlantic trade -Important because it helped NYC become the chief U.S. port and main commercial center

Roanoke

-Late 16th-century attempt by Queen Elizabeth to establish a permanent English settlement -First attempt by Sir Walter Raleigh was enacted in order to steal from the Spanish -The colonists abandoned the venture and returned to English. -The second group of colonists consisted of families. Their fate still remains a mystery, because the colony was found abandoned. -Raleigh, now bankrupt, lost his enthusiasm for colonization. -This proved that establishing a colony would require more planning and economic resources.

In loco parentis

-Latin for "in the place of a parent" -refers to the legal responsibility of a person or organization to take on some functions and responsibilities of a parent -Specifically seen in the Lowell Factory (mid 19th century), instituting strict moral codes and living guidelines -Significant in terms of social control, liberties and restrictions on women, especially in comparison to slaves

Tecumseh

-Native American (Shawnee) chief who refused to a sign a treaty in 1795 -Present-day Indiana -Sought to revive the Indian alliance of the 1760s -wanted to unify all tribes -he was defeated and killed -his efforts contributed to the coming of the War of 1812 -significant because he attempted to fight back at Americans who were taking Indian lands

Native American Agriculture

-Native Americans were mostly hunters and gatherers -They mainly cultivated maize, beans and squash, all which were brought up through trades from Mesoamerica -unlike the domesticated colonies, the farming that took place with Natives was at a much smaller scale due to farming that was meant to feed small tribes as opposed to being used for economic profits -Farms were generally unproductive, and many thought they were wasting the land. -This led to Washington sending them people to teach Natives how to use the land "properly" -During the 19th century, the acquisition of Native American lands by the federal government and its distribution to settlers led to creation of reservations, where missionaries and government agents attempted to teach Native Americans European American agriculture traditions

New France

-North of North America (Canada) -In 1541, Jacques Cartier led the first expedition but failed to set up a colony -However, fish and fur trade became exquisite between the French and the natives -Establishes a trade relationship with natives -French brought European weapons and changed the trade system. -Natives preferred guns over bows and arrows, and the competition would soon lead to warfare.

Redemptioners

-Part of Pennsylvania and Penn's idea of a proprietary colony (successful) -German immigrants came as the largest group with families -This was a form of indentures servitude--agreement between the people and the captain that they would be transported to American and then stay on ship until someone buys their service -Men and women were sold

Republic Ideology

-Sacrifices would be acknowledged and appreciated by future generations of Americans -Americans would serve as an example to God and the rest of the world of what the advantages of a free society could be -Independence was a necessity -Democracy -Land owning citizens

Martha Ballard

-She was a midwife during the early 1800s -She kept a diary of her births and other midwife duties -Highlighted new changes in the republic, including new changes in medicine, which become more male dominant

Mary Wollstonecraft

-She was an English write who fought for women's equality -In 1792, Wollstonecraft wrote a pamphlet titles "A Vindication of the Rights of Women," which asked for greater access to education and employment for women -however, Wollstonecraft felt it was necessary to frame her argument for gender equality in a way to allow single women and mothers to better perform their traditional gender roles, rather than challenge that framework -Her pamphlet was significant, because it propelled discussion of women's rights. Equality in education and employment was a stepping stone towards facilitating women's access to politics.

Massasoit

-The Native American chief of Wampanoag tribe -He ensured the survival of the Pilgrims who faced almost certain starvation during the early years of the Plymouth Colony establishment -He attempted to make a treaty with the Pilgrims at Plymouth -He wanted peace and friendship between the natives and English -In the autumn of 1621, the Pilgrims invited Massasoit's tribe to a harvest feast celebrating their first survival--the 1st Thanksgiving in America

The Bill of Rights

-The first 10 Amendments of the U.S. Consitution -adopted in 1791 -guarantee individual rights against infringement by the federal government -offered definition of "inalienable rights" mentioned in the Declaration of Independence -reinforced the idea that concentrated national power posed the greatest threat to freedom -Contributed to the long process where freedom came to be discussed in the vocabulary of rights.

Columbian Exchange

-The flow of goods across the Atlantic Ocean that began with Columbus's voyages in 1492 -The Columbian Exchange creates a highway through the Atlantic Ocean, transporting animals, plants, wealth, and disease -It is significant in terms of the new goods it introduced into the New World, the relations it made between inhabitants of the New World with Europeans, and also the "virgin soil epidemic" -One of the first introductions Natives have to Europeans came along with disease, malnutrition, and population decline

Native Gift Exchange

-The gift exchange among Native tribes and between colonists and natives was a crucial part of Native relationships. -It was a central part of the economy that bound groups in mutual obligation to each other -a violation of the rules of gift exchange led to a loss in status -This misunderstanding by Europeans caused resentment and violence between the tribes and Europeans. -This practice is significant from the very first Native relations with Europeans and colonists, and continues to be so throughout extensive exploitation and coercion of natives.

The Missouri Compromise

-This was proposed by Kentucky Senator Henry Clay and was passed in 1820, involving the regulation of slavery in the Western territories -To keep the peace, Congress orchestrated a 2 part compromise: Missouri was to be a slave state, Maine a free state -This deal also drew a line across Louisiana Territory to establish a boundary between free and slave states -This created a huge separation between slave and free states and started the long path of separation leading up to the Civil War

Salutary Neglect

-This was seen from 1607-1775 (17th-18th century) -This is a British policy of avoiding strict enforcement of parliamentary laws, hoping to keep American colonies obedient to England -Colonists began to realize the British tyranny (I.e: King's authority, taxation, no representation), which led to the end of salutary neglect -This was a large cause of the American Revolutionary War, because the colonists were left to self govern, which led them to believe they deserved to be separate from Great Britain. The American Revolution was born

The Salem Witchcraft Crisis

-a crisis of trials and execution in Salem, MA in 1692, that resulted from anxiety over witch craft -began when several young girls suffered fits and nightmares, attributed by elders to witchcraft -hundreds of people were accused of witch craft -This highlighted the errors in the colony's system of justice -This eventually led to colonists searching for scientific explanations for natural events, rather than attributing them to magic

Bacon's Rebellion

-an armed rebellion in 1676 in Virginia -Led by Nathaniel Bacon, against the rule of governor William Berkeley -Due to governmental corruption and Berkeley's faiulure to protect settlers and refusal to retaliate against Native Americans -1000 Virginians of all classes rose up in the arms against Berkeley, attacked Native Americas, and torched the capital -Bacon was killed, and his followers returned their loyalty to the Virginia Government. Power returned to Berkeley, and many of the rebels were hung. -This led to more rights for indentured servants. Also, race became more important than class after the rebellion. The institution of race-based slavery came about.

Native American Assimilation

-an effort by the American government to civilize Native Americans, absorbing them into American society -required them to adopt the sovereignty of the states -In Jefferson's Secret Message to Congress regarding Lewis & Clark Expedition (1803), Jefferson addresses to Congress his idea of assimilation by encouraging them to abandon hunting and raise stock to show that domestication of animals is easier than hunting -The expedition was meant to gain further knowledge of what lay past the Native Americans in the West and to learn what the Native's needs were in order to encourage trade & relations, hoping they would transition into the American Society

New Netherland

-early 17th century -first Dutch colony in North America -New York, New Jersey, Delaware & Connecticut -Allowed greater freedom for Native Americans than the English did, because the Dutch were dependent on Native Americans as trading partners and military allies -New Netherland promised colonists religious freedom, cheap livestock, and free land after 6 years of labor

Cotton Kingdom

-early 1800s -Cotton plantations expanding from South Carolina through Alabama and Mississippi to Texas -It was built around slavery. -The cotton gin made mass cotton production in the South achievable and helped to institutionalize slavery in the region (interdependence between the North and South) -The Louisiana Purchase and the annexation of Texas as a slave state helped to expand the Cotton Kingdom -Politically, cotton became the foundation of southern control of the Democratic Party

"The Empress of China," 1784

-first US ship to trade with China -traded cargo for tea and porcelain -led to desire for speed which eventually resulted in clipper ships in the 1830s

The Market Revolution

-first half of the nineteenth century -categorized by a change in society and the economy driven by an advancement of technology -its catalyst was a series of innovations in transportation and communication -represented an acceleration of development -innovations like the steamboat, canal, railroad and telegraph -made it possible for large urban cities to sprout out, which led to growing number of factories -as technology improved, factories were able to hire less experienced workers, like women -The shift in work force created tension at home -This linked to national and world markets and made them consumers of manufactured goods.

William Penn

-founded the Province of Pennsylvania -It was established in 1681 -He was a Quaker, and thus had Quaker principles such as equality of all persons -He drafted a charter of liberties for the settlement of Burlington. In the charter, he guaranteed free and fair trial by jury, religious freedom, and free elections -He treated Indians with real consideration, paying them for their land instead of taking it and promising protection from rival tribes -He was significant because his democratic principles that he set forth served as an inspiration for the U.S. Consitution

Women's Benevolent Organizations

-located in cities -pioneered aspects like home visits, institutionalization of poor children, make relief payments dependent on labor -crucial to their work was the image of self dependent poor females -This helped illuminate key tensions in the relief giving process along with tensions among woman based on class

Half-freedom

-mid 1620s -The Dutch West India Company often gave half-freedom to black slaves -Slaves who had worked for a company for a long period of time were granted "half-freedom" -This practice benefited the company, because they were required to pay annual tributes -Children were not free and remained bound to the master -Received land, which formed the basis of New York's first black community -This did not indicate changing attitudes about servitude so much as it was an economic practice meant to enable efficiency

A Little Commonwealth

-phrase used to describe the structure of Puritan families living in New England during Colonial America -Holds how Puritan life was in private homes: patriarchal, reflective of the New England community, and strict with religious ideologies -father having authority, mother taking care of children, and usually 2 children who were held accountable to strict rules identical to those of adults -parents who didn't apply to these rules were thought of as placing the community in danger with a new generation that would break the societies customs of piety

William Henry Harrison

-served as president in 1841 -He was born in Virgina -9th president of the U.S. and first president to die while in office -crude medical practices were used to try and save him from pneumonia, such as heated suction cups and bleeding tactics, but these practices only weakened him and made him more sick -His death sparked a brief constitutional crisis