History 2111 - United States History Module 6 - 10

Preamble

(n.) an introduction to a speech or piece of writing

Alexander Hamilton

1789-1795; First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt.

Boston Tea Party

A 1773 protest against British taxes in which Boston colonists disguised as Mohawks dumped valuable tea into Boston Harbor.

Virginia Plan

"Large state" proposal for the new constitution, calling for proportional representation in both houses of a bicameral Congress. The plan favored larger states and thus prompted smaller states to come back with their own plan for apportioning representation.

Andrew Jackson

(1829-1833) and (1833-1837), Indian removal act, nullification crisis, Old Hickory," first southern/ western president," President for the common man," pet banks, spoils system, specie circular, trail of tears, Henry Clay Flectural Process.

John C. Calhoun

(1830s-40s) Leader of the Fugitive Slave Law, which forced the cooperation of Northern states in returning escaped slaves to the south. He also argued on the floor of the senate that slavery was needed in the south. He argued on the grounds that society is supposed to have an upper ruling class that enjoys the profit of a working lower class.

Tariff of 1832 and the Order of Nullification

1832 *The tariff favored Northern interests at the expense of Southern ones *Calhoun led a state convention calling for the Order of Nullification, which declared that the tariff laws were void and that South Carolina would resist by force any attempt to collect the tariffs *Jackson, though a supporter of states' rights, defended the Union above all, and asked Congress to issue a new bill to give him authority to collect tariffs by force *Jackson encouraged his allies to prepare a compromise bill so that the federal government would not lose its image of control and so that South Carolina could come back down from nullification *Henry Clay presented his Compromise Tariff of 1833 and South Carolina withdrew the Order, but tensions between the federal government and state governments grew

Paul Revere, William Dawes, Samuel Prescott

3 famous men from warning people of British attack on Concord

First Continental Congress

55 Delegates gathered in Philadelphia to define American governances, plan of resistances and understand the relationship between England. Also developed a declaration fo rights and grievances acted upon the colonists

Sacagawea

A Shoshone woman whose language skills and knowledge of geography helped Lewis and Clark

New Jersey Plan

A constitutional proposal that would have given each state one vote in a new congress

Era of Good Feelings

A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts.

Henry Clay

A northern American politician. He developed the American System as well as negotiated numerous compromises. Second Bank of the United States, high protective tariffs - benefitted the Northerners, and internal improvements

Jacksonian Democracy

A policy of spreading more political power to more people. It was a "Common Man" theme.

Battle of Trenton

A symbolic war to show that they can win against the British, happened around Christmas

Federalists

A term used to describe supporters of the Constitution during ratification debates in state legislatures. (James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay)

War of 1812

A war (1812-1814) between the United States and England which was trying to interfere with American trade with France.

Aaron Burr

Aaron Burr was one of the leading Democratic-Republicans of New york, and served as a U.S. Senator from New York from 1791-1797. He was the principal opponent of Alexander Hamilton's Federalist policies. In the election of 1800, Burr tied with Jefferson in the Electoral College. The House of Representatives awarded the Presidency to Jefferson and made Burr Vice- President.

Coercive/Intolerable Acts

Acts passed in retaliation to the Boston Tea Party; the British government closed port of Boston until tea was paid for; revised the charter if Massachusetts (which drastically reduced their powers of self-government), forced colonists of Massachusetts to house British soldiers and allowed British officers to be tried in England for crimes of violence.

Three-Fifths Compromise

Agreement that each slave counted as three-fifths of a person in determining representation in the House for representation and taxation purposes (negated by the 13th amendment)

Adams administration (1797-1801)

Alien and Sedition Acts; Move of federal capital to Washington, D.C.; XYZ Affair; Quasi War with France (but avoided!); "midnight appointments" of federalists.

Missouri Compromise of 1820

Allowed Missouri to enter the union as a slave state, Maine to enter the union as a free state, prohibited slavery north of latitude 36˚ 30' within the Louisiana Territory (1820)

Benedict Arnold

American General who was labeled a traitor when he assisted the British in a failed attempt to take the American fort at West Point.

Samuel Adams

American Revolutionary leader and patriot, Founder of the Sons of Liberty and one of the most vocal patriots for independence; signed the Declaration of Independence

Battle of Saratoga

American victory over British troops in 1777 that was a turning point in the American Revolution.

Thomas Paine

An atheist that releases a book called Common Sense (refute the arguments against independence), and free trade amongst everyone

Shay's Rebellion (1786-1787)

Angered by taxes & debts, Daniel Shay led a rebellion against the American Gov't. (SHOWED how Articles of Confederation were weak) the people didn't have a commercial bank and had to borrow from each other; were in large debt. Uprising led by Daniel Shays in an effort to prevent courts from foreclosing on the farms of those who could not pay the taxes, was a protest against the land being taken away and the taxes that they had worked for in Revolutionary war

Justice Act

Any who committed murder to stop a protest could be tried outside that colony

Banker Hill

Costly military engagement for the British

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Created the Northwest Territory (area north of the Ohio River and west of Pennsylvania), established conditions for self-government and statehood, included a Bill of Rights, and permanently prohibited slavery

Tea Act of 1773

Designed to provide a monopoly for struggling British East India Co. and threatened colonial merchants; led to Boston Tea Party

XYZ Affair (1797)

Diplomatic conflict between France and the United States when American envoys to France were asked to pay a hefty bribe for the privilege of meeting with the French foreign minister. Many in the U.S. called for war against France, while American sailors and privateers waged an undeclared war against French merchants in the Caribbean.

Panic of 1819

Economic panic caused by extensive speculation and a decline of Europena demand for American goods along with mismanagement within the Second Bank of the United States. Often cited as the end of the Era of Good Feelings.

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Established judicial review; "midnight judges;" John Marshall; power of the Supreme Court.

Quebec Act (1774)

Extended Quebec's boundary to the Ohio River, recognized Catholicism as its official religion, and established a non-representative government for its citizens. *Historical Significance:* Colonists feared a precedent had been established in regards to the type of government that had been established in Quebec and resented the expansion of its borders into territory to which they had been denied access by the Proclamation of 1763.

Lexington and Concord, 1775

First battle in the Revolutionary War, (AKA "shot heard round the world") fought in Massachusetts on April 19, 1775.

Ratification

Formal approval, final consent to the effectiveness of a constitution, constitutional amendment, or treaty

Washington administration (1789-1797)

Formation of the first parties; Hamilton's financial plan enacted; Whisky rebellion; Farewell Address.

Governor Thomas Hutchinson

Governor of Massachusetts, released by Thomas gage. Known as "most influential loyalist ore revolutionary.", great great grandson of Anne Hutchinson

Philidelphia Convention

In 1787, people like Hamilton and Madison called for a stronger gvmt. Delegates met in Philadelphia to try and discuss ways to improve the Articles of Confederation, but instead ended up tossing them out and replacing it with the Constitution. (George Washington, Benjamin Franklin)

Whiskey Rebellion

In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion.

Battle of New Orleans

Jackson led a battle that occurred when British troops attacked U.S. soldiers in New Orleans on January 8, 1815; the War of 1812 had officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent in December, 1814, but word had not yet reached the U.S.

Jefferson Administration

Jefferson didn't like Constitution, or National Bank. Democratic Republican, anti-Hamiltonian. Stopped funding Navy. Dominated by Embargo Act. Secretary of State was Madison.

Lewis and Clark expedition (1804-1806)

Jefferson sent Merriwether Lewis and William Clark to investigate the resources the U.S. had acquired with the Louisiana Purchase on "Voyage of Discovery". They crossed the Rockies and reached the Pacific Ocean by way of the Columbia River. They recorded the types of wildlife, plants, and number of Indian tribes. They mapped the region and promoted fur trading

Battle of Yorktown

Last major battle of the Revolutionary War. Cornwallis and his troops were trapped in the Chesapeake Bay by the French fleet. He was sandwiched between the French navy and the American army. He surrendered October 19, 1781.

Anti-Federalists

Opponents of the American Constitution at the time when the states were contemplating its adoption. (Patrick Henry) (Demand for a bill of rights)

Indian Removal Act of 1830

Passed by Congress under the Jackson administration, this act removed all Indians east of the Mississippi to an "Indian Territory" where they would be "permanently" housed.

French Revolution (1789)

Period of radical social and political change throughout Europe that began with an uprising against the king of France.

Valley Forge

Place where Washington's army spent the winter of 1777-1778, a 4th of troops died here from disease and malnutriton, Steuben comes and trains troops

Second Continental Congress

Political authority that directed the struggle for independence beginning in 1775.

Great Compromise (1787)

Popular term for the measure which reconciled the New Jersey and Virginia plans at the constitutional convention, giving states proportional representation in the House and equal representation in the Senate. The compromise broke the stalemate at the convention and paved the way for subsequent compromises over slavery and the Electoral College.

implied powers

Powers inferred from the express powers that allow Congress to carry out its functions.

Slavery-Sectioning Document

Protection of property rights, and defined sections to understand during Article IV, Section 2 "If a slave tries to escape to the North, the state should return said slave back to the South" & Article I, Section 9 "The National Government does not have the authority to request more slaves from Africa to gain more representation."

Boston Port Act (1774)

Response to the Boston Tea Party, outlawed the use of the port until payment was made for damages.

Webster Debate

Robert Hayne (South Carolina) - support of the nullification doctrine and Daniel Webster (Massachusetts) - union is a compact of the people

General Thomas Gage

Start an expedition to seize the weapons of the American Milita

Worcester v. Georgia

Supreme Court Decision - Cherokee Indians were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governments which would infringe on the tribe's sovereignty - Jackson ignored it

York

The African American slave who explored the Louisiana Purchase with Lewis and Clark. Became a celebrity with the Native-Americans who had never seen a black man before.

Trail of Tears

The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.

Declaration of Independence (1776)

The fundamental document establishing the US as an independent nation, adopted on July 4, 1776. It declared the 13 colonies independent from Britain, offered reasons for the separation laid out the principles for which the Revolution was fought

Treaty of Paris 1783

This treaty ended the Revolutionary War, recognized the independence of the American colonies, and granted the colonies the territory from the southern border of Canada to the northern border of Florida, and from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River

France American Alliance of 1778

This was an effort to fight against the British with the support from France (Benjamin Franklin and John Adams wrote the treaty)

Massachusetts Government Act

This was another of the Coercive Acts, which said that members of the Massachusetts assembly would no longer be elected, but instead would be appointed by the king. In response, the colonists elected a their own legislature which met in the interior of the colony.

Nullification Crisis of 1832

Under Jackson. Caused by the Tariff of 1828 (taxing rate was 48%). South Carolina is not going to pay that tax. Jackson supported states rights but sends troops into South Carolina to enforce the tariff of 1828. Nullified the Force act - congress allows Jackson to send troops to South Carolina.

Second Continental Congress (1775)

a convention of delegates from the 13 Colonies, managed the colonial war effort, sent The Olive Branch Petition,moved incrementally towards independence, adopted the Declaration of Independence, acted as the de facto national government.

Treaty of New Echota (1835)

a treaty between the U.S. Government and a minority representation of the Cherokee tribe that ceded all Cherokee land in the Southeast to the United States and allowed for their move to Indian territory (Oklahoma); three of the Cherokee signers of the treaty (Major Ridge, John Ridge, and Elias Boudinot) were killed for signing over Cherokee land for personal profit.

Quartering Act

an act passed by the British that allowed British troops to live in the homes of the colonists

Eli Whittney's Cotton Gin

helped turn cotton into profitable crop and shaped economy of the south at beginning of 19th century

Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)

passed by Federalists, signed by President Adams;; increased waiting period for an immigrant to become a citizen from 5 to 14 years, empowered president to arrest and deport dangerous aliens, & made it illegal to publish defamatory statements about the federal government or its officials.

Artcles of Confederation

the compact between the 13 colonies that created loose league of friendship with the national government drawing its powers from the states

Louisana Purchase

treaty between the USA and France where the US bought territory that stretched from the west bank of the MIssissippi River to the Rocky Mountains