History 473 Exam #1

Doris Stephens

"Suffrage does not give equality" Argues that women are still denied many equal rights.

Edith Eudora Ammons

"The New Woman" Moved with her sister Ida west to S. Dakota. The "wild adventure" of homesteading lured her. She talks about how there is more independence for women in the west. "The opportunities for a full and active life were infinitely greater here" pg 23 Ware book. *** (may spark some interest for independent women to travel west in cars??)***

Frances Willard

"the most famous woman of the nineteenth century;" 1878-97 She founded the Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU). This group was concerned about the destructive effects of alcohol. This group would be instrumental in pushing for the 18th amendment that prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcohol. Willard also campaigned for woman's suffrage, abstinence from alcohol, reformation of prison systems, abolition of prostitution, and elimination of wage system.

14th Amendment

(1) All persons born in the U.S. are citizens; (2) no person can be deprived of life, liberty or property without DUE PROCESS OF LAW; (3) no state can deprive a person of EQUAL PROTECTION of the laws. Second of three "Reconstruction Amendments" passed after Civil War. (4) Mentions Gender

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

(1815-1902) Elizabeth Cady Stanton was a member of the women's right's movement in 1840. Stanton read a "Declaration of Sentiments" which declared "all men and women are created equal." A suffragette who, with Lucretia Mott, organized the first convention on women's rights, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. Issued the Declaration of Sentiments which declared men and women to be equal and demanded the right to vote for women. Co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Susan B. Anthony in 1869.

Carrie Chapman Catt

(1859-1947) A suffragette who was president of the National Women's Suffrage Association, and founder of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance. Instrumental in obtaining passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920. Spoke powerfully in favor of suffrage, worked as a school principal and a reporter. An inspired speaker and a brilliant organizer. Devised a detailed battle plan for fighting the war of suffrage. At first she advocated for this at a state level, but soon sought to add a suffrage amendment to the U.S Constitution. After the Nineteenth Amendment was passed, she organized the League of Women Voters.

Jane Addams

1860-1935. Founder of Settlement House Movement. First American Woman to earn Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 as president of Women's Intenational League for Peace and Freedom. Is best known for founding Hull House in Chicago which provided English lessons for immigrants, day cares, and child care classes. Jane Addams was a pioneer American settlement social worker, public philosopher, sociologist, author, and leader in women's suffrage and world peace.

13th Amendment

1865. Amendement abolishing and continually prohibiting slavery. With limited exception, such as those guilty of comitting a crime, it also prevents indentured servitude.

Minor v Happersett

1875: Virginia Minor gets denied the right to vote and says it violates 14th amendment, brings to federal court. Decision: state decision on the right to vote. The court acknowledged that women were citizens but found that the constitution did not guarantee women citizens the right to vote. A Supreme Court decision in 1875 that ruled that suffrage rights were not inherent in citizenship and had not been granted by the Fourteenth Amendment, as some women's rights advocates argued. Women were citizens, the Court ruled, but state legislatures could deny women the vote if they wished. Women, in return, turned to more protesting and petitions.

Progressive Era

1890 - 1920, Progressives tended to be women, middle class, and live in urban areas. Progressives sought to use government influence to solve societal problems. Period of reform from 1890s-1920s. Opposed waste and corruption while focusing on the general rights of the individual. Pushed for social justice, general equality, and public safety. Significant in this movement included trust-busting, Sherman Anti-trust Act, President Theodore Roosevelt, Upton Sinclair's "The Jungle", Pure Food and Drug Act and Meat Inspection Act of 1906.`

Pure Food and Drug Act

1906 - Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA.

Muller v Oregon

1908 - Supreme Court upheld Oregon state restrictions on the working hours of women as justified by the special state interest in protecting women's health. Womens workday can be limited due to "frailty". Oregon law limited women working in laundries to ten hours a day.

Social Darwinism

19th century of belief that evolutionary ideas theorized by Charles Darwin could be applied to society. A social theory which states that the level a person rises to in society and wealth is determined by their genetic background. Although rejected by biologists, this theory from the 1870s is often associated with Herbert Spencer and is said to have justified the competition of laissez-faire capitalism, the new racial superiority ideas, and imperialist policies.

Equal Rights Amendment

A constitutional amendment originally introduced in Congress in 1923 and passed by Congress in 1972, stating that "equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex." Despite public support, the amendment failed to acquire the necessary support from three-fourths of the state legislatures. Supported by the National Organization for Women, this amendment would prevent all gender-based discrimination practices. However, it never passed the ratification process. The ERA was originally written by Alice Paul and Crystal Eastman.

Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions

A document created by Elizabeth Cady Stanton that detailed beliefs about social injustice toward women. Started because women wanted more rights, it was modeled after the Declaration of Independence. (1848) A statement written and signed by women's rights supporters at the Seneca Falls Convention.

Charlotte Perkins Gilman

A feminist who published "Women + economics." ; called upon women to abandon their dependent status and contribute to the larger life of the community through productive involvement in the economy; wrote "The Yellow Wallpaper". She was highly critical of private institutions that separated women and believed that it stunted the growth of the human race as a whole by preventing women's involvement in broader social developments. -pg 78 Ware book. Women were becoming more independent in the urban environment and in 1898 she was their voice and prophet. She published the book Women and Economics which was a classic in feminist literature. She was a distant relative of Harriet Beecher Stowe and Catharine Beecher. She displayed the restless temperament and reforming zeal characteristics of the Beechers. She shunned traditional feminist frills and dedicated herself to a vigorous regimen of physical exercise and philosophical meditation. In her book she called on women to abandon their dependent status and contribute to the community through productive involvement in the economy. She rejected all claims that biology gave women a fundamentally different character than men. She advocated women's participation in the workforce. She did it through centralized nurseries and cooperative kitchens. She anticipated the day care centers and convenience stores of a later day.

Harlem Renaissance

A period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished. Black literary and artistic movement centered in Harlem that lasted from the 1920s into the early 1930s that both celebrated and lamented black life in America; Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston were two famous writers of this movement. Claude Monet. The Harlem Renaissance was the name given to the cultural, social, and artistic explosion that took place in Harlem between the end of World War I and the middle of the 1930s. During this period Harlem was a cultural center, drawing black writers, artists, musicians, photographers, poets, and scholars.

National Women's Party

A women's organization founded in 1916 that fought for women's rights during the early 20th century in the United States, particularly for the right to vote on the same terms as men. Formed as an outgrowth of the Congressional Union, which in turn was formed in 1913 by Alice Paul and Lucy Burns to fight for women's suffrage. Organized a 6 month vigil outside of the white house, they were loitering blocking sidewalk traffic, so they were put in jail and abused.

The Yellow Wallpaper

About a mother decline into madness after childbirth and being placed on the "rest cure." During her stay, she becomes obsessed about the Wallpaper. Sees woman trying to escape from wallpaper only to find out that woman is herself. Satire against medical practices and conventions of marriage and gender roles. By Charlotte Perkins Gilman

Ida B. Wells

African American journalist who published statistics about lynching & urged African Americans to protest by refusing to ride streetcars or shop in white owned stores. Activist for anti-lynching laws and co-founder of the NAACP with W.E.B. Dubois. "princess of the press" started "Memphis free speech" her newspaper company was burned. Crusader for African american rights. Writer and part owner of a Memphis newspaper. Wrote about discrimination against African Americans. Began a crusade against lynching, which was an execution carried out without legal authority by a mob. Was used to punish Africa Americans for trying to vote or protest segregation laws. She published editorials, suffered property damage and received personal threats. Wrote the red Record , a book containing case studies and statistics. Campaigned against lynching until her death in 1931.

19th Amendment

Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1920) extended the right to vote to women in federal or state elections.

Anna J. Cooper

American author, educator, speaker and one of the most prominent African-American scholars in United States history. Upon receiving her PhD in history from the University of Paris-Sorbonne in 1924, Cooper became the fourth African-American woman to earn a doctoral degree. After completing her studies, she remained at the institution as an instructor. In an ironic twist, her husband's early death may well have contributed to her ability to continue teaching; had she stayed married, she might have been encouraged or required to withdraw from the university to become a housewife. Cooper was not only an author and educator, but she was a speaker as well. Some notable speeches were delivered at the World's Congress of Representative Women in Chicago in 1893 (in which she was one of three black women invited to speak) and the first Pan-African Conference in London in 1900 (when she delivered a paper entitled "The Negro Problem in America").

Freda Kirchwey

American journalist, editor, and publisher strongly committed throughout her career to liberal causes. "Invisibility of Prominent Women" Involved with the League of Women Voters. Writer and editor for "The Nation"

Margaret Sanger

American leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early 1900's. As a nurse in the poor sections of New York City, she had seen the suffering caused by unwanted pregnancy. Founded the first birth control clinic in the U.S. and the 1921 American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood.

Harriet Williams Russell Strong

American social activist, inventor, conservationist, and leading figure of the early woman's movement. Her pioneering innovations in water storage and flood control enabled the construction of the Hoover dam and the All-American Canal. She was awarded two medals for these inventions by the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, IL, in 1893. She was a delegate to the annual convention of the United States Chamber of Commerce, in Chicago, in 1918, representing both the Whittier and Los Angeles chambers of commerce, being the first woman delegate to attend those conventions.

Emma Goldman

An outspoken radical who was deported after being arrested on charges of being an anarchist, socialist, or labor agitator. Lithuanian, Was imprisoned and deported. 1919. Immigrant who protested war and the draft. Faced restrictions on her freedom of speech. participated in socialists an anarchist groups. Advocate for peace, free love and birth control in the 1910s. A fiery speaker, she was jailed for inciting riots and advocating birth control. Spent the rest of her life traveling, speaking, and writing.

Pin Money Theory

Argument that women only worked so they could afford luxuries for themselves.

Joan Newton Cuneo

Between 1905 and 1912 she would enjoy national celebrity because of her success as a daring racer willing to compete against all comers, both male and female. She also became a strong advocate for women drivers and the Good Roads Movement. Unfortunately after women were banned from organized racing, she was no longer able to race and was reduced to setting women's speed records. Joan enjoyed outdoor life and was an expert horsewoman and bicyclist. The husband, who had no interest in automobiles, bought his wife a little steam car, a 1902 Locomobile. This would be the beginning of her life long love of driving an automobile fast.

National Association of Colored Women

Black civil rights organization in the US whose mission is "to ensure the political, educational, social, and economic equality of rights of all persons and to eliminate racial hatred and racial discrimination" Mary Church Terrell.

Mamie Garvin Fields

Black teacher at an extremely poor school in South Carolina. As a black woman, she was ignored and discriminated against. She got the job because a reverend put in a good word for her.

Racial Uplift

By strengthening the existing black institutions, the better off and better educated African Americans could raise up the rest of their race to higher standards of both living and conduct. White racism would then diminish and blacks would be accepted as equals in white run America playing a fuller part in the running of the country that should provide equal opportunities for them. It was an application of the views of Booker T. Washington.

Mary Ritter Beard

Charles Beard's wife who wrote about how women's contributions throughout history were being ignored. "Her goal was to show that women were participating equally with men in confronting the great social forces of the day" pg 43 Ware book

Dorothy Dignam

Coined the phrase "Diamonds are forever". Worked for Ford writing letters to those selling cars.

"The Rest Cure"

Created by Silas Weir Mitchell in 1902. Treatment was isolation and bed rest for mental wellness. A treatment for postpartum depression due to hormones. Patient stays in bed, doing nothing

Lugenia Burns Hope

Created the first women-run social welfare agency for African Americans in GA. She supported not only suffrage for African Americans but for women as well. 1908 Neighborhood Union

Harriet Stanton Blatch

Elizabeth Cady Stanton's daughter, led marches and parades to support the right for women to vote. Harriot Stanton worked with her mother and Susan B. Anthony on the History of Woman Suffrage. She contributed a major chapter to the second volume, in which she included the history of the American Woman Suffrage Association, a rival of Stanton and Anthony's National Woman Suffrage Association. This action would help to reconcile the two organizations.

Nella Larsen

Example of the talented tenth, went to Fisk University, she wrote two novels: Quicksand (1928) and Passing (1929). Won Guggenheim award (1930). First working as a nurse and a librarian, she published two novels—Quicksand (1928) and Passing (1929)—and a few short stories. Though her literary output was scant, she earned recognition by her contemporaries. A revival of interest in her writing has occurred since the late twentieth century, when issues of racial and sexual identity have been studied.

Lucy Stone

Faced many instances of gender discrimination throughout her life. In adolescent years, was discouraged from educated herself by family, despite being more intelligent than brothers. Later, when enrolled in college, was told not to pursue dream of public speaking, because that's wasn't something women did. Was not even allowed to read a speech at her graduation, and was told that the speech she wrote would be read by a man. This woman was the first woman in Massachusetts to earn a college degree and when married decided to keep her own last name. As an activist for education and women's rights, Lucy Stone made speeches around the country about her beliefs.These speeches were published around the world in newspapers and magazines. She rejected the advances of a suitor, until he promised her that they would be equal partners, and, when they were married, she kept her maiden name. Furthermore, she made sure to offer her daughter support for whatever she wanted to do with her life. She also ran the first national women's rights convention.

Women's Trade Union League

First national association dedicated to promoting women's labor issues. Encouraged working women to form labor unions. Rose Schneiderman, Jane Addams. A U.S. organization of both working class and more well-off women formed in 1903 to support the efforts of women to organize labor unions and to eliminate sweatshop conditions.

Mary Church Terrell

First president of NACW. Part of Talented Tenth, one of first black women to get college degree. Parents freed slaves and successful business people, stressed education and achievement. Suffragist. In 1904 Terrell was invited to speak at the International Congress of Women, held in Berlin, Germany. She was the only black woman at the conference. In 1909 she was a founding member of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. She was especially close to Frederick Douglass and worked with him on several civil rights campaigns. Shortly after her marriage to Robert Terrell, she considered retiring from activism to focus on family life. Douglass persuaded her that her talents required her to stay in public life.

Mary Harris Jones

Former schoolteacher and dressmaker, became labor organizer and Irish immigrant, known as Mother Jones. She fought for coal workers' rights by speaking in Appalachian mining towns, encouraging them to join unions. She also fought for child labor laws. She is the most prominent organizer in the women's labor movement, she supported the Great Strike of 1877 and later organized for the United Mine Workers of America (UMW). She even marched with a group of beaten mill kids to the home of President Theodore Roosevelt which influenced him to pass child labor laws.

Florence Luscomb

Graduated college with a degree in Architecture in 1909. Combined that with her suffrage work. "Open Air" meetings. Speaks of camaraderie and shared partnership.

National Woman Suffrage Association

Group for women's rights led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony founded in 1869. Its' creation marked an important step in the national fight for the right to vote, it was the states that had control over time, place, manner of the elections and that included whether or not women could participate. Focused on equal pay, divorce rights, feminist individualism, Believed that women were more educated than African American men, Wanted "educated" suffrage (not for uneducated former slaves!), Did not argue a difference between men and women. Disappointed that the Fifteenth Amendment did not extend the right to vote to women.

Dr. S. Weir Mitchell

He was Charlotte Perkins Gilman's doctor and his use of a rest cure on her provided the idea for "The Yellow Wallpaper", a short story in which the narrator is driven insane by her rest cure. His treatment was also used on Virginia Woolf, who wrote a savage satire of it: "you invoke proportion; order rest in bed; rest in solitude; silence and rest; rest without friends, without books, without messages; six months rest; until a man who went in weighing seven stone six comes out weighing twelve"

Molly Dewson

Head of Democrat women's division who did not promote specifically feminist agenda but celebrated FDR's appointment of women in political positions. Head of the Women's Division of the Democratic National Committee in 1932 after an active role in the New York Consumer's League. In this new role, she worked with FDR to bring the women's vote into action for his first term. Eleanor R's friend, social worker, suffragist, director of women's division of dem.; persuaded FDR to appoint Frances Perkins as secretary of labor (provided protection). Had a female partner after graduating from Wellesley, an all women college.

Alice Paul

Head of the National Woman's party that campaigned for an equal rights amendment to the Constitution. She opposed legislation protecting women workers because such laws implied women's inferiority. Most condemned her way of thinking. Used aggressive, militant tactics to persuade Congress and the public, as she had seen the English do for their suffrage. Used mass pickets, parades, and hunger strikes. A militant women's rights activist who went on a hunger strike after being arrested for obstructing traffic during a protest. She helped win passage of the 19th amendment

Maud Wood Park

Head of the congressional committee of the NAWSA. Efficient and pragmatic leader. Be Ladylike.

Henry Blackwell

Husband of Lucy Stone. Agreed to let her keep her maiden name. Conservative on women's interests.

Section 213 of the Economy Act

In any reduction of government personnel "married persons" whose spouses were also employed by the government should be fired first, discouraged future hiring of spouses of government workers.

Dorothy Dunbar Bromley

Journalist- "Feminist-new style". The women of new generations want little to do with older generations. Economic independence & professional advancement. The "new woman" prefers the company of men instead of bonding with women. Really only for the privileged elite.

Protective Labor legislation

Laws that prohibit certain kinds of persons--usually women and children--from working in certain types of jobs or in certain kinds of situations based on the belief that these jobs or situations would be dangerous or harmful. Unions liked it and capitalists did not because once you enforce these measures it'll cost you and make production less efficient.

National American Woman Suffrage Association

Led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony. Pro-suffrage organization formed by the joining of the national woman suffrage association and the american woman suffrage association. Organization established in 1890 to promote woman suffrage; stressed that women's special virtue made them indispensable to politics. Supported the Wilson administration during World War I and split with the more radical National Woman's Party, who in 1917 began to picket the White House because Wilson had not forcefully stated that women should get the vote.

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

March 1911 fire in New York factory that trapped young women workers inside locked exit doors; nearly 50 ended up jumping to their death; while 100 died inside the factory. It was the worst workplace disaster in New York City until September 11, 2001. The fire led to legislation requiring improved factory safety standards and helped spur the growth of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, which fought for safer and better working conditions for sweatshop workers in that industry; located in the Asch Building. The owners, Harris and Blank, locked the doors to keep out union organizers and so workers couldn't steal. The owners were tried for man slaughter but they were found not guilty.

Leonora O'Reilly

One of the founders of the WTUL (women's trade union league), she was a garment worker from NYC. At only 16 joined the Knights of Labor. "Many women had no choice but to work"

Abigail Scott Duniway

One of the most prominent voices in the western states for suffrage. Autobiography "Path Breaking". Her disabled husband forced her to try a variety of jobs. She ran a newspaper for 16 years called the "New Northwest". Promoted women's rights and populist ideas. "How to win a ballot" speech at the 1899 NAWSA convention. Oregon's first registered voter in 1912.

"Domestication of Politics"

Paula Baker- Women bringing the "home" into politics. Women in the progressive era arguing for their right to vote so they can do their household duties in society. Social Housekeeping.

Christine Frederick

Proposed kitchen plans that would improve work efficiency. The creator of the term "domestic engineer". Author of Ms. Consumer book.

Children's Bureau

Put in place by Taft, it was established to investigate and publicize child labor problems. Federal agency similar Roosevelt's Bureau of Corporations, investigated and publicized problems with child labor.

Marie Jenny Howe

Satirical "Anti-suffrage Monologue". Published by the NAWSA in 1913. Makes fun of the common social assumptions of women voters. *** "Once I saw a woman driving a horse, and the horse ran away with her. Isn't that just like a woman?" pg 103 Ware book.

Agnes Nestor

Selected by the union offers to represent the striking girls of Chicago. Tells a story of a day's work making gloves, conveying the texture of working women's lives. Chicago. Protested and won.. resulted in a glove maker's union. She was a successful lobbyist for protective labor legislation.

Smith-Lever Act of 1914

Set up a non formal educational program or cooperative to help citizens become knowledgeable about agriculture, food, home economics, environment, and community development. Established the Cooperative Extension Service. (expansion into textiles, nutrition, and family relations.) Established a partnership between USDA and land-grant universities. This act (through the Land Grant University-Morrill Acts of 1860/ 1892) created a system of agricultural extension work funded by federal grants. Students not in college benefited because they were taught agricultural skills by county agents. It was part of the governments plan to encourage a growth in American agriculture, rural energy and home ec.

Hull House

Settlement home designed as a welfare agency for needy families. It provided social and educational opportunities for working class people in the neighborhood as well as improving some of the conditions caused by poverty. Established by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr in Chicago 1889, this was the first settlement house in America. It was a decaying mansion that was turned into an American settlement house for new immigrants. It was located in a poor immigrant neighborhood of Greeks, Italians, Russians, and Germans. It offered instruction in English, counseling to help newcomers, childcare services for women, and cultural activities. Many other establishments like this were created to help immigrants but this was the most prominent one. Inspired by these houses became centers for women's activism and social reform. The women in this house even successfully lobbied in 1893 for an anti-sweatshop law in Illinois that protected women and prohibited child labor. This whole operation was a symbol of how the city was new frontier for women to take opportunities for social reform in.

15th Amendment

States cannot deny any person the right to vote because of race. Third of three "Reconstruction Amendments" passed after Civil War. First Voting Rights Amendment (with 19, 24 & 26)

Plessy v Ferguson

Supreme Court case (1896) Legalized segregation under the Constitution with the concept of "separate but equal." A train segregated blacks from whites. Plessy being 7/8 white would not move to the black car and was arrested. Led to Jim Crow laws being passed-especially in the South.

World Anti-Slavery Convention of 1840

The ___, organized by the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, met for the first time in London in June 1840. Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton traveled to London to attend but were only allowed to observe the events from the gallery. William Lloyd Garrison sat in the gallery to protest the exclusion of the women. The experience was critical to development of the women's rights movement, of which Mott and Stanton were founding mothers.

Christine Frederick

The creator of the term "domestic engineer". Proposed kitchen plans that would improve work efficiency. She conducted experiments aimed at improving household efficiency, as well as arguing for women's vital role as consumers in a mass-production economy. She wrote books on these subjects, the best-known of which is probably Selling Mrs. Consumer, which offers an early justification for planned obsolescence as a necessary feature of the industrial economy.

Urban Consumer

The development of markets after 1870 was best characterized by this. Targeted by politicians.

Alice Hoyler Ramsey

The first woman to drive across the United States from coast to coast in 1909. The drive was originally meant as a publicity stunt for Maxwell-Briscoe, the car maker. The group of women used maps from the American Automobile Association to make the journey.

1848 Seneca Falls Convention

The leaders were Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott. Made the "Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions" to call for women's rights in suffrage, property retainment after marriage, equal educational opportunities, and divorce/child custody rights.

Heterodoxy

The name of the organization that sponsored the 1914 debate at New York City's Cooper Union on the question "What is feminism?", and whose definition of feminism emphasized greater economic opportunities, the vote, and open discussions of sexuality. Def: Being outside of the accepted belief or established doctrine. Groups of women radicals active in New York from 1910- 1920.

Judicial Review

The power of the Supreme Court to declare laws and actions of local, state, or national governments unconstitutional. Established in Marbury v. Madison (informal amendment to Constitution)

Historiography

The study of History and how it is written. Students of this would analyze various historical interpretations and the viewpoints of historians. This field is not as concerned with historical events themselves as it is with how these events are interpreted.

History

The study of past events and changes in the development, transmission, and transformation of cultural practices.

18th Amendment

This Amendment began Prohibition with the ban of alcohol in 1919.

Susan B. Anthony

This woman was the daughter of a Quaker abolitionists in New York. She was a social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Assosiation

Sheppard Towner Act

U.S. Act of Congress providing federal funding for maternity and child care, a response to the lack of adequate medical care for women and children. The first federally funded health-care legislation that aimed to lower high rates of infant mortality by funding med clinics, prenatal ed programs, and visiting nurse projects. Conservatives called it socialism. It passed because Congress wanted women's votes. Dropped when realized women didn't vote as a bloc. Promotion of the Welfare and Hygiene of Maternity and Infancy Act, more commonly known as the Sheppard-Towner Act was a 1921 U.S. Act of Congress that provided federal funding for maternity and child care. This marked the political and economic power of women's issues since the bill was passed due to pressure from the newly formed Women's Joint Congressional Committee.

"Comstock Law"

United States federal law that made it illegal to send any "obscene, lewd, and/or lascivious" — with contraceptive devices and information explicitly put in that category — materials through the mail. An example of censorship and wave of "New Morality" in the United States. Written by US in 1873; this law regulated public knowledge of birth control; it said that it was illegal for a doctor to distribute any information, medicine, or device designed to prevent pregnancy. Carried out by a champion of moral principles named Anthony Comstock. he was given the right to declare war on the "immoral". He was a self-appointed defender of sexual purity and boasted that he had confiscated 202,69 "obscene pictures and photos", 4185 boxes of pills and powders used by abortionists, and 26 obscene pictures posted on walls in saloons. His biggest claim to fame was that he had driven at least 15 people to suicide. Margaret Sanger worked against this.

Women's Christian Temperance Movement

WCTU All-women organization founded in 1874 to advocate for total abstinence from alcohol. The WCTU provided important political training for women (helped suffrage movement). Worked for legislation to moderate the use of intoxicating drink despite their inability to vote. Linked drinking to poverty, adultery, social crime and domestic violence.

Women of the Ku Klux Klan

WKKK-1923-Shared similarities with male members but with their own agenda. Combined racism and nativism with a commitment to equal rights for white protestant women. They used the organization to exercise political power and they knew how to get out the vote.

Alice Hamilton

Warned workers about exposures hazards & opposed the addition of lead to gasoline. Physician in 1910, first real occupational physician, and the first female faculty at Harvard Medical School. A physician who exposed many dangerous substances such as lead, ceramic dust, and chemical waste which were making many people unhealthy. First woman professor at Harvard 1919. Pioneer who focused attention to issues of health and safety on the job, led crusades to reduce poisoning from heavy metals such as lead and mercury, among other concerns. Industrial Medicine. A Hull House resident.

Nellie Bly

Went undercover in a mental institution to expose the mistreatment of female patients. Real name was Jane Cochran, became a reporter for the Pittsburgh dispatch. She was also a writer, industrialist, inventor, and a charity worker who was widely known for her record-breaking trip around the world in 72 days, in emulation of Jules Verne's fictional character Phileas Fogg, and an exposé in which she faked insanity to study a mental institution from within. She was a pioneer in her field, and launched a new kind of investigative journalism.

World's Columbian Exhibition

World's fair held in Chicago in 1893 to celebrate the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus's arrival in the New World in 1492. Bertha Palmer speaks out about how small the women's building is that it could not possibly be able to exhibit all of the beautiful objects the women artists have to offer, but at the same time feels like she has to thank the men who designed and built the structure.

Anzia Yezierska

Wrote about problems faced by wives, the struggles of the Jewish, and later, Puerto Rican immigrants in New York's Lower East Side. Semi-autobiographical works. Sentimentalism and highly idealized characters have prompted some critics to label her works romantic. "America and I" "Bread Givers" DOB: 1885 (older than most writers). From the lower east side of NYC, Jewish immigrant family from Poland. Invited to write for Hollywood movies in 1930s. Yezierska wrote about the struggles of Jewish and later Puerto Rican immigrants in New York's Lower East Side. In her fifty-year writing career, she explored the cost of acculturation and assimilation among immigrants. "She consciously equates America with independence and autonomy for women, a stark contrast to the restrictions of the Old World" pg 20 Ware book