History Bee Questions Part 3

(5) Concerning the Prohibition Era in the U.S., name the...Nickname for the Bureau of Prohibition team led by Eliot Ness.

"The Untouchables"

(7) Concerning Spartan life, name the...Extension of the Agoge [[ah-GOH-geh]] child-rearing system that may have doubled as a state secret police force.

Krypteia (or Krupteia)

*) King. Jr. was born in, for ten points, which Georgian metropolis?

Atlanta=

*) historically paired with, for ten points, what spice?

Black Pepper

*) Ice. For ten points, name this Russian folk hero of the 13th century, a Grand Prince of Kiev.

Alexander Nevsky

(7)Concerning the 19th century Boshin War, name the... First major battle of the war, fought over control of Kyoto.

Battle of Toba-Fushimi (or Toba-Fushimi no Tatakai)

(5) Concerning the Boers, name the...President of the Transvaal who successfully halted the Jameson Raid.

Paul Kruger (or Stephanus Johannes Paulus Kruger)

(5)Concerning the New York political machine called Tammany Hall, name the... Harper's Weekly cartoonist who depicted it as a tiger killing democracy.

Thomas Nast

(3)Concerning the Los Angeles riots of the early 1990s, name the... City in a nearby state which experienced looting simultaneous to LA, seven miles from a namesake "Strip."

Las Vegas (accept Vegas Strip)

(1) Concerning the Boers, name the...Port on Table Bay and one of the modern capitals of South Africa first settled by their ancestors.

Cape Town (accept Kaapstad)

(4) Concerning the Andean nation of Colombia, name the...City which is named for a Spanish city founded as a "New Carthage."

Cartagena (accept Cartagena de Indias)

35) This building was renovated in the 19th century under the supervision of Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, and the Magnificat was sung in this location to celebrate a 1944 liberation of its surrounding city. King Louis VII [[the Seventh]] and Pope Alexander III oversaw the laying of this building's cornerstone in 1163. The wood roof known as this building's "forest" was completely destroyed in an April 2019 fire that started a five-year rebuilding project. For the point, name this Gothic cathedral that has stood since the 12th century in Paris.

Cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris

(8) Concerning the New York political machine called Tammany Hall, name the...Longest-serving boss who "cleaned it up" and supported John Francis Hylan for New York City mayor.

Charles Francis Murphy

(3) St. Lubinus names a vestigial chapel below the ground of a building in this city, a predecessor of which was destroyed by Danish pirates. Cnut the Great helped fund the construction of a building in this city overseen by Bishop Fulbert. Henry Adams wrote about a building in this city containing over 170 stained glass windows. That building in this city, south of Paris, contains an early instance of the Flamboyant style and the external use of flying buttresses. For ten points, name this French city which is home to a noted namesake Gothic cathedral which contains the Black Madonna.

Chartres [[SHART-ruh]] (accept Chartres Cathedral; accept Cathedral of Our Lady of Chartres)

(5) Concerning the rebellious Mau Mau movement, name the...Leader whose 1957 capture and hanging weakened the revolt.

Dedan Kimathi (accept Dedan Kimathi Waciuri; or Kimathi wa Waciuri)

7) This thinker was invited to a feast by Emperor Frederick II, to whom this man dedicated his Book of Squares. For his technical work, like solving several problems by Johannes of Palermo, this man was granted a lifetime salary by his home city of Pisa. This man's work Liber Abaci popularized Indo-Arabic numerals in the western world, as well as a biologically relevant namesake series of numbers. For ten points, name this medieval Italian mathematician whose namesake "sequence" begins, "0, 1, 1, 2, 3."

Fibonacci

(2) Concerning Emperor Marcus Aurelius, name the...Number of "Good Emperors" of which he was one.

Five Good Emperors

*) For ten points, name this Southern state known in the 2010s for a namesake "man" who commits unusual crimes in places like the Everglades.

Florida

*) Buendia [[bwehn-DEE-ah]] family. The town of Macondo and its environs were inspired by, for ten points, which author's homeland of Colombia?

Gabriel Garcia Marquez

*) moves" after publicly recanting his theories. For ten points, name this Italian scientist who was found guilty of heresy for promoting heliocentrism.

Galileo Galilei

(1) Concerning Valley Forge, name the...Leader of the Continental Army who directed his troops there in the winter of 1777- 78.

George Washington

(5) Concerning the colonies of Portugal, name the...City in India seized by the Nehru administration in Operation Vijay.

Goa (prompt on "Estado da Índia")

9) The only known recording of this man is him repeating the first line of "La Marseillaise" in mocking French. The Ems Dispatch was purposefully released to the press by this man to discredit the government of Napoleon III. This minister annexed the province of Alsace-Lorraine following the Franco-Prussian War. The rise of Wilhelm II led to the deposition of, for ten points, which "Iron Chancellor" who masterminded the unification of Germany?

Otto von Bismarck

(2) Concerning Valley Forge, name the...Pennsylvania city whose fall to the British led to the Continental army fleeing to Valley Forge.

Philadelphia

(8) Concerning the Printing Press, name the..."Inscription" from the 13th century impressed mechanically in clay, predating the introduction of the press.

Prüfening dedicatory inscription (or Prüfeninger Weiheinschrift)

accept Ferdinand and Isabella; accept Isabella the Catholic) BONUS: This ship of the White Star Line sank during her maiden voyage after hitting an iceberg April 15th, 1912.

RMS Titanic=

(6) Concerning the colonies of Portugal, name the...African colony that immediately descended into civil war between the MPLA and UNITA factions after independence.

Republic of Angola (or República de Angola; accept Angolan Civil War)

*) may have perpetrated the 2015 Ankara Bombings in, for ten points, what Anatolian nation?

Republic of Turkey

(5) Concerning the French Third Republic, name the...Aggressive nationalism which became the nickname of Georges Ernest Boulanger.

Revanchism (accept General Revanche; prompt on "Revenge")

(7) Concerning the United States under the Articles of Confederation, name the...Merchant and Superintendent of Finance who established the Bank of North America.

Robert Morris, Jr.

10) This president unsuccessfully tried to end the spoils system by appointing the German reformer Carl Schurz. Paraguay named a department of their country after this president for resolving a dispute over the Gran Chaco region in their favor. This president sent in federal troops after the Reading [[RED-ding]] Railroad Massacre. A commission gave twenty disputed electoral votes to this president, allowing him to defeat Samuel Tilden, despite losing the popular vote. For the point, name this president who ended Reconstruction with the Compromise of 1877.

Rutherford B. Hayes

(6)Concerning the short-lived Qin Dynasty, name the... Han historian who claimed they buried over 400 Confucian scholars alive in his Records of the Grand Historian.

Sima Qian

accept Nikolai II) BONUS: Nicholas II's reforms during the Revolution of 1905 created this parliamentary body of Russia, the name of which is still carried by the lower house of Russian parliament.

State Duma

(8) Concerning the 19th century Boshin War, name the...Specific type of matchlock introduced by the Portuguese which was still in use during the war.

Tanegashima (prompt on "Arquebus")

*) temple to another" by the citizens of an Ionian city. One of the Seven Ancient Wonders, for ten points, what was this holy site in Ephesus?

Temple of Artemis

(3) Concerning Spartan life, name the...King who died holding off a large Persian army at Thermopylae.

Leonidas I

(6) Concerning the Boers, name the...First prime minister of independent South Africa who fought in the Second Boer War.

Louis Botha [[LOO-ee BOO-tuh]] (be lenient on pronunciation)

(4) Concerning the colonies of Portugal, name the...City-state in Southern China, leased for 500 taels beginning in the 16th century.

Macau (or Macao)

(4) Concerning Sassanid Persia, name the...Founder of a Gnostic faith who was imprisoned by Bahram I, who denounced his works such as Arzhang.

Mani (accept Manichaeism)

(2) Concerning the medieval order of Assassins, name the...Asian Steppes empire whose sack of Alamut in the mid-13th century led to their downfall.

Mongol Empire (or Mongolians; or Mongols)

(3) Concerning the state of Missouri, name the...Christian sect expelled from Northern Missouri resulting in their relocation to Nauvoo, Illinois.

Mormons (or The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints; accept LDS Church)

or Hesiodos) BONUS: Hesiod claimed to have been raised in the shadow of what sacred Greek mountain, which historically possessed several shrines to the muses?

Mount Helicon=

2) This ruler personally met with Richard Cobden, convincing him to sign the CobdenChevalier [[sheh-vahl-YAY]] agreement, which sparked the "golden age" of free trade treaties. This ruler personally led the victorious army at the Battle of Magenta before directly defeating Franz Joseph I at the Battle of Solferino. Though he narrowly avoided war during the Luxembourg Crisis, this monarch openly wandered the battlefield before being captured by invading Germans at Sedan. For ten points, name this president-turnedemperor, the last monarch of France.

Napoleon III

*) Dead was written by, for ten points, which New Journalist and best-selling twentieth century American author?

Norman Mailer

*) derives from, for ten points, what chief Nordic deity?

Odin

(5) Concerning the state of Missouri, name the...Missouri native who was the last U.S. five-star general.

Omar N(elson) Bradley

*) Idaho." For ten points, name this U.S. state governed from Salem.

Oregon=

(8) Concerning the state of Missouri, name the...One of the first two senators for Missouri, known as "Old Bullion," the first man to serve five terms in the Senate.

Thomas Hart Benton

*) imprisoned in this building that also held Anne Boleyn. For ten points, name this fortress and former prison that now houses Britain's Crown Jewels.

Tower of London

Accept Lev Bronstein) BONUS: As Commissar of Foreign Affairs, Trotsky negotiated this "shameful" peace treaty, which pulled Russia out of World War One and ceded extensive territory to the German Empire in 1918.

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk=

*) Wiener Kreis [[VEE-nuh KRIZE]], a school of thought from, for ten points, which Austrian capital city?

Vienna

accept Italian Republic; accept Italia) BONUS: Dario Fo wrote the Italian-language play Isabella, Three Sailing Ships and a Con Man to demystify the narrative around this 15th-century explorer.

Christopher Columbus

*) Republican president vied for a Senate seat in Illinois during, for ten points, which 1858 debates?

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

(2)Concerning the West African Ashanti Empire, name the... Small rodent covered in quills that appeared on the emblem of the King of the Ashanti.

Porcupine

(1) Concerning the Andean nation of Ecuador, name the...Capital city founded by the Spanish in 1534.

Quito (accept Santiago de Quito)

(7)Concerning the Early Roman Republic, name the... Embarrassing Roman loss during the Second Samnite War in which two consuls were forced to walk under a yoke after surrendering.

Battle of the Caudine Forks

*) Carver studied at, for ten points, which Alabama university once led by Booker T. Washington?

Tuskegee Institute

(6) Concerning the Printing Press, name the...Power source for a high-speed press developed by Friedrich Koenig.

Steam (accept Steam-Powered; prompt on "water")

(7)Concerning Sejong the Great, the ruler of the Kingdom of Korea, name the... Father of his who abdicated in an effort to guide his early rule.

Taejong (or Yi Bang-won)

(4) Concerning the Second Red Scare, name the...FBI director who investigated his rival agency's heads at the CIA.

J(ohn) Edgar Hoover

accept K'iche Maya; accept Classical Mayans) BONUS: The Mayans built several elaborate arenas to play what popular Mesoamerican sport that extended to the Aztecs and the Caribbeans?

Mesoamerican BallGame

(3) Concerning the United States under the Articles of Confederation, name the...Revolt in Western Massachusetts which influenced the adoption of the Constitution in favor of the Articles.

Shays' Rebellion

accept Douyin before mentioned) BONUS: TikTok successfully filled the void created when this Twitter-owned service was discontinued. This service allowed users to share six-second long videos on a loop.

Vine=

(4) Concerning the late 19th and early 20th century politician William Jennings Bryan, name the...Pro-Silver speech he gave which claimed, "You shall not crucify mankind upon [this title object]."

"Cross of Gold" Speech (do not accept "gold cross")

(6) This pitcher had a perfect game in which the opposing pitcher, Bob Hendley, only allowed one hit. Nolan Ryan's 383-strikeout season surpassed the previous record held by this man, who made a decision that resulted in Don Drysdale pitching the opening game of the 1965 World Series. That event prompted a remark during a Heritage Month event in which Barack Obama noted his own inability to pitch. This man sat out the first game of that World Series in observance of Yom Kippur. For ten points, name this legendary left-handed pitcher for the Dodgers nicknamed "Sandy."

Sandy Koufax (or Sanford Koufax; accept Sanford Braun)

accept specific shield types like hoplon, kite shield, etc. before mentioned) BONUS: This period of history was characterized by metalworking, urban civilization, and early forms of writing. This period of history suffered a "collapse" in the eastern Mediterranean around 1200 BC.

Bronze Age

(1)Concerning the French Third Republic, name the... Politician and general who led "Free France" after the fall of the Third Republic.

Charles de Gaulle (or Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle)

(5) Concerning the Mexican War of Independence, name the...Rallying cry by that priest that signaled the call to arms for the war.

Cry of Dolores (or Grito de Dolores)

5) Thomas Young helped decipher this writing system by identifying that cartouches [[kar-TOO-shes]] were used to enclose royal names. Demotic [[dee-MAH-tik]] was a simplified version of Hieratic [[hy-RAH-tik]] cursive, which derived from this writing system. Jean-François Champollion [[shahm-pohl-YOHN]] deciphered this script using an object which depicted a decree in this system as well as Ancient Greek. The Rosetta Stone helped decipher, for ten points, what pictographic writing system of Ancient Egypt?

Egyptian Hieroglyphs

(4) Concerning the Prohibition Era in the U.S., name the..."Act" named for a Chairman of the House Judiciary Committee which enforced Prohibition.

Volstead Act (prompt on "National Prohibition Act")

(4) Concerning Spartan life, name the...Metal supposedly used as currency instead of gold and silver to prevent hoarding.

Iron (accept Ferrum; or Fe)

(5) Concerning Spartan life, name the...Festival for a god of shepherds during which they did not make war.

Karneia (accept Apollo Karneios)

(4) Concerning the West African Ashanti Empire, name the...City that served as their capital.

Kumasi

10) This man was deemed a "White Jew" in an editorial in Das Schwarze Korps, the SS newspaper, after he was named "favorite" to head the Munich Faculty. With a set of scientists, including Walther Gerlach, this physicist was detained in England through Operation Epsilon to determine how close the Nazis were to creating an atomic bomb. Albert Einstein nominated this scientist for a 1932 Nobel Prize in Physics he won for determining limits to predicting physical quantities of particles. An "Uncertainty Principle" is named for, for ten points, which "Father of Quantum Mechanics"?

Werner Heisenberg

(8)Concerning the late 19th and early 20th century politician William Jennings Bryan, name the... Oklahoma Governor whose acceptance of bribes from Standard Oil and close ties to Bryan hurt his 1908 Presidential bid

Charles N(athaniel) Haskell

*) For ten points, name this document that King John signed in 1215, placing limits on royal power.

Magna Carta Libertatum

(2) Concerning the Printing Press, name the...Most commonly-printed work of the late Middle Ages and early modern period.

The Holy Bible

(2) Concerning the Boers, name the...Language the speak which evolved from Dutch.

Afrikaans

*) For ten points, name this "affair" in which Andrew Jackson's Cabinet members resigned after targeting Peggy Eaton.

Petticoat Affair

*) Mecca was accomplished by, for ten points, which general and Prophet of the Islamic faith?

Muhammad ibn Abdullah

(3)Concerning the late 19th and early 20th century politician William Jennings Bryan, name the... Left-wing agrarian party that supported him through many of his presidential runs.

Populist Party (or Populists; accept People's Party)

(3) Concerning Emperor Marcus Aurelius, name the...Son and successor of his, known for personally fighting in the Colosseum.

Commodus (or Lucius Aelius Aurelius Commodus; or Marcus Aurelius Commodus Antoninus)

(5) Concerning the assassination of the first openly gay California politician, Harvey Milk, name the...Assassin and former Board member who killed Milk and the mayor.

Dan White (or Daniel James White)

(2)Concerning the New York political machine called Tammany Hall, name the... Immigrant ethnic group which it assisted following the Potato Famine.

Irish-American

*) version of this type of party. For ten points, name this generally left-wing type of party that encourages redistribution of resources.

Socialist Party

(7) Concerning the Andean nation of Colombia, name the...Mayor of LA who was accused of triggering the riots for criticizing the non-guilty brutality verdict.

Tom Bradley (or Thomas Bradley)

*) commercial and investment banks. For ten points, name this October 1929 event that brought in the Great Depression.

1929 Wall Street stock market crash

(10) Journalist Westbrook Pegler wrote an article which claimed this man must be reported to the "Missing Person's Bureau" after his RNC presidential nomination. This man's daughter, Nancy Kassebaum, was the first woman ever elected to a full term in the Senate without her husband having previously served in Congress. In one speech, this candidate claimed, "The price of economic planning is the loss of economic freedom" in reference to the continuation of FDR's New Deal programs. A landslide loss in the 1936 election was suffered by, for ten points, what Republican candidate and former governor of Kansas?

Alf Landon (or Alfred Mossman Landon)

accept La Guerra del Pacifico; accept Saltpeter War before mentioned) BONUS: Some of the territory annexed by Chile lies in what driest sandy desert on Earth?

Atacama Desert

*) wars with people of these states, culminating in a blockade of Tripoli. For ten points, name these historical "pirate states" of the North African coast.

Barbary States

(1) One soldier in this battle, William Hoffman, wrote a diary of his experiences which was chronicled through the eyes of a doctor in a work by Heinz Konsalik. Anthony Beevor won a Wolfson Prize for a book about this battle, which was the subject of a Heinrich Gerlach novel about a Breakout at [its central location]. A work about the Survivors of [this battle] includes a number of "Eyewitness Accounts from the Sixth Army." For ten points, name this World War Two battle on the Eastern Front with more than 1.1 million Soviet casualties alone.

Battle of Stalingrad BONUS: Which Jewish Soviet war correspondent wrote the novels Stalingrad and Life and Fate about his experiences on the Eastern Front? Vasily Grossman (or Vasily Semyonovich Grossman)

3) The winning side of this battle issued Order Number 227 before its start, commanding soldiers to take "not a step back." Mamayev [[MAH-mah-yev]] Kurgan and Pavlov's House were heavily contested locales during this battle. Romanian and German forces in this battle were encircled by Operation Uranus, led by Georgy Zhukov. For ten points, name this battle where Friedrich Paulus's Sixth Army failed to take a city on the Volga named for the leader of the Soviet Union.

Battle of Stalingrad=

(7) Concerning Valley Forge, name the...Pennsylvania battle fought during the evacuation in a failed attempt to eradicate the Continental Army.

Battle of White Marsh

(6) Concerning the U.S. presidential election of 1984, name the...Wandering animal depicted "In the Woods" in an early Republican ad to represent the faltering Soviet Union.

Bears (or "There is a Bear in the Woods.")

*) Steel with Nazi Germany. For ten points, name this creator of the Blackshirts known as "Il Duce" [[DO-cheh]], the Fascist dictator of Italy.

Benito Mussolini

(5) Concerning military innovations during World War One, name the...Conveyance used by the German Radfahr reconnaissance unit.

Bicycles (Editor's Note: "Radfahr" is German for "Cycling")

(6) Concerning the Los Angeles riots of the early 1990s, name the...Now-controversial comedian who asked rioters to stop and watch his sitcom's finale instead.

Bill Cosby (or William Henry Cosby Jr.; accept The Cosby Show)

(6)Concerning the Andean nation of Colombia, name the... Now-controversial comedian who asked rioters to stop and watch his sitcom's finale instead.

Bill Cosby (or William Henry Cosby Jr.; accept The Cosby Show)

*) for ten points, what sea which borders countries like Ukraine and Turkey?

Black Sea

*) Anderson was not allowed to sing in Constitution Hall. For ten points, name this Depression-era First Lady.

Eleanor Roosevelt

*) Trade Center in 1970, this building held the title of "tallest in the world." For ten points, name this 102-story Art Deco skyscraper in midtown Manhattan.

Empire State Building=

(8) Concerning Emperor Marcus Aurelius, name the...Beloved Roman grammarian from Numidia who tutored him and Lucius Verus.

Fronto (or Marcus Cornelius Fronto)

*) inspired, for ten points, which British writer's 1984 and Animal Farm?

George Orwell

*) Lion. For ten points, name this performer of Twelve Labors from Greek mythology.

Heracles

7) This man was unknowingly given small dosages of methamphetamines by Max Jacobson, who was nicknamed "Dr. Feelgood." This politician defeated incumbent Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. in a 1952 Senate race. This president negotiated with Nikita Khrushchev [[KROO-shev]] during the Cuban Missile Crisis and was in office during the botched Bay of Pigs invasion. The youngest person ever elected president was, for ten points, which Massachusetts politician?

John F. Kennedy

(2) Concerning the United States under the Articles of Confederation, name the...Minister of Foreign Affairs who later served as the first Chief Justice.

John JaY

(2) Concerning the Second Red Scare, name the...Wisconsin politician who claimed to have a list of "hundreds" of traitorous people in the U.S. government.

Joseph McCarthy (or Joseph Raymond McCarthy)

(3) This politician was the last to be buried in the Kremlin Wall Necropolis. This politician's rise to his highest post allegedly occurred after he was cited as an "agreeable guy" by Andrei Gromyko. This man's government claimed that "chauvinistic (+) sentiments...being whipped up in the United States" contributed to his decision to boycott the 1984 Los Angeles Summer Olympics. This successor to Yuri Andropov (*) was himself succeeded by a proponent of glasnost. For ten points, name this man who led the Soviet Union briefly before Mikhail Gorbachev.

Konstantin Chernenko (or Konstantin Ustinovich Chernenko)

(4) Concerning the Los Angeles riots of the early 1990s, name the...Asian minority whose "Town" was destroyed due, in part, to the killing of Latasha Harlins.

Koreans (accept Korean-American)

(6) During the War of 1812, Fort Howard was constructed on this body of water. A selfproclaimed Mormon king, named James Strang, reigned for six years on a major island within this body of water. The first European to visit this body of water was Jean Nicolet. Voyageurs led by the explorers Marquette and Jolliet followed this lake until reaching the Fox River near Green Bay. For ten points, name this Great Lake which saw a massive uptick in shipping with the growth of Chicago.

Lake Michigan BONUS: A survey of Beaver Island overseen by James Strang in Lake Michigan was later published by this organization that operates museums in Washington, D.C. The Smithsonian Institution

(4) A variation of this experiment by Mary Cover Jones used milk and cookies as incentives. The subject of this experiment, Douglas Merritte, was revealed to have had suffered from hydrocephalus [[hy-droh-SEH-fah-luss]]. A graduate student, Rosalie Rayner, helped conduct this experiment. A caption of a photo taken during this experiment reads, "Now he fears even Santa Claus." For ten points, what experiment, conducted by John B. Watson, used classical conditioning to create a phobia in a baby?

Little Albert Experiment (prompt on descriptive answers) BONUS John B. Watson conducted what other experiment that trained rats to navigate through a maze? This experiment is named after the sounds the rats made when they hit the maze walls. Kerplunk Experiment

*) Sixtus IV. For ten points, name this "Magnificent" ruler of Florence, the grandson of Cosimo.

Lorenzo de' Medici

(2) This man is the subject of a work by Joseph Califano titled The Triumph and Tragedy of [this man], and over 400 collections of manuscripts were relied upon by Robert Dalleck in another biography of this man. A four-volume series, including such entries as The Passage of Power and Master of the Senate, was written about this one-time Speaker of the House. For ten points, Robert Caro wrote that four-volume biography of what man who took the presidential oath on an airplane?

Lyndon B(aines) Johnson (accept LBJ; prompt on "Johnson")

s) of Malacca BONUS: Which Java-based thalassocratic empire controlled the Straits of Malacca and was the last major Hindu power in the region before the rise of the Demak Sultanate?

Majapahit Empire

1) The Fengtian clique of warlord Zhang Zuolin [[JANG ZHUO-LIN]] was based in this region. The Willow Palisade blocked Han migration into this region. The Lytton Report was produced after the Kwantung Army invaded this region after officers staged the demolition of a section of railroad track in the Mukden Incident. Emperor Puyi was made a ruler of a Japanese puppet state in this region afterwards. For ten points, name this northeastern region of China held by Japan immediately prior to World War Two.

Manchuria

*) Timbuktu. For ten points, give this title for the emperors of Mali, which was held in the early 14th century by Musa I.

Mansa

4) During a 1980s dinner Nancy Reagan apocryphally asked what this man has done to be at a White House dinner, with this musician responding " I've changed the course of music five or six times." With Gil Evans, this musical figure created arrangements for the George Gershwin opera, Porgy and Bess. The Birth of the Cool and Kind of Blue were albums by, for ten points, which American Jazz trumpeter of the work Miles Ahead?

Miles Davis=

3) A monarch from this dynasty patronized the Fatawa 'Alamgiri law code as part of a personal religious revival that included becoming a hafiz. This dynasty, which was the last regime to destroy the Vishwanath Temple, scaled back religious tolerance by executing Tegh Bahadur, a Sikh guru, and reinstituting the jizya tax under its emperor Aurangzeb. For ten points, name this Muslim dynasty that ruled north India following the 1520s conquests of Babur.

Mughal Dynasty

(1) Concerning the short-lived Qin Dynasty, name the...Founder who declared himself the first Emperor of China.

Qin Shi Huang (or Shihuangdi; accept King Zheng of Qin)

(1) Concerning the Years of Lead, name the...Southern European nation where the "Anni di piombo" occurred.

Republic of Italy (accept Italia; or Italian Republic; or Repubblica Italiana)

*) South China Sea. The Chinese Nationalists formed the Republic of China on, for ten points, what East Asian island?

Taiwan

(4) Concerning the New York political machine called Tammany Hall, name the...Boss depicted as a portly man with a money bag for a head in Harper's Weekly.

William M(agear) Tweed (accept Boss Tweed)

(3)Concerning the Boers, name the... Prime Minister of the UK during World War Two who was taken prisoner after a Boer ambush.

Winston Churchill (or Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill)

(5) A 2015 documentary titled for this group features interviews with Rolf Lüders and Sergio de Castro. Members of this group helped resolve the Crisis of 1982 through the use of price bands. This group's ideas were called "El Ladrillo," [[lah-DREE-yoh]], or "The Brick." Miguel Kast, a member of this group, freed the peso's fixed exchange rate with the U.S. dollar. Key teachers of this group included Arnold Harberger and Milton Friedman. For ten points, name this group of Chilean free-market economists who advised Augusto Pinochet [[peenoh-CHEH]] and were educated at the namesake Midwestern university.

"Chicago Boys" (prompt on "University of Chicago" or "UChicago")

(10) Carl Hines called for a requirement to replace a word in this song with the word "people" every time it is sung in a certain legislature. This song inspired the original working title of Gone with the Wind, which was "Tote the Weary Load." Originally named after (+) "Poor Uncle Tom" from Harriet Beecher Stowe's best-known novel, this song's lyrics may have been inspired by visits to the Federal Hill plantation. Naming a state park in Bardstown (*) centered on Senator John Rowan's home, for ten points, what is this state song of a certain commonwealth?

"My Old Kentucky Home, Good-Night!"

(8) Concerning military innovations during World War One, name the...British slang for the Stielhandgranate [[shteel-hahnd-grah-NAH-teh]] due to its similarity to a kitchen tool.

"Potato Masher"

(4) The speaker of this oration notes how "the life of the world may move forward into broad, sunlit uplands" if a certain result is achieved. This address's speaker warns that "the whole fury and might of the enemy must very soon be turned on (+) us." In this speech, the orator claims, "We in this Island...will never lose our sense of comradeship" and states that a certain sentiment would hold "if the empire lasts a thousand years." Given two weeks after its speaker had noted that "we shall (*) fight on the beaches", for ten points, what was this speech by Winston Churchill about a certain glorious time period?

"This was their finest hour" speech (accept Winston Churchill's speech on June 18, 1940 before the House of Commons)

(7) Concerning the U.S. presidential election of 1984, name the...Wendy's slogan used by a Democrat to cast doubt on Gary Hart's proposed programs.

"Where's the Beef?"

(8) Following a census at the beginning of this decade, a man posited, "American democracy was born of no theorist's dream" but "came out of the American forest." Frederick Jackson Turner put forward his "Frontier Thesis" during this decade, in which the Billion Dollar Congress" was voted out of office. During this decade, the Sherman Silver Purchase Act authorized the U.S. government to buy large amounts of silver, causing an economic panic. For ten points, name this decade which included the rise of the Populist Party.

1890s (accept the Gay Nineties; accept the Naughty Nineties; prompt on "90s" alone)

7) Near the end of this decade, Link Wray released the song "Rumble," and Alan Freed's career tanked due to the Payola scandal. Number one hits in this decade included "The Ballad of Davy Crockett," "Love Me Tender," and "La Bamba." At this decade's end, a plane crash called "The Day the Music Died" resulted in the deaths of Richie Valens, The Big Bopper, and Buddy Holly. For ten points, name this decade in which the rock-and-roll hit "Heartbreak Hotel" became a number one hit for Elvis Presley.

1950s=

(8) In an event in this year, a politician told one group, "I am the past, you are the future. I embrace you." During that event in this year, a ten percent real wage increase was secured in the Grenelle [[greh-NEHL]] Agreements. During this year, the Action Programme secured greater freedom of speech in a country that championed the slogan "socialism with a human face." A series of student protests in France occurred in this year in which Alexander Dubcek [[DOOB-chek]] oversaw the Prague Spring. For ten points, name this year in which European newspapers published accounts of the death of Martin Luther King, Jr.

1968 (prompt on "'68") BONUSAfter the invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968, the country entered into a period defined by this term, during which the pre-Prague Spring status quo was restored. Normalization (or Normalizace; or Normalizácia; prompt on "Husakism")

6) This event led to the ten percent decrease in NASCAR race lengths and the cancellation of the 24 hours of Daytona in support of the government. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger's negotiating of the Israeli forces away from the Sinai peninsula led to the end of this crisis. The phrase "Don't be Fuelish" was used during this event, which was prompted by the Yom Kippur War. An embargo by the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries during the Nixon and Ford administration led to, for ten points, which "crisis" of the late 20th century?

1973 Oil Crisis

1) The "Joe and Jerry" show took place in this election year, which featured the first formal vice presidential debate. The loser in this election year used a "Rose garden" strategy to present as a leader compared to his opponent. That same candidate sank in the polls in this election year after claiming "there is no Soviet domination of Eastern Europe." For ten points, name this U.S. presidential election in which Gerald Ford was defeated by Jimmy Carter.

1976 United States Presidential Election BONUS: Though Jimmy Carter won the election, he suffered in the polls due to an interview with this lifestyle magazine, in which he claimed to have "lusted in my heart" for women other than his wife. ANSWER: Playboy=

(3)Concerning Sassanid Persia, name the... First Rashidun caliph who undertook several invasions of the empire and its rival, Eastern Rome.

Abu Bakr

*) chemical weapon was used to destroy high density foliage used by Viet Cong guerillas. For ten points, name this herbicide mixture heavily deployed by the United States during the Vietnam War.

Agent Orange

(6)Concerning the Mexican War of Independence, name the... Independence leader and first emperor of Mexico who issued the Plan of Iguala.

Agustin de Iturbide (accept Agustín I; accept Augustine of Mexico)

9) During this event, the generals Aleksei Peshchurov [[pehsh-CHOO-roff]] and Lovell Rousseau oversaw a flag transfer ceremony in the town of New Archangel. The extinction of a local sea otter population and the monetary deficit experienced after the Crimean War led to this event, which was negotiated by Eduard de Stoeckl [[STOW-kuhl]]. Detractors of this action dubbed it both "Seward's Icebox" and "Seward's Folly." For ten points, name this acquisition by the Andrew Johnson administration of a Russian colony in North America.

Alaska Purchase

accept Battle of Pittsburg Landing before mention) BONUS: During the Battle of Shiloh, which Kentucky-born general was killed during the fighting, becoming the highest ranking Confederate officer to be killed in combat?

Albert Sidney Johnston=

(1) An island, which was named for this person during the Arctic Ocean Hydrographic Expedition in 1913, was later renamed Maly Taymyr. A CIA agent, codenamed "Sniper Lavinia," claimed in his later life to be this person. Two sailors, Andrei Derevenko and Klementy Nagorny, were hired (+) as nannies to make sure this person didn't injure themselves. After suffering from an internal hemorrhage, (*) this person was treated by Grigori Rasputin. Plagued with hemophilia, for ten points, what royal was Empress Alexandra and Emperor Nicholas II's only son?

Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia (or Alexei Romanov; accept Alexei II; prompt on "the Tsarevich"; prompt on "Nicholas II's son" before mentioned)

(4) This politician justified the use of force during colonization efforts in his "Report on Algeria," written during Algerian occupation by the army of King Louis Philippe. This man wrote about the disconnection between the hereditary nobility and rural peasant leading to the disintegration of the Ancien Régime [[ahn-SHYAHN reh-ZHEEM]] in The Old Regime and the Revolution. This man also collected data for a book while ostensibly on a tour of U.S. prisons. For ten points, name this French aristocrat and author of Democracy in America.

Alexis de Tocqueville (or Alexis Charles Henri Clérel, comte de Tocqueville)

(10) The book The Man Who Never Was details an effort during this campaign that involved Ewen Montagu's goading of one side to divert troops to another country. During this campaign, Operation Avalanche targeted the western part of its central region. Harold Alexander led an Army Group that oversaw this campaign which forced Adolf Hitler to abandon a planned Kursk Offensive and reinforce its central area. During this campaign, Generals Patton and Montgomery engaged in a race to see who could first reach Messina. For ten points, name this Allied campaign to capture an Italian island.

Allied Invasion of Sicily (prompt on partial answers; accept synonyms for Invasion such as Attack; accept Sicilia in place of Sicily; accept Operation Husky; accept Operation Avalanche before mentioned)

(8) A novel focusing on a character who works in this profession prompted James Douglas to claim that he would rather give "prussic acid" to a child then have them read it. Radclyffe Hall wrote that work centered on a unit in this profession which was a subject of an obscenity trial and was titled The Well of Loneliness. A novel focusing on a "tenente" [[teh-NEHN-teh]] who serves in this profession features a controversial depiction of the Battle of Caporetto. That novel focuses on Frederic Henry's experiences in this profession during World War One. For ten points, name these medical transportation workers.

Ambulance Drivers (accept equivalents; prompt on "medical workers" before "medical"; do not accept or prompt on "doctors" or "nurses")

3) Explorer Henri Mouhot [[moo-HOH]] was the first westerner to discover this site while serving as a missionary in Battambang, and he claimed it was a temple which "rivalled Solomon's." This site, a representation of Mount Meru, was built by Suryavarman II [[sooryah-VAHR-mahn the second]] under the influence of Chola advisors from the Indian subcontinent. The Khmer [[KMARE]] Empire built, for ten points, what palatial complex seen on the modern flag of Cambodia?

Angkor Wat BONUS: Angkor Wat was damaged during a firefight between Pol Pot's Khmer Rouge and an invading force from this country, which was led by the recently victorious Ho Chi Minh. ANSWER: Vietnam

(4)Concerning Emperor Marcus Aurelius, name the... Predecessor and uncle of his who built a namesake wall in Southern Scotland.

Antoninus Pius (or Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Pius; accept Antonine Wall)

(7) In a 1992 book, Graham Hancock claims that this item was, for a time, held in Lake Tana. Known as the tabot in the Ge'ez language, this item is said to be housed in a building dedicated to "Our Lady Mary of Zion." Replicas of this item are contained in each Tewahedo Church. The Kebra Nagast notes that Menelik brought this item to Ethiopia while a counterfeit copy lies in Israel. A church in the Tigray region is said to hold this object, which contains a rod belonging to Aaron. For ten points, name this golden chest said to contain the original tablets of the Ten Commandments.

Ark of the Covenant (or Ărōn haBrīṯ; accept Ark of God; accept Ark of Testimony) BONUS: A series of excavations by a group of "British Israelites" that aimed to find the Ark of the Covenant were carried out on which island's Hill of Tara? ANSWER: Ireland (or Airlann; or Éire)

(2) At a battle in this state, Peter Osterhaus informed Franz Sigel of a knoll that was suitable for artillery, resulting in 21 cannons being placed there to repulse Confederate forces. Carl Van Dorn was the losing commander at that battle in this state sometimes named for Elkhorn Tavern. A deadly firefight arose at Leetown during the aforementioned Battle of Pea Ridge in this state, which was preceded by a march along the Bentonville Detour. That battle in this state occurred near Fayetteville. Washington and Hot Springs both served as Confederate capitals of, for ten points, what Southern state?

Arkansas BONUSAmong those wounded at Pea Ridge was a commander at this Missouri battle called the "Gettysburg of the West." Battle of Westport

(2)Concerning the assassination of the first openly gay California politician, Harvey Milk, name the... California governor and former actor who dubbed May 22 "Harvey Milk Day."

Arnold Schwarzenegger (or Arnold Alois Schwarzenegger)

(1) While Governor of Ujjain, this man married a merchant's daughter named Devi whose lack of royal blood led to her exclusion from the title of agramahisi, or Chief Queen. This ruler maintained a namesake "hell" (+) prison wherein he supposedly had Chandagirika torture people, including possibly having his own brother executed for being a Jain. A Greek ambassador named Dionysius visited the court of Bindusara and this man, who supposedly was overwhelmed by (*) violence he had unleashed in Kalinga. For ten points, name this Buddhist-convert Emperor of the Mauryan dynasty of India.

Ashoka the Great (accept Asoka) BONUS: Which U.S. presidential election year's results were disputed in the court case Bush v. Gore? Election of 2000

(10) After this occurrence, the central figure's bodyguards, known as the "skullcrushers," assassinated this event's perpetrator. Rexford Tugwell claimed that this event resulted in "a beneficent peace [throughout] the land." The defeat of Benjamin Pavy may have contributed to this event, which was carried out by a physician from Baton Rouge named Carl Weiss. This event brought about the end of the Share Our Wealth program, led by its central Louisiana politician. For ten points, name this event in which a populist governor nicknamed "The Kingfish" was killed.

Assassination of Huey (Pierce) Long Jr. (prompt on "assassination of the Kingfish" before mentioned; prompt on partial answers; accept equivalents in place of "assassination" such as "killing" or "murder")

(4) This event led nearly 20,000 people in one nation's capital to protest and to call for the prime minister and his cabinet to resign for failing to prevent this event. Yasushi Nagao won the Pulitzer Prize in 1961 for photographing this event. The person who accomplished this event wrote with toothpaste on the walls of his jail cell, "Would that I had seven lives to give for my country" and "Long live the Emperor" before committing suicide. Perpetrated by 17-year-old Otoya Yamaguchi, for ten points, what event caused the death of the chairman of the Japan Socialist Party?

Assassination of Inejirō Asanuma (accept word forms of "Assassination"; accept descriptive answers like Assassination of the leader of the Socialists in Japan or similar before mentioned) BONUS Yamaguchi assassinated Asanuma using what weapon, a shorter sword that was wielded by the samurai in feudal Japan? Wakizashi

(9) In this musical, four characters sing about the power of a single weapon to change the world in "The Gun Song." A character cakewalks up to a noose during his hanging in this musical to the tune of his own song "I am going to the Lordy." Two characters in this musical shoot a bucket of chicken and share memories of Charles Manson. Historical figures like Emma Goldman and Giuseppe Zangara appear in this musical, in which the title characters open fire on the audience. For ten points, name this Stephen Sondheim musical about people who tried to kill presidents.

Assassins Two female assassins, and Manson Family members, who attempted to kill Gerald Ford appear in Sondheim's musical. One of them is Squeaky Fromme, and the other is this woman who, in the musical, throws bullets at Ford while shouting "Bang!" Sara Jane Moore (or Sara Jane Kahn)

(6) In this empire's chronology, the phrase "the king who lived in tents" is used to refer to its first domestic rulers, beginning with Tudiya. The practice of deporting hostile ethnic groups was introduced by Shalmaneser I, a king of this empire, following his conquest of the Mitanni. The fields of Susa were sown with salt following a humiliation inflicted by the Elamites on this empire's people, resulting in that violent act by Ashurbanipal. The city of Assur served as the capital of, for ten points, what Mesopotamian empire of Sargon II and Sennacherib [[seh-NAH-keh-rib]]?

Assyrian Empire (or Assyrians; accept Neo-Assyrian Empire)

7) A puppet king of this city, Kandalanu, was installed after the previous puppet king led a rebellion. After destroying this city, the king Sennacherib supposedly died from divine retribution. An empire based in this city fell when Nabonidus lost the Battle of Opis. A king of this city established a law code with rules like "an eye for an eye." A "captivity" of Jews named for this city ended when it was conquered by Cyrus the Great. For ten points, name this Mesopotamian city ruled by Hammurabi and home to the Hanging Gardens.

Babylon

(10) An ancient inscription banning this event was discovered in Tiriolo, Italy in 1640. Investigations of these events were conducted by Spurius Postumius Albinus [[ahl-BEEnooss]] and Quintus Marcius Philippus. Hispala Faecenia [[fay-keh-NEE-ah]] was awarded 100,000 bronze coins for giving her testimony about these events. The Legislation of 186 states that these events were to be overlooked by the Senate. Traditions of these events were accounted for by Livy in his History of Rome. For ten points, what unofficial festivals celebrated the Greco-Roman god of wine?

Bacchanalia (accept Bachanals; prompt on "festivals of Bacchus" and similar answers)

32) This battle was directly preceded by the death of General Jesse L. Reno at the Battle of South Mountain. The opening phase of this battle saw one side attempt to seize Dunker Church, and the carnage around a sunken road in this battle led to it being nicknamed "Bloody Lane." Immediately followed by the issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation, for the point, what Maryland battle of the American Civil War was the bloodiest single day in U.S. history?

Battle of Antietam

(8) Concerning the Boers, name the...Victory for Voortrekkers against the Zulu under Dingane [[dihn-GAH-neh]], which included the use of the wagonlaager.

Battle of Blood River

(3) The so-called "Green Count" of Savoy and the late arrival of his five hundred men to this battle may have led to his ally's decisive defeat. The sacred banner known as the oriflamme was abandoned by its bearer at this battle, and the siege of Calais [[cah-LAY]] (+) occurred in the immediate aftermath of this battle. A muddy environment slowed the charge of knights under Phillip VI at this battle, resulting in the English foot infantry and longbowmen quickly routing them. Edward the (*) Black Prince orchestrated, for ten points, which early victory by the English during the Hundred Years' War?

Battle of Crécy

(7) One figure at this battle was killed while slashing his sword and yelling, "Surrender, you traitors!" The Illinois Monument formed the basis of the National Park at this battlefield. Cheatham Hill was the site of a bloody charge led by George Thomas during this battle which was won by Joseph Johnston's forces who were set up around Rocky Face Ridge. Occurring during William Tecumseh Sherman's Atlanta campaign, this battle inspired the name of the first MLB commissioner. For ten points, name this Civil War battle fought around a namesake northern Georgia mountain.

Battle of Kennesaw Mountain (prompt on "Kennesaw" Mountain Landis)

2) During this event, the son of the eventual victor unsuccessfully attempted to beseige Ueda [[OO-eh-dah]] Castle. Prior to this event, Ishida Mitsunari claimed Osaka Castle and planned to force hostages to join his side. This decisive event ended the Sengoku, or "Warring States, period in one country, which followed after the death of Toyotomi Hideyoshi. For the point, name this decisive battle often seen as the unofficial beginning of the Tokugawa shogunate.

Battle of Sekigahara

4) Despite winning this battle, one commander's resignation was called for by the public, leading the president to reply, "I can't spare this man; he fights." W.H.L. Wallace's men managed to hold the Hornet's Nest during this battle, which was won after the arrival of the Army of the Ohio under Don Carlos Buell. William T. Sherman emerged as a war hero following, for ten points, what 1862 Civil War victory for General Grant in southwestern Tennessee?

Battle of Shiloh

7) One of the few survivors of this battle were Susanna Dickinson and a slave named Joe, both of whom were spared by an enemy commander. That commander at this battle would later be defeated at the Battle of San Jacinto [[hahSEEN-toe]]. The location of this battle was depicted on a stamp in 1856 to celebrate the anniversary of Texan statehood. A fortified mission was attacked in, for ten points, what battle of the Texan War of Independence that would go on to become a famous battle cry?

Battle of the Alamo

(10) This man's death sparked a ten year long interregnum and civil war which culminated at Battle of Çamurlu [[chah-MOOR-loo]], where one brother backed by Stefan Lazarević of Serbia defeated this ruler's sibling Musa Çelebi [[jeh-LEH-bee]]. Manuel II's ability to receive grain shipments allowed the Byzantine capital to withstand an attempted 1391 siege by this ruler. This man was supposedly placed in a golden cage and paraded around Anatolia following his loss at the Battle of Ankara. The nickname "The Thunderbolt" was bestowed upon, for ten points, which Ottoman sultan?

Bayezid I (accept Bayezid the Thunderbolt; or Yıldırım Bayezid) : Following the Battle of Ankara, which conqueror imprisoned Bayezid until his ransom? Tamerlane (accept Timur the Lame; or Amir Timur; accept Timūr Gurkānī; or Temür Küregen; prompt on "Sahib-i-Qiran" or "Lord of the Auspicious Conjunction")

(5) Jozef Groll became a key innovator in this industry by using a "noble" ingredient produced near the city of Žatec [[ZHAH-tek]], or Saaz. A trademark dispute in this industry featured uses of the name of the city of České-Budějovice [[CHES-keh boo-DEH-yoh-vit-seh]]. Carl (+) von Linde's development of refrigeration essentially eliminated this industry's use of caves for storage. One of the most important laws regulating this industry was the Reinheitsgebot [[rine-HITES-geh-boht]], which was adopted in (*) Bavaria in 1516. For ten points, name this industry whose 19th century German-American titans included Eberhard Anheuser and Adolphus Busch.

Beer industry (accept Brewing industry or equivalents; prompt on "Alcohol")

5) Over 300 eunuchs and maids died in this city's Old Summer Palace following its intentional burning by the British under Lord Elgin. Prince Gong signed an 1860 treaty named for this city, ceding parts of Manchuria to Russia and leasing Kowloon to Britain. Following the Northern Expedition, central authority was moved south from this city to Nanjing. The Forbidden City is located in, for ten points, what modern capital of China?

Beijing

*) Milošević [[mih-LOH-seh-vitch]] in the mid-1990s. For ten points, name this Danubian "White City" and former capital of united Yugoslavia, now the capital of independent Serbia.

Belgrade

accept Yellow Plague; accept Yellow Jack; accept Bronze John) BONUS: Which signer of the Declaration of Independence, who served as surgeon general in the Continental Army, unsuccessfully tried to treat the Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic?

Benjamin Rush=

(2) While speaking with Morley Safer, this figure controversially revealed that she would not be surprised if her eighteen-year old daughter admitted to having an affair. That interview prompted this woman's husband to say, "Well, honey, there goes about 20 million votes." This prominent supporter of the Equal Rights Amendment co-founded a facility in Rancho Mirage for people suffering from drug addiction. Rising to her most prominent position in 1974, for ten points, who was this woman who succeeded Pat Nixon as First Lady?

Betty Ford (prompt on "Ford"; accept Elizabeth Anne Ford; accept Elizabeth Anne Warren; or Elizabeth Anne Bloomer; or Betty Warren; or Betty Bloomer; prompt on "Ms. Ford" or similar answers) BONUS: While Gerald Ford was in office, which man's wife, "Happy," served as Second Lady of the United States? Nelson Rockefeller (or Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller; prompt on "Rockefeller" or "Rocky")

(2) A leader with this surname was deposed in Operation Fair Play, a coup led by Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq. Following a separatist movement led by Sheikh Mujib, a leader with this surname founded the PPP, or People's Party. A prime minister with this surname was killed in a car bombing in Rawalpindi in 2007. With Indira Gandhi, a prime minister with this surname signed the Shimla Agreement, which established the Line of Control in Kashmir. For ten points, identify this surname shared by Pakistani prime ministers Benazir and Zulfikar Ali.

Bhutto (accept Benazir Bhutto; or Zulfikar Ali Bhutto)

6) The private Joint Church Aid launched an airlift to relieve mass starvation using the island of São Tomé as a base during this war. Chinua Achebe formally joined a breakaway state as a propagandist until his home city of Aba fell during this war. Pogroms of the Igbo [[EE-boh]] people in the mid-1960s prompted military officer Emeka Ojukwu [[oh-"JUKE"- woo]] to declare independence from a West African state, which led to this war. For ten points, give this 20th-century civil war named for a breakaway state in Southeastern Nigeria.

Biafran Civil War

(10) This individual's tweet about receiving the COVID-19 vaccine was branded by Ted Cruz as "government propaganda." Nearly 50 years earlier, this character was seen receiving an injection in a public service campaign to get more children vaccinated against measles. NASA invited this character to join the Challenger flight to teach kids about space, and Mitt Romney said that he loves this character, despite wanting to cut taxpayer money from PBS. From 1969 to 2018, Caroll Spinney portrayed, for ten points, what Sesame Street character, an eight foot-tall avian?

Big Bird

1) This president repealed the Glass-Steagall Act, citing it was "no longer appropriate." This president signed a law mandating background checks on firearms purchases, the Brady Bill, and dealt with "Troopergate" when several officers from his home state alleged they had arranged romantic liaisons for him. This president's Whitewater scandals merged with another scandal in which he claimed to have not had "sexual relations with that woman." For ten points, name this Democratic president during the 1990s who was impeached for perjury for lying about his affair with Monica Lewinsky.

Bill Clinton

(7) The length of the case Swidler & Berlin v. United States, a case involving this man's administration, led to the demise of the independent counsel at the federal level. Kenneth Starr exonerated this man, but not his wife, in the so-called "Travelgate," which dealt with the sudden firing of seven employees in an act of cronyism. Linda Tripp leaked intimate phone calls between a White House intern and this man, leading to perjury charges and an impeachment trial. The Whitewater and Lewinsky scandals rocked the administration of, for ten points, what Democratic president?

Bill Clinton (or William Jefferson Clinton; accept William Jefferson Blythe III)

5) To advertise this city at the 1904 World's Fair, Giuseppe Moretti created the tallest cast-iron statue in the world depicting Vulcan wielding a hammer. This city's mining significance gave the local KKK chapter easy access to dynamite, allowing them to terrorize Black citizens in the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing. In a call for direct action against segregation, Martin Luther King, Jr. wrote the treatise "Letters from [this city's] Jail." For ten points, name this industrial Alabama city.

Birmingham BONUS: This fellow Alabama city was the starting point of a Civil Rights march to Montgomery which crossed the Edmund Pettus Bridge. ANSWER: Selma

9) This organization's founders wrote "What We Believe" and "What We Want Now!", both of which were included in this group's Ten-Point Program. An early leader of this organization wrote Soul on Ice about his transformation into an activist, though he was later involved in a shooting with police that saw the death of fellow member Bobby Hutton. This group monitored police activity and established the Free Breakfast for School Children Program. For the point, name this Oakland-based Black Power party founded by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale.

Black Panther Party

(2) Concerning the Andean nation of Colombia, name the...Neighboring country which broke off relations following the recognition of opposition leader Juan Guaidó.

Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (or República Bolivariana de Venezuela)

8) Almost 7,000 people who died during this event were cremated on the Altmarkt square. This event was planned as an alteration of Operation Thunderclap against Berlin. Despite a U.S. Air Force report determining that strategic targets like a railway junction and poison gas plant were destroyed, this event convinced Winston Churchill to lobby against "morale bombings." For the point, name this winter 1945 attack on a German city in Saxony that resulted in a devastating firestorm.

Bombing of Dresden

(3) Victor Gregg compared this event to being "trapped in a locked cage." After this event, one man compared the appearance of its central location to Dayton, Ohio and claimed, "There must be a ton of human bone meal in the ground." Arthur Harris claimed that the target of this event was "a key transportation point." A mere six Lancasters were shot down during this event that targeted the "Florence of the Elbe." Kurt Vonnegut wrote about this event in Slaughterhouse-Five. For ten points, name this Allied aerial attack on a German town.

Bombing of Dresden (or Firebombing of Dresden; prompt on "attack" or similar answers in place of "bombing") BONUS What strategic bombers, nicknamed "Flying Fortresses" were used for the attack? Boeing B-17

Code name or exact date and location required. An X-shaped pattern was created as part of this attack, which targeted an area that was particularly vulnerable in the aftermath of a 1923 earthquake. M-69s were dropped in working-class neighborhoods as part of this campaign, which began two years after the far less-lethal Doolittle Raid targeted its central city. For ten points, napalm was used extensively during what campaign that led to the burning of an Asian capital?

Bombing of Tokyo on 10 March (or Firebombing of Tokyo on 10 March; accept Tōkyōdaikūshū; accept Operation Meetinghouse; accept Great Tokyo Air Raid; but DO NOT accept or prompt on "Tokyo Raid" alone) BONUSThe March 10th firebombing of Tokyo was overseen by what Air Force general who later ran as the vice presidential candidate under segregationist George Wallace? Curtis LeMay (or Curtis Emerson LeMay)

5) An early one of these events on Shrove Tuesday began when white-gowned acolytes carrying red crosses claimed to "extirpate the abusive, perverse customs of Carnival." These gatherings were often hosted in front of the Palazzo Vecchio, with an image of the devil adorned on top of a pile of straw. Sandro Botticelli legendarily threw his own artwork into the flames during these anti-pagan rituals. The Friar Girolamo Savonarola led, for ten points, which mass burnings of supposedly obscene art in 15th century Florence?

Bonfire of the Vanities

accept word forms; accept Agriculturist; accept Horticulturist; prompt on "rancher" or "gardener") BONUS: This sagely book of the Bible, traditionally written by King Solomon, provides some advice to farmers, saying, "Those too lazy to plow in the right season will have no food at the harvest."

Book of Proverbs

(4) This man deployed diplomat Afanasiy Pushkin to negotiate an "Eternal Peace" with the delegates of Charles IX [[the ninth]]. Dionysus the Grammarian attempted to unseat this man from power by convincing one ruler to divorce this counselor's sister, Irina. This man, Feodor Nikitich Romanov, and Vasili Shuiski served on the advisory council which effectively ran the nation for the son of Ivan the Terrible, Feodor I. The Time of Troubles began following the death of, for ten points, which non-Rurikid tsar?

Boris Godunov (or Borís Fyodorovich Godunóv; accept either underlined portion)

accept Baseball color barrier; accept descriptions about how Black baseball players were prohibited from playing in the MLB) BONUS: This MLB team was the last to integrate due to resistance from owner Tom Yawkey. Other controversies surrounding this team included Bill Buckner's error during the 1986 World Series.

Boston Red Sox

2) Just after this event, a similar event occurred on the urging of Benjamin Rush in Philadelphia. This event's participants attacked the Eleanor, Beaver, and Dartmouth, and it was planned at the Old South Meeting House. Conducted by Sons of Liberty dressed as Native Americans, for ten points, what was this destructive act of protest in which a shipment of the namesake product was destroyed in a Massachusetts harbor?

Boston Tea Party BONUS: Following the Boston Tea Party, this British king quoted Julius Caesar in a letter by saying "The die is now cast." ANSWER: King George III

(2) Concerning the colonies of Portugal, name the...Their largest colony in the New World, discovered by Pedro Cabral.

Brazil (or Brasil)

6) To create votives of this substance, the Ancient Greeks used the Sphyrelaton, or the "Hammer Elongated" method. Despite being known as the "Iron Man of India," Vallabhbhai Patel is depicted using this substance in the tallest statue on Earth, the Statue of Unity. Rodin [[roh-DAHN]] faced false accusations that he used a real person as the mold for his lifelike sculpture, The Age of [this metal]. The Little Mermaid in Copenhagen and The Thinker are cast in, for ten points, which historically valued metal alloy composed of Copper and Tin?

Bronze

(6) A novel about an author's experiences at this location includes one character's attempt to identify the "Veiled Lady." The Harbinger was a publication run from this place that espoused the ideas of Charles Fourier [[foor-YEH]]. Originally a joint stock company, this place was founded by Sophia and (+) George Ripley, the latter of whom was a Unitarian Minister. The Blithedale Romance was inspired by its author's experience at this place, which was closely associated with (*) transcendentalism. Nathaniel Hawthorne was a founder of, for ten points, what experimental "Farm" in Massachusetts?

Brook Farm (accept Brook Farm Institute of Agriculture and Education; or Brook Farm Association for Industry and Education)

accept Bod [[BOH]]; accept Xīzàng; prompt on "Ü") BONUS: Most Tibetans follows a regional variation of this faith which adheres to the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama.

Buddhism

(2) Concerning Sejong the Great, the ruler of the Kingdom of Korea, name the...Religion originating in India that he suppressed by banning monks.

Buddhism (accept Buddhists; accept Mahayana Buddhism; or any specific school like Seon or Gyo)

(5) One leader of this empire defeated a 30,000-man force that was double the size of his own army at the Battle of the Achelous [[ah-KEH-lohss]] River. One leader of this empire converted a defeated rival's skull into a drinking cup, and a man known as "the Logothete" was defeated by this empire at the Battle of Pliska. Khan Krum was a ruler of this empire, which faced a campaign waged by Emperor Nikephoros [[nee-keh-FOH-rohss]] I. Simeon I was a ruler of this empire who oversaw its expansion into Hungary and Serbia. For ten points, the Byzantines often fought with what Balkan empire?

Bulgarian Empire (or First Bulgarian Empire; accept Tsardom of Bulgaria but do not reveal it as an answer; accept Balgarysko Tsesarystviye) BONUS: In the middle of his reign, Simeon I adopted what specific title to replace Knyaz, or Prince? Tsar (prompt on "Emperor")

5) A 3rd-century chamber containing a marble relief of this animal being killed was found in Walbrook Street in London in 1954. The castration of this animal became a central ritual and artistic motif in the 2nd-century Magna Mater cult. According to one cult, this animal was killed by the infant Mithra, whose worshippers re-enacted the slaughter. The Greeks believed that Zeus took the form of this animal to abduct Europa. For ten points, name this type of male cattle that ancient astronomers saw in the constellation Taurus.

Bulls

5) Athenian tyrant Perillos died in this specific manner using an apparatus called the "Brazen Bull," which he supposedly invented. Buddhist monk Thích Quảng Đức [[THICK KWAN DOOK]] performed this action on himself to protest the persecution of his fellow monks in South Vietnam. Hammurabi decreed arsonists should be executed via this method in his namesake "Code." Christian heretics were most often executed by, for ten points, what method also known as immolation?

Burning

2) Architect William Thornton convinced one side during this event to spare the Patent Office, which briefly hosted Congress following this event. Partially motivated by the American invasion of Upper Canada, Robert Ross's victory at the Battle of Bladensburg led to this violent incursion. Dolley Madison saved a portrait of George Washington during, for ten points, what destructive event during the War of 1812 that followed the capture of the U.S. national capital?

Burning of Washington

24) The first of these institutions in the U.S. was founded by a man who won a gold medal at the Exposition Universelle for producing a malleable nickel that improved coinage. Republican Party co-founder, Amos Tuck, names an institution of this type at Dartmouth. A Pennsylvania institution of this type was created in 1881 by the co-founder of Bethlehem Steel, Joseph Wharton. The GMAT is the entrance exam for these schools, one of which was where Warren Buffett received an MBA. For the point, name these institutions where one can learn the principles of management and entrepreneurship.

Business schools

(5) One controversy surrounding this person involved two men, Grigory Landsberg and Leonid Mandelstam, being nominated for a Nobel Prize despite citing this man's work in their research. This person publicly embarrassed Jawaharlal Nehru (+) after the prime minister believed that a piece of copper under ultraviolet light was gold. This scientist's student, K. S. Krishnan, was not nominated for the Nobel Prize despite being the co-author on most of his (*) scientific papers. For ten points, what physicist of Indian descent names an "effect" explaining the scattering of light?

C. V. Raman (or Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman; accept Raman Effect; or Raman Scattering)

21) This city was likely the origin of the game chunkey, and scholars estimate that it surpassed London in population during the 13th century. While building an Interstate Highway, Warren Wittry discovered a series of timber circles near this site, now dubbed "Woodhenge." The terraced Monks Mound was likely this city's center, and is named for its occupation by Cistercian monks after European colonization. Once the largest indigenous city north of Mexico, for the point, what is this Mississippian culture archaeological site across the river from St. Louis?

Cahokia

Isayevich) Solzhenitsyn BONUS: A 1968 Solzhenitsyn novel is titled for a facility that treats this disease, which protagonist Oleg Kostoglotov analogizes to Stalinism.

Cancer

(6) The term "redlegs" referred to impoverished inhabitants of several islands in this body of water. The preacher Paul Bogle led a protest among inhabitants of an island in this body of water during the Morant Bay Rebellion. A Welshman who became lieutenant governor of an island in this body of water was Henry Morgan, who clashed with that island's maroon population. Sugar plantations were built on islands in this body of water's Lesser Antilles. For ten points, name this formerly pirate-infested sea containing Puerto Rico and Jamaica.

Caribbean Sea (accept Mar Caribe; or Mer des Caraïbes; or Kiaribiyan Sii; or Laman Karibe; or Caraibische Zee) BONUS: What Caribbean island contributed it's oil facilities to the Allied war effort following the Netherlands' capitulation in World War Two? Aruba

(1) This man criticized the use of wet nurses and advocated for breastfeeding by mothers in a 1752 thesis titled Nutrix Noverca. This man had to flee Hamburg after angering its mayor when he declared that a seven-headed hydra corpse he possessed was fake. Peter Forsskål, who died while on an expedition in Yemen, was among the seventeen dedicated "apostles" of this man. The author of Systema Naturae, for ten points, what Swedish naturalist is often called the "father of modern taxonomy"?

Carl Linnaeus (or Carolus Linnaeus; accept Carolus a Linné)

(1) Though he was never Speaker, this politician served as Dean of the House of Representatives after Sam Rayburn. With Park Trammel, this politician named a bill that authorized the creation of new warships. Considered the "Father of the Two-Ocean Navy," (+) this politician had the rare honor of having an aircraft carrier named after him while he was still alive. A landmark in the Ellsworth Mountains is also named after this Georgia congressman and is the southernmost of the Seven (*) Summits. For ten points, name this ally of William Halsey and namesake of the highest peak in Antarctica.

Carl Vinson (accept Vinson‐Trammel Act; accept USS Carl Vinson; accept Vinson Massif)

accept First French Empire; accept Second French Empire; accept French Second Republic; accept French Third Republic) BONUS: Georges Bizet [[bee-ZEH]], another French composer, set this opera in the historical bull-fighting scene of the south of Spain.

Carmen=

(7) Concerning the wives and mistresses of the King Henry VIII of England, name the...Final wife whose book Prayers or Meditations was the first published by an English queen under her own name.

Catherine Parr (prompt on "Catherine")

9) One leader of this name feuded with his ally Valerius Flaccus [[FLAH-kus]] over the Oppian Law. Another leader of this name pioneered the use of the filibuster to force his rivals to choose between a triumph or a consulship. That leader of this name committed suicide at Utica [["you"-TEE-kah]] after the collapse of the Optimates [[op-tee-MAH-tehs]]. For the point, give this name shared by a "Younger" who opposed Julius Caesar and an "Elder" who ended all of his speeches with "Carthago Delenda Est", or "Carthage must be destroyed!"

Cato

(3) This man served as governor of Cyprus before being elected tribune in 62 BC. This member of the Optimates was notoriously resistant to bribes and accused his rival of being a part of the Catiline Conspiracy. One anecdote from that rivalry involved this man publicly reading a love letter from his half-sister, Servilia. An opponent of the First Triumvirate, for ten points, who was this Roman senator and rival of Julius Caesar, the great-grandson of an orator known for ending speeches with the line, "Carthage must be destroyed"?

Cato the Younger (or Cato Minor; accept Marcus Porcius Cato Uticensis; prompt on "Cato" or "Marcus Porcius Cato"; do not accept or prompt on "Cato the Elder"

s)") BONUS: A 1961 standoff occurred just after the creation of the Berlin Wall at which major crossing between East and West Berlin?

Checkpoint Charlie

prompt on "Swamp Fox" before mentioned) BONUS: During the French and Indian war, Francis Marion led a protracted and brutal campaign against which southern indigenous tribe, developing his techniques of irregular warfare?

Cherokee

(1) A faction of this tribe were led by the only Native American to reach the rank of general during the U.S. Civil War, Stand Watie, while fighting for the Confederacy. 19th century writer John Howard Payne wrote an oral historiography of this people after being (+) invited as a guest of Chief John Ross. A syllabary was created for this people's language by the polymath (*) Sequoyah. For ten points, name these indigenous people of the American South, the largest of the "Five Civilized" tribes who experienced the "Trail of Tears."

Cherokee (or Anigiduwagi; or Tsalagi) BONUS What work camps were utilized by the Soviet Union to deport political dissidents and other "undesirables" to Siberia? Gulags

15) Jeb Bush gave a sword once owned by this man to Marco Rubio, in reference to a Bush family joke about "unleashing" this man. After this man's regime was targeted in the February 28 Incident, he launched a "White Terror" against dissidents. This man was kidnapped along with his top generals in the 1936 Xi'an [[SHEE-ahn]] Incident in order to force him to ally with the Communists against Japan. For the point, name this leader of the Kuomintang [[gwoh-min-DONG]] who lost the Chinese Civil War and headed the government of Taiwan until his 1975 death.

Chiang Kai-shek

(7) Holmes Colbert helped write the constitution of this tribe, whose language inspired the name of William Faulkner's Yoknapatawpha [[yok-nah-pah-TAW-fah]] County. A member of Billy the Kid's gang, named Fred Waite, was born in this tribe's "Nation." The Impsaktea and the Intcutwalipa [[eent-koot-wah-LEE-pah]] are two divisions of this tribe, which signed the 1818 Treaty of Tuscaloosa, contributing to Jackson's Purchase. Along with the Seminoles, Creek, Cherokee and Choctaw, this group that contemporary whites called the "Five Civilized Tribes." For ten points, name this tribe of the Southeast Woodlands.

Chickasaw (accept Chikashsha) BONUS Fred Waite's middle name was inspired by what Native American chief whose sibling was known as "The Prophet"? Tecumseh

accept Japanese Socialist Party; or Socialist Party of America; or National Socialists) BONUS: Helmut Kohl, Konrad Adenauer, and Angela Merkel were all Chancellors from what long-dominant German political party?

Christian-Democratic Union of Germany

(7) Members of this organization, Rafael Ramos and Wenjian Liu, were killed in 2014 by a man who was outraged at the release of Daniel Pantaleo. The Knapp Commission was created to investigate this organization, several of whose members approached a man thought to have been selling (+) cigarettes lacking tax stamps. That man, Eric Garner, was put into a chokehold by members of this organization whose highest-ranking women have included Juanita Holmes and (*) Keechant Sewell. For ten points, name this law enforcement agency operating in boroughs including Manhattan.

City of New York Police Department (or NYPD)

(9) Members of this organization, Rafael Ramos and Wenjian Liu, were killed in 2014 by a man who was outraged at the release of Daniel Pantaleo. The Knapp Commission was created to investigate this organization, several of whose members approached a man thought to have been selling (+) cigarettes lacking tax stamps. That man, Eric Garner, was put into a chokehold by members of this organization whose highest-ranking women have included Juanita Holmes and (*) Keechant Sewell. For ten points, name this law enforcement agency operating in boroughs including Manhattan.

City of New York Police Department (or NYPD)

*) of the Century." For ten points, name this prominent criminal defense attorney who defended Leopold and Loeb [[LOBE]], as well as John Scopes, in the "Monkey Trial."

Clarence Darrow

(1) Runic Stone 194 in Uppland recounts how this monarch gave a local jarl [[YARL]] named Alli a danegeld following his conquest of a foreign land. Pope John XIX [[the nineteenth]] was sent a letter by this ruler in an effort to mediate a conflict between the Archbishops (+) of Canterbury and Bremen. This man organized a mercenary force with 200 longships to depose Edmund Ironsides, king of England, culminating in this mans' successful Siege of London. The North-Sea (*) Empire of the early 11th century was formed by, for ten points, which son of Sweyn [[SVEHN]] Forkbeard?

Cnut the Great (accept Canute) Following the death of Julius Caesar, which of his political allies introduced a bill that abolished the dictatorship before joining Octavian in the Second Triumvirate? Mark Antony (accept Marcus Antonius)

(1) The Kentucky National Guard clashed with workers in this industry at the Battle of Evarts during the larger Harlan County Wars. Ten thousand armed men in this industry with support from the (+) UMW clashed with the strikebreakers known as the Logan Defenders at the Battle of Blair Mountain, the largest (*) labor uprising in U.S. history. Exposure to the "dust" of, for ten points, what mined resource causes "Black Lung" disease?

Coal (accept Coal Industry; prompt on "Mining" before mentioned) BONUS: Which stadtholder of the Netherlands took the English throne following the Glorious Revolution? ANSWER: William of Orange (prompt on partial answer; or William III of England; or William II of Scotland)

(1) Tony Palmer and Edmund Harjo [[HAR-joh]] were among these specific people who were recognized by a 2008 act, and a 2002 film directed by John Woo and starring Nicholas Cage focuses on these specific people. A recommendation to the Marine Corps regarding the uniqueness of the Na-Dene [[nah DEH-nay]] family may have prompted the hiring of these people, who used the term iron fish to describe submarines. Many Navajo worked as these people, who used simple substitution ciphers. For ten points, name this wartime occupation of bilingual indigenous people who communicated secretly.

Code Talkers (accept any answer regarding specific tribes or ethnic groups Code Talking such as "Navajo Code Talker"; accept Code Talkers Recognition Act; accept Windtalkers) BONUS: Among the tribes that made up the Code Talkers were what noted horsemen sometimes referred to as "Lords of the Plains"? A Finnish historian argued in a 2008 book that their landholdings in modern Texas, Oklahoma, and New Mexico comprised an "Empire." Comanche (or Nʉmʉnʉʉ; accept Comancheria; or Nʉmʉnʉʉ Sookobitʉ; prompt on "The People")

(2) An object set in place by this act was preceded by an object depicting the "Fugio." This act created an institution whose officers included an engraver, and this act authorized the creation of a building whose cornerstone was laid by David Rittenhouse. Harsh penalties against "debasement" were listed in this act, which authorized half and quarter eagles and called for an inscription of "United States of America" on certain gold and silver objects. Creating the U.S. Mint, for ten points, what was this act that dealt with hard currency?

Coinage Act of 1792 (accept Mint Act before "Mint" is mentioned) BONUS: The Fugio Cent was also named for what Founding Father who designed the coin and placed the aphorism, "Mind Your Business" along the bottom? Benjamin Franklin (accept Franklin Cent; accept Franklin penny)

(1) Concerning the Second Red Scare, name the...Ideology it targeted, of which the Soviet Union was an advocate.

Communism (accept Stalinism; generously accept other variants or specific kinds of Communism; prompt on "Socialism")

*) Two. For ten points, name these devices that rapidly carry out mathematical operations, the "science" for which was pioneered by Alan Turing.

Computers

(8) Concerning the medieval order of Assassins, name the...De facto king of Jerusalem whom they killed during the 3rd Crusade while disguised as Christian monks.

Conrad of Montferrat (or Conrad I; or Corrado del Monferrato; or Conrà ëd Monfrà)

or Alexander Hamilton Stephens) BONUS: In this March 1861 speech, Stephens used the metaphor of a building block to explain that slavery was the foundational idea of the Confederacy.

Cornerstone speech=

12) A notable catechism that came out of this event was developed primarily by Carlo Borromeo. This council authorized Paul III to begin developing what would become the Gregorian Calendar. This council officially reaffirmed the traditional books of the Bible and developed a namesake mass that would be in use for the next four hundred years. Denouncing the concept of "justification by faith alone," for the point, what Church council condemned the teachings of Martin Luther and began the Counter-Reformation?

Council of Trent

3) A John Tyler-led "Peace Conference" at the Willard Hotel created a seven-point plan similar to this proposal in an effort to attract mass Republican support. This bill aimed to ban all future congresses from prohibiting slavery as well as to modify the Fugitive Slave Act to have structured payment plans for slaveholders whose slaves escaped. This bill aimed to revive the Missouri Compromise line at the latitude of 36° 30 [[thirty-six thirty]]. For the point, name last-ditch effort to avert the U.S. Civil War, an unpassed "Compromise" named for a Kentucky senator.

Crittenden Compromise

9) According to Herodotus, a plan suggested by this client-king led to the death of Cyrus the Great while in battle with the Scythian Massagetae people. This king undertook the philosophical discussion known as "Which man is Happy?" with the Greek sage Solon, who suggested material wealth was too fickle to equate to happiness. This man's wife supposedly killed herself after the fall of his capital, Sardis. The first minting of metal coins is credited to, for ten points, which extremely wealthy, semi-mythological king of Lydia?

Croesus

(9) This man, who founded and led the National Union of Mineworkers in the 1980s, was implicated in the violent Marikana massacre against striking miners. This Soweto-born politician lost a 1997 presidential election to fellow party member Thabo Mbeki [[mm-BEHkee]]. In July 2021, this politician deployed the National Guard to the states of Gauteng and KwaZulu-Natal after the arrest of his predecessor, Jacob Zuma, caused riots and looting. For ten points, name this ANC politician and president of South Africa.

Cyril Ramaphosa (or Matamela Cyril Ramaphosa)

*) Bush was, for ten points, which Indiana politician?

Dan Quayle

33) Confucius outlined the beneficial type of this artform as yayue, labelling it essential for self-cultivation in the Analects. Art found in Mohenjo-Daro depicts a bronze statue of a girl performing this activity, seen with her hand on her hip. Plantation slaves developed one of these artistic performances known as the "cakewalk" in a subtle mockery of their slaveholding owners. The Cha-Cha and Waltz are types of, for the point, what kind of rhythmic movement often done with a partner?

Dance

(2) Paracelsus [[pah-rah-SEL-sus]] believed this phenomenon occurred due to "overheated blood," while local burghers attempted to end this craze by clearing the open-air grain market for two weeks. One theory concerning this phenomenon claims German peasants (+) were exposed to the psychoactive ergot [[ER-got]] fungi occasionally found in rye bread. People afflicted with this phenomenon were brought to the grotto of St. Vitus. (*) 16th century Strasbourg was struck with, for ten points, what "Plague" during which people gyrated uncontrollably?

Dancing Plague (or Dancing Mania; accept St. Vitus's Dance)

(3) Concerning the Suez Crisis, name the...Prime Minister of Israel who was advised to attack Egypt at the behest of his high command.

David Ben-Gurion

(2) The "Garden Suburb" advised this prime minister, who claimed that one general had "proved himself to be a Man." After a meeting with Berthier de Sauvigny [[soh-veen-YEE]], this man determined to make that general, Robert Nivelle, the commander of his own countryman, Douglas Haig. A proposal to levy land taxes on the wealthy was introduced in this man's "People's Budget" which was presented the decade before he led his country through a war that included the Battle of Verdun. For ten points, name this World War One British prime minister, a member of the Big Three at Versailles.

David Lloyd George (accept 1st Earl Lloyd-George of Dwyfor; prompt on partial answer) BONUS David Lloyd George helped orchestrate a 1918 coalition victory in the general election by sending out what letters of endorsement? Coalition Coupons (accept the Coupon Election)

(7) William F. Packer defeated this man in one election, preventing him from becoming the first Republican governor of Pennsylvania. This politician stated that "Slavery has within itself the seeds of its own destruction" in a speech given before running for Speaker (+) of the House in 1849 as a Free Soil candidate. Jacob Brinkerhoff and Gideon Welles assisted in drafting a bill named for this man that arose from fears that Polk was promoting (*) Southern interests through war. For ten points, give this namesake of an unpassed bill that would have banned slavery in territory gained during the Mexican-American War.

David Wilmot (accept Wilmot Proviso)

(7) Concerning military innovations during World War One, name the...Striped camouflage used to make merchant ships harder to hunt.

Dazzle Camouflage (accept Razzle Dazzle; or Dazzle Painting)

(3) A document confirming this event replaced one letter of its central figure's name with a "V" and was found in Ostrow. Snowy Evans and Cedric Popkin were involved in this event, the central figure of which was followed by Wop May prior to it. After passing Morlancourt Ridge, close to the Somme, this event's central figure was engaged by a Sopwith Camel before being forced to land his Fokker. Occurring after its central figure allegedly said "kaput," for ten points, what was this event in which a German flying ace was shot down?

Death of the Red Baron (accept Death of Baron Manfred Albrecht Freiherr von Richthofen; accept clear-knowledge equivalents in place of "death", like "killing"; prompt on answers that only involve a plane being downed) BONUS: The Red Baron led a group known by what two-word English name, perhaps given in reference to their acrobatics? : "Flying Circus" (accept Der Fliegende Zirkus; prompt on "Jagdgeschwader I" or "JG I")

(4) Who or what from the history of Turkey was the...English translation of the Turkish phrase "derin devlet" referring to unelected interests that wield true power?

Deep state

*) donkey, for ten points, what U.S. political party opposes the Republicans?

Democratic Party

(4) After the 1977 elections in this country, the UTHR-J organization accused the United National Party of orchestrating pogroms against this nation's second largest ethnic group. A 1983 pogrom in this country, called Black July, helped spark the first phase of this country's Eelam War One. This country became a republic and received its current name under the premiership of Sirimavo Bandaranaike [[bahn-dar-ah-NYE-keh]] in 1972. For ten points, name this South Asian country where a 25-year civil war ended in 2009 after this country's predominantly Sinhalese government defeated the Tamil Tigers.

Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (or Ilaṅkai; do not accept or prompt on "Ceylon" since all clues are post-1972) BONUS: During the Sri Lankan Civil War, the Tamil Tigers occupied this northern city for much of the 1990s. Prior to the Civil War, this city, which sits on a namesake peninsula, was the second largest in Sri Lanka. Jaffna (or Yāḻppāṇam; or Yāpanaya)

(7) 15th century historian Mustafa Ali justified this system by writing, "War captives constituted as captured loot, and thus was allowed under sharia." Ahmet III formally abolished this system following a series of insurrections from its beneficiaries. (+) This system, from which Jewish and Roma people were exempt due to being "Protected nations," was created by Murad I to counteract the influence of Turkish (*) nobles with Western vassal-soldiers. The Ottomans utilized, for ten points, what method of child levies on Christian subjects to populate their Janissary Corps?

Devshirme (accept Devşirme; prompt on "Child levy" or "Blood tax")

(3) Concerning the assassination of the first openly gay California politician, Harvey Milk, name the...Female California senator who served as interim mayor following the assassinations.

Dianne Feinstein (or Dianne Emiel Feinstein; or Dianne Emiel Berman; or Dianne Emiel Blum; or Dianne Emiel Goldman)

4) This artist depicted a chain of the Order of the Golden Fleece adorning the neck of the title royal in Philip IV in Brown and Silver. One of this man's earlier artistic focuses was on scenes from the kitchen, as shown in his painting An Old Woman Cooking Eggs. One of this man's works shows the ladies-in-waiting of La Infanta Margherita in the court of her father. For ten points, name this Spanish Golden Age artist who created the painting Las Meninas.

Diego Velázquez

6) While serving as a captain in the German army, Otto Jaekal [[YEH-kul]] excavated for these animals in the mines of the occupied Belgian town of Bernissart. The rivalry between American scientists Edward Drinker Cope and Othniel Charles Marsh led to the "Bone Wars," a period of discovery of this general class of animals. The ancient Chinese believed to have found "dragon bones" after discovering the remains of, for ten points, what general class of reptiles which include T. Rex?

Dinosaurs

11) With Shah Narseh, this ruler signed the Peace of Nisibis, giving his empire suzerainty over the kingdom of Iberia in the Caucasus. This ruler ordered the ineffective "Edict on the Maximum Prices" following a series of currency debasements during the Crisis of the Third Century. With his co-ruler, Maximian, this man ordered a massacre of the "20,000 Martyrs of Nicomedia," part of larger set of Christian persecutions named for this emperor. For the point, name this Roman emperor of Greek descent who established the Tetrarchy.

Diocletian

(6) A thirty-five year study by this scientist was inspired by a sample of crystalline insulin provided by Robert Robinson. Along with Barbara Low, this scientist discovered that the structure of penicillin contained the B-lactam ring. The first structure of a steroid, cholesteryl iodide, was discovered by C.H. Carlisle and this scientist. In 1964, this woman won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for discovering the structure of vitamin B12. For ten points, which British chemist pioneered the use of X-Ray crystallography to determine the structures of biomolecules?

Dorothy Hodgkin (or Dorothy Mary Crowfoot; or Dorothy Mary Hodgkin)

8) A ruler of this duchy called for a crusade at the Feast of the Pheasant. Another ruler of this region organized the League of the Public Weal and was killed at the Battle of Nancy [[non-SEE]] while invading Switzerland. Charles the Bold and Philip the Good ruled this duchy, which names a French noble house that allied with England in the Hundred Years' War after John the Fearless was killed on a bridge at Montereau [[mon-TROH]]. For the point, name this duchy that once controlled much of Franche-Comte [[FRONSH caw-TAY]] and the Low Countries before being incorporated into France.

Duchy of Burgundy

(3) Concerning the Second Red Scare, name the...Successor of Harry Truman who initially ignored the fear-mongering tactics of politicians.

Dwight D(avid) "Ike" Eisenhower

(5) Concerning the Basque region of Spain and France, name the...Separatist organization that blew up the car of Francoist general Luis Carrero Blanco.

ETA (or Euskadi Ta Askatasuna)

(7) Between 1854 and 1855, three of these events named Tokai, Nankai, and Edo were collectively known as the Ansei. The military murdered an estimated 6,000 Koreans and socialists who they believed caused one of these events. Goto Shinpei led infrastructure projects following a 1923 example of these events, which mostly did not impact Frank Lloyd Wright's Imperial Hotel. For ten points, name these natural disasters that included the Great Kanto, which destroyed many buildings in Japan.

Earthquakes (accept 1923 Great Kanto earthquake)

10) After learning about this conflict, Eoin [["Owen"]] MacNeill placed a last-minute newscast advising people not to join the Cumann na mBan [[na MON]] and James Connolly's citizen army in this conflict. Following Patrick Pearse's surrender to General Lowe to end this conflict, sixteen rebel leaders were executed. This uprising saw the occupation of the General Post Office and declaration of a republic. For the point, name this armed insurrection of Irish republicans that took place during an eponymous week.

Easter Rising

(1) With Michel Ange Bernard Mangourit, this man organized an expedition led by former members of the Pulaski Legion to conquer Spanish Florida. This son-in-law of vice president George Clinton was forced to seek asylum after the Montagnards [[mohn-tahnYAHRDS]] seized power and ousted him. Arriving on the Embuscade [[ehm-boo-SKAHD]], this diplomat's mission to the U.S. led to a 1793 attempt to recruit American privateers to fight the British during the Napoleonic Wars. For ten points, name this diplomat and "Citizen" who sparked a mild controversy in the early American Republic.

Edmond-Charles Genêt [[zheh-NEH]] (or Citizen Genêt) BONUS: Genêt was appointed U.S. envoy by what liberal faction of the French Revolution? Their downfall was spurred on by the writings of Jean-Paul Marat. Girondins [[zhee-rohn-DAHN]] (or Girondists)

*) Wallace of Scotland. For ten points, name this English king who was nicknamed for his height.

Edward I of England

(4) Concerning the wives and mistresses of the King Henry VIII of England, name the...Only son of Henry VIII who appointed Lady Jane Grey as his heir.

Edward VI [[the Sixth]]

(4)Concerning the wives and mistresses of the King Henry VIII of England, name the... Only son of Henry VIII who appointed Lady Jane Grey as his heir.

Edward VI [[the Sixth]]

accept Mansa Musa; or Mansa Sundiata Keita; Mansa Mohammed Ibn Gao) BONUS: Which son of King Edward III captured John II of France at the Battle of Poitiers [[pwah-TYEH]] and was the most successful English commander of the Hundred Years' War before dying of dysentery at Westminster Palace?

Edward, the Black Prince

2) One leader of this nation launched the Infitah [[in-fee-TAH]] policy, which "opened the door" to western investment. During a parade celebrating Operation Badr [[BAD-er]] in this nation, that leader was assassinated by members of the Islamic Jihad. Protests in this country's Tahrir Square in 2011 led to the ousting of long-time president Hosni Mubarak. Since 2014, Abdel Fattah el-Sisi has served as president of, for ten points, what Arab nation governed from Cairo?

Egypt

(1) Concerning the Suez Crisis, name the...Middle Eastern power who nationalized the canal, starting the period of tension.

Egypt (or Misr; accept Arab Republic of Egypt; or Jumhūrīyat Miṣr al-ʻArabīyah; or Gomhoreyyet Maṣr el-ʿArabeyya)

*) Union, though in 1933 it became the only amendment in U.S. history to be repealed. For ten points, name this constitutional amendment that began Prohibition and banned alcohol in the United States.

Eighteenth Amendment

(2) Concerning the wives and mistresses of the King Henry VIII of England, name the...Only daughter he had with Anne Boleyn, known as the "Virgin Queen."

Elizabeth I (accept Virgin Queen before it is mentioned)

(10) In reference to this politician, a billionaire once said, "Please don't call the manager on me." This politician claimed that a certain quality "has been part of my story, I guess, since the day I was born." Elon Musk once compared this politician to his "friend's angry mom" and referred to her as "Karen" while noting his high tax contributions. During his first presidential campaign, Donald Trump repeatedly called this woman "Pocahontas" in reference to her claims of being part-Native American. For ten points, name this progressive Democratic Massachusetts senator.

Elizabeth Warren (or Elizabeth Ann Warren; accept Elizabeth Ann Herring)

*) Antietam. For ten points, name this 1863 document released by Abraham Lincoln, which freed slaves in secessionist states.

Emancipation Proclamation

(3) This act was meant to pressure another country into repealing its Orders in Council. This act was opposed by Secretary of the Treasury Albert Gallatin, who proposed Macon's Bill Number One as an alternative. This act was passed in response to the ChesapeakeLeopard Affair and was represented in a comic depicting a snapping turtle biting the backside of a man who complains, "This cursed Ograbme." For ten points, name this act, promoted by Thomas Jefferson, that blocked foreign trade in response to British naval impressment.

Embargo Act of 1807

(6) Concerning Spartan life, name the...Council of five "overseers" who acted as ambassadors for the state.

Ephors

5) Alberto Korda took photograph of this man, a trained doctor, who responded to the disaster at a memorial service for the La Coubre explosion. This man described the need to rid his continent of the "Yankee-Friend" and how he met a Communist miner in his memoir The Motorcycle Diaries. After attempting to start a revolution in Bolivia, this man was killed with help from the CIA in 1967. For the point, name this Marxist revolutionary who was integral to the Cuban Revolution.

Ernesto "Che" Guevara

(5) Elders from this group read scripture underneath multi-colored umbrellas on a holiday known as Sigd, or Mehlella. In one country, the "Blood Bank Affair" banned these people from giving blood out of fear of HIV. Operations Joshua and Solomon airlifted this group to one country, at the time led by Yitzhak Shamir. Members of this group who convert to Christianity to seek a better life are called Falash Mura. Referred to as "exiles" in Amharic, for ten points, what minority religious community has largely emigrated to Israel from Africa?

Ethiopian Jews (accept Beta Israel; accept Falash Mura or Falashas before "Falash"; prompt on "Jews")

(7) This structure was completed in 1957 under the direction of William H. Pickering, and flooding nearly destroyed the particle accelerator chamber in which the data tapes for this structure were archived. This structure was equipped with a cosmic ray detector codesigned by graduate students in a basement of a physics building. The radiation belts that this structure discovered were named after physicist James Van Allen. For ten points, what was this first satellite launched by NASA?

Explorer 1 (prompt on "Explorer")

(10) Alejandro Lanusse contrasts this event with one on October 17, 1945 that involved "the masses imposing their will." Jorge Osinde hired a group of 300 men who took part in this event despite being tasked with defending a target of it. Hector Campora (+) was present at this event, which occurred amid a gathering of over three million people witnessing the return of a leader from an (*) eighteen-year exile in Spain. Taking place near a namesake airport, for ten points, what was this 1973 attack in which snipers fired into a crowd of Juan Perón supporters in Buenos Aires?

Ezeiza Massacre (accept attack at Ezeiza International Airport or clearknowledge equivalents)

(5) Concerning the Andean nation of Colombia, name the...Marxist insurgent group which agreed to a truce after negotiations with Juan Manuel Santos.

FARC (accept Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia; or Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia)

8) The medieval Malla family created the Khasa Kingdom in this modern-day nation. This country's forces dealt major losses to British forces at Nalapani before signing the Treaty of Sugauli. In this nation, Crown Prince Dipendra [[dee-PEHN-drah]] orchestrated a 2001 massacre of ten members of the House of Gorkha, including his father and mother. Edmund Hillary summited Mount Everest with Tenzing Norgay, a Sherpa from, for the point, which mountainous South Asian country?

Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal

*) ended in, for ten points, what century of the late Middle Ages?

Fifteenth Century

4) The Postmaster General in the Harding Cabinet, Will H. Hays, names a regulatory "Code" for this industry, which banned depictions of "homosexuality" and "unnecessary violence." The revival of the Second Ku Klux Klan in Stone Mountain, Georgia was sparked by a production in this industry called Birth of a Nation. For ten points, name this industry whose studios were forbidden from owning theaters in the court case United States v. Paramount Pictures.

Film

(9) The 154th episode of Top Gear focuses on the hosts' attempt to do this task. One man who attempted to complete this task, with the help of James Grant, died in what may have been a suicide the day before a scheduled debate about that attempt. Richard Burton was a rival of the aforementioned man, who claimed to have done this task shortly after Lake Tanganyika was discovered. John Hanning Speke claimed to have accomplished this task, which David Livingstone later attempted. For ten points, name this task of locating a place, the location of which is still debated today.

Finding the Source of the Nile River (prompt on answers involving the confluence of the White and Blue Nile; accept equivalents in place of "finding"; prompt on "Nile"; prompt on "Blue Nile" or "White Nile" or "T'ik'uri Abayi" or "an-Nil al-ʾAzraqu" or "an-nil al-'abyad") BONUSRichard Burton was also known for his widely read 1885 translation of this literary work. One Thousand and One Nights (accept The Arabian Nights; accept The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night: A Plain and Literal Translation of the Arabian Nights Entertainment; accept The Arabian Nights' Entertainment)

(8)Concerning the United States under the Articles of Confederation, name the... Standing army primarily tasked with protecting the frontier.

First American Regiment (accept Harmar's Regiment; accept United States Regiment; accept First Sub-Legion) (1) Concerning Spartan life, name the...Mythic hero and son of Zeus from whom the kings claimed to have descended. ANSWER: Heracles (accept Hercules)

16) This period was partially fueled by students of William Tennent at the Log College. Richard Bushman claims that the divide between the "Old Lights" and "New Lights" in this period led to political factionalism in Connecticut. In an oration from this period, the speaker compares the salvation of man to holding a spider over a fire. Jonathan Edwards gave his "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" sermon during, for the point, what period of religious revival in the 1730s and 40s?

First Great Awakening

(5) The book What the Eyes Don't See chronicles this event, during which Doctor Mona Hanna-Attisha founded an organization to deal with its effects. An outbreak of Legionnaires' Disease coincided with this event, which led to charges being sought against Rick Snyder. Leaching resulting from a lack of corrosion inhibitors partly caused this event, which occurred after a source of its central good was no longer treated at a sewage plant. For ten points, name this 2014-2019 public health crisis that affected a Michigan city.

Flint Water Crisis (accept descriptive answers of the water crisis in Flint) BONUS: In 1936 and 1937, Flint witnessed what kind of protest which centered on a General Motors Plant? As part of these protests, workers occupy their workstations without performing any work. Sit-Down Strike (accept Flint Sit-Down Strike; or General Motors Sit-Down Strike; or Great GM Sit-Down Strike; do not accept or prompt on "Sit-In")

8) Roy Choi created a popular variety of these objects in southern California known as Kogi. A variety of these objects that often frequent construction sites are known as "roach coaches." In accordance with its roots, a popular New England variety of these objects called Roxy's sells a product known as the Green Muenster. These objects may have grown out of the chuck wagon. In the 1970s, Raul Martinez pioneered the use of these objects to sell tacos. For ten points, name these vehicles where one can grab a meal.

Food Trucks

(6) William Johnson helped negotiate a treaty at this location in which the U.S. gained land in one state via the New Purchase. That treaty, signed at this place, involved the sale of 127,000 acres of land to George Croghan [[KROH-an]], a fur trader from the Ohio (+) Country. A 1784 treaty signed at this place dealt with land one side acquired during the Beaver Wars. A treaty aiming to update boundaries, following the Royal Proclamation of 1763, was signed at this place by one member of each of the Six (*) Nations. For ten points, name this "Fort" in Rome, New York where two treaties were signed by the Iroquois Confederacy.

Fort Stanwix (accept Treaty of Fort Stanwix; prompt on "Rome", New York)

(6) A numerically superior force under James Abercrombie failed to take this location, which was fortified with a lengthy series of abatis, or sharpened tree branches. This fort was originally built by the French and was known as Fort (+) Carillon [[cah-ree-YOHN]]. Ethan Allen supposedly woke up the commander defending this location after he took it in a surprise attack with a small force of (*) Green Mountain Boys. For ten points, identify this fort located near the south end of Lake Champlain in Northern New York.

Fort Ticonderoga (accept Fort Carillon before mentioned)

accept "Revolt" or "Insurrection" for "Rebellion") BONUS: Mao Zedong was opposed by a "Gang of" this many people, led by his wife? A "Big" group of this many heads of states met at the Versailles Peace Conference.

Four

27) Members of the 18th-century European aristocracy participated in a sport involving tossing these animals while dressed up as heroes from Greco-Roman myth. It's not weasels, but a Norman king with a nickname derived from this animal conquered much of southern Italy and the island of Sicily in the 11th century. Francis Marion was dubbed the "Swamp" [this animal] during the American Revolution, and Erwin Rommel was called the "Desert" [this animal]. For the point, identify this canid that often provides a nickname to wily historical figures.

Foxes

2) It's not Portugal, but The Lusiads inspired this nation's opera L'Africaine [[lah-freeKEHN]], about the historical Vasco da Gama. A member of this nation's Les Six [[LEH SEE]] was inspired by the martyrdom of a convent of nuns to write his Dialogues of the Carmelites. The composer of The Carnival of the Animals was from this nation, as was the composer of Clair de Lune. For ten points, name this European nation, home to composers like Camille Saint-Saëns [[kah-MEEL san-SAHN]] and Claude Debussy [[klohd deh-byoo-SEE]].

France

3) This attorney charged that Reuben Crandall's publications instigated slaves to rebel in the leadup to the Snow Riot. This man served as a defense lawyer for Sam Houston after he caned William Stanbery. This man was detained aboard the HMS Tonnant to negotiate the release of William Beanes, during which time he wrote a poem that mentions "the shore dimly seen through the mists of the deep." For ten points, name this lawyer, who wrote a poem about the shelling of Fort McHenry that would later become "The Star-Spangled Banner."

Francis Scott Key BONUS: Key led which "Society" which facilitated the passage of Free Black people to settlements predominantly in West Africa? ANSWER: American Colonization Society=

5) This man's body was allegedly placed in a glass coffin, but a team of forensic scientists discovered it was incorrectly identified. After this man executed the loser of the Battle of Cajamarca [[kah-hah-MAHR-kah]], this man had two sons with his widow, renamed Dona Angelina. This man's life ended when supporters of Diego de Almagro's son stormed a palace and assassinated him, making Almagro the new Governor of Peru. For ten points, name this conquistador who founded Lima after destroying the Inca Empire.

Francisco Pizarro

accept Republic of Peru; or República del Perú; accept Piruw Ripuwlika; accept Piruw Suyu) BONUS: This Spanish conquistador conquered the Inca people of Peru in 1532 after winning the Battle of Cajamarca [[KAH-hah-MAR-kuh]].

Francisco Pizarro

(1) Western artist Frederic Remington depicted this man in the landscape painting [this explorer] Heads out North, showing him accompanied by native scouts. The "Conquest of (+) Cibola" was undertaken by this man, whose expeditions led to the defeat of Zuni and other Pueblo people but found very few precious metals. The discovery of the legendary city of El (*) Dorado was the goal of, for ten points, which conquistador who explored much of the Southwestern U.S. in the early 1540s?

Francisco Vázquez de Coronado (or Francisco Vázquez de Coronado y Luján) BONUSWhich Eastern Algonquin people were confused with a similarly named Connecticut tribe in an early American novel by James Fenimore Cooper? Mohicans (accept The Last of the Mohicans; accept Mahegans, the tribe mentioned)

or Musée du Louvre; accept Louvre Palace; or Palais du Louvre) BONUS: The Grand Louvre revitalization project was encouraged by which socialist French president of the late 20th century, the architect of the Maastricht Treaty with German chancellor Helmut Kohl?

Francois Mitterand

(2) Historian Frank Tipton said of this man, "What would have happened had his father died sooner or if he himself lived longer?" This man asked, "Why did Bergmann put his finger in my throat?" after the doctor misplaced a cannula during an operation. The Antisemitic (+) Petition was denounced by this man as a "shameful blot on our time." Married to the eldest child of Prince Albert (*) and Queen Victoria, for ten points, what German emperor succeeded his father, William I, and had a reign of only 99 days in the Year of the Three Emperors?

Frederick III (or Friedrich III; prompt on "Fritz")

9) With his officers, this leader organized the Bayard Order to put on plays and patronize the arts. Voltaire revised this man's essay Anti-Machiavel, which was a scathing critique of cynicism in The Prince. This leader nearly ran away to England with his male lover, Hans Hermann von Katte, though he was caught and forced to watch Katte's execution by his father, Frederick William. For ten points, name this Crown Prince-turned-King of Prussia, who became famous for his military genius.

Frederick the Great

(6) The pronounced size of the cartridge pouches used by members of this unit led Russians to refer to them as "leatherbellies." A wooden hand that belonged to one of this group's commanders is an honored relic of this unit. The Army of Africa included this unit, which often fought alongside the zouaves [[ZWAHV]]. Six "national battalions" once comprised this group, including one entirely of Poles. Participating in its country's colonization efforts in Algeria, this unit's members are provided with honorary citizenship. For ten points, name this storied French military unit which allows expatriates to join.

French Foreign Legion (accept Légion étrangère; or FFL) BONUS: What bullpup rifle popularly used by the French was nicknamed "The Bugle"? It was developed a year after the similar Austrian Steyr AUG. FAMAS (accept Fusil d'Assaut de la Manufacture d'Armes de Saint-Étienne)

(1) Inmates at the Prison of the Annamites in this department revolted against poor conditions in Inini. In the 1880s, this region fought a border-war with Brazil over the independent state of Counani. A man cried "Long live France! Long live the Army!" after being sentenced to life imprisonment in a penal colony in this region, from which Henri Charrière [[shah-ree-YAY]] escaped, as recounted in his novel Papillon [[pah-pee-YOHN]]. The European Space Agency constructed its primary space center in , for ten points, what French overseas region, where Alfred Dreyfus was imprisoned on Devil's Island.

French Guiana (accept La Guyane Française; prompt on "Devil's Island" before mentioned)

or Deutschland; accept German Reich; or Deutsches Reich; accept the Kingdom of Prussia or Königreich Preußen) BONUS: This German philosopher, who stated "God is dead," suggested that human history changed when people went from thinking of "good and bad" to "good and evil."

Friedrich Nietzsche [[NEET-shuh]]

(4) Concerning Valley Forge, name the...Prussian drillmaster who taught tactics to American forces using his "Blue Book."

Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben (or Baron von Steuben; or Friedrich Wilhelm August Heinrich Ferdinand von Steuben)

(1) The leader of this event had his followers march to the Sun Inn to demand the release of a group of prisoners. Participants in this event were pardoned by a president who described them as being "as ignorant of our language as they were of our laws." A $2 million direct tax to fund the Quasi-War was an immediate cause of this event, during which a group of assessors from Quakertown was targeted. John Adams pardoned the leader of this event, which occurred five years after the similar Whiskey Rebellion. For ten points, what was this 1799 to 1800 farmers' rebellion in Pennsylvania?

Fries's Rebellion (accept the House Tax Rebellion; accept the Home Tax Rebellion; accept the Heesses-Wasser Uffschtand; prompt on answers denoting a "Revolt of the Pennsylvania Dutch")

(2) Concerning the Andean nation of Ecuador, name the...Archipelago visited by Charles Darwin where he studied namesake finches.

Galapagos Islands (or Islas Galápagos; accept Archipiélago de Colón; accept Galapagos finches)

4) Opponents of this man called the Erasistrateans resisted his theory that blood flowed through arteries, instead wrongly claiming pneuma did so. This man's records of treating the Antonine Plague while in Aquileia [[ah-KWIH-leh-uh]] led historians to identify the blight as smallpox. This man had his theories from On Anatomical Procedure untested for a millennium, until the 16th-century human dissections of Andreas Vesalius. For ten points, name this extremely influential Greco-Roman physician and scholar who expanded the Hippocratic views on humors.

Galen

(6)Concerning the Prohibition Era in the U.S., name the... Resort city in Texas known as the "Free State" due to being an illicit alcohol and gambling hub run by the Maceos.

Galveston (accept Galveston Island)

(8) Concerning the Prohibition Era in the U.S., name the..."Man in the Green Hat" who sold liquor to congressmen and sold his story to the Washington Post in 1930.

George Cassiday (or George L. Cassiday Sr.)

*) soldiers, for ten points, name this successful American general known as "Old Blood and Guts."

George S

(5) Concerning the U.S. presidential election of 1984, name the...New York representative who was the first female candidate on the presidential ticket of a major party.

Geraldine Ferraro (or Geraldine Anne Ferraro)

4) Members of this group were encouraged to see themselves as "doctors" for a "national body" suffering from "pathogens." Members of this group were called "V-Men." This group, targeted in Operation Carthage and the Aarhus air raid, formed the RHSA's Department Four. Klaus Barbie led this group in Lyon [[leh-OHN]] while it captured prisoners under the Night and Fog Decree. Rudolf Diels was the first head of this group, though it was led for most of World War Two by Heinrich Müller [[MYOO-ler]]. For ten points, name this Nazi secret police directed by SS chief Heinrich Himmler.

Gestapo

*) commerce was upheld in this 19th century court case. The monopoly of Robert Fulton on New York waters was deemed unconstitutional in, for ten points, which 1824 Supreme Court case?

Gibbons v. Ogden

(2) American physician Samuel Gridley Howe wrote a "Historical Sketch" named for this conflict while serving as a surgeon. Prior to this war, the fraternal brotherhood Filiki Eteria attempted to recruit future president, and Tsar Alexander's foreign minister, John Capodistrias (+) to lead this revolt. Eugène Delacroix [[deh-lahKWAH]] immortalized a tragedy during this war in his painting (*) Massacre at Chios [[KYE-ohss]], and Lord Byron died from fever outside Lepanto during this war. For ten points, name this 1821 anti-Ottoman revolt which included the Battle of Navarino and the Siege of the Acropolis.

Greek Independence War (or Greek War of Independence; accept the Greek Revolution of 1821; accept Elliniki Epanastasi; accept Agonas but prompt on "Struggle"; accept Yunan İsyanı but prompt on "Greek Rebellion")

accept Leif the Lucky; or Leifr hinn Heppni; prompt on "Erikson") BONUS: Leif Erikson's father, Erik the Red, is credited with founding the first European settlement on this large semi-arctic island, which in 2009 became autonomous from Denmark.

Greenland

*) 5th. For ten points, name this English Catholic member of the Gunpowder Plot who attempted to blow up the House of Lords in 1605.

Guy Fawkes

(5) This object was described as "hairy and fierce" by Bartolomeo of Platina. During a campaign in Belgrade, this object supposedly led "[mathematicians to declare] that there would follow grievous pestilence." This object was referred to as an "Instrument of the Devil" by Pope Callixtus III, who excommunicated it. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle describes this object as a "portent...from the heavens" that appeared prior to the Battle of Hastings. Compared by Giotto to the star of Bethlehem, for ten points, what is this regularly appearing comet?

Halley's Comet (accept Comet Halley; accept 1P/Halley) BONUS: What American writer of travel books like Roughing It and A Tramp Abroad was both born and died in the years in which Halley's Comet was visible from Earth? Mark Twain (accept Samuel Langhorne Clemens)

11) This man unsuccessfully ran for office three times before beating Anita Bryant and Rick Stokes to become city supervisor. A speech given by this man in opposition to the Briggs Initiative was later called the "Hope Speech." Alongside Mayor George Moscone, this man was assassinated by Dan White, whose lawyers utilized the infamous "Twinkie Defense" to avoid murder charges. For the point, name this San Francisco politician who was the first openly gay elected official in the history of California.

Harvey Bernard Milk=

1) An 1874 courthouse riot in this country was led by Hulu, the leader of the Emmaites faction of Queen Emma. George Anson Byron, the cousin of Lord Byron, delivered two monarchs back to this country before mapping Rabbit Island. A land redistribution scheme in this country was called the Great Māhele [[mah-HAY-lay]] and resulted in much of the land being owned by the Big Five sugar companies. The Bayonet Constitution was forced upon this country's last king, David Kalakaua. For the point, name this Pacific kingdom which became the 50th U.S. state.

Hawai'i

*) Treblinka and Auschwitz. For ten points, name this leader of the Nazi SS and primary architect of the Holocaust.

Heinrich Himmler

accept DPRK or the Democratic People's Republic of Korea) BONUS: The American System was championed by which senator who kept his home at Ashland plantation?

Henry Clay=

(8) Concerning the wives and mistresses of the King Henry VIII of England, name the...Son by Henry's first mistress, Elizabeth Blount, who became Lord High Admiral and was considered for the throne before his death.

Henry FitzRoy (prompt on partial answers; accept Duke of Richmond and Somerset)

8) This author ascribes the invention of metallurgy to the namesake smelters in the Idaean Dactyls [[ee-DAY-ehn DAHK-tils]]. The overthrow of Uranus by Cronus and then Cronus by his son Zeus are retold in this writer's compendium, Theogony [[thee-AH-juhnee]]. This man asserted that human history had experienced a Golden and Silver Age, as well as a "Heroic Age" that witnessed the Trojan War. "The Myth of Five Ages" and agrarian life in Ancient Greece is expounded in, for ten points, which writer's Works and Days?

Hesiod

8) Together with Shigeru Honjo, this man suppressed rebels in the February 26 Incident. This man earned the nickname "Razor" for his sharp mind while serving as head of the Kwantung Army. This man's speech on national radio announcing the start of one conflict ended with a rendition of "Across the Sea." After the fall of Saipan, this man was forced to resign his highest office, and he was later executed for war crimes committed while in that office. For ten points, name this prime minister of Japan during most of World War Two.

Hideki Tojo

*) Throne to experience a foreign occupation after his country was bombed with nuclear weapons. For ten points, name this Japanese emperor during World War Two.

Hirohito

3) An archaeologist who studied these people, Emil Forrer, suggests that their term "Ahhiyawa" [[ah-HEE-ywah]] refers to the Achaean [[ah-KAY-ehn]] Greeks, based on references in the 25,000 tablets found at Boğazköy [[BOHZ-koy]]. This people's prince Zannanza, who almost took the throne of Egypt, was the son of their expansionist emperor Šuppiluliuma [[soo-pih-loo-LYOO-mah]]. These people spoke the oldest known IndoEuropean language and fought with Ramses II at the Battle of Kadesh. For ten points, name this ancient Anatolian civilization whose final capital was Hattusa.

Hittites

(3) Concerning the 19th century Boshin War, name the...Northern Japanese island where the Ezo Republic was founded by pro-Shogunate forces.

Hokkaido

5) Aeneas and Anchises [[ahn-KYE-ses]] collected ritual statues found in these places, which they called "our holy symbols," shortly before fleeing Troy in the Aeneid. They're not temples, but statues of the trimorphic goddess Hecate [[heh-KAH-teh]] were often placed at these sites. The lararium was an altar or niche in these places meant for gods known as the Lares Familiares, or family deities. The Domus was a Roman variety of, for ten points, what type of locale used as human residences?

Homes

*) Fleurus [[floo-ROO]]. For ten points, name these inflatable transports which Nadar used to take aerial photographs of Paris.

Hot-Air Balloon

accept Repubulika y'u Rwanda; République du Rwanda; or Jamhuri ya Rwanda) BONUS: A 2004 drama starring Don Cheadle depicts a manager of what kind of business in Kigali attempting to harbor refugees during the Rwandan Genocide?

Hotel

or Romanovy; or Romanovs) BONUS: This family of Welsh origin claimed the throne of England after Richard III was killed at the Battle of Bosworth Field.

House of Tudor

28) This practice is the only known way to get the prion disease Kuru, which is sometimes seen in the Fore people in New Guinea. The names of the Carib and Mohawk people are derived from neighboring groups' belief that those tribes engaged in this practice. Dictators Jean-Bedel Bokassa and Idi Amin were both accused of subjecting political enemies to this practice, which the Donner Party resorted to while trapped in the Sierra Nevadas. Ritually practiced by the Aztecs, for the point, what practice denotes the eating of human flesh?

Human Cannibalism=

(5) This place's Dau Go cave contains remnants of sharp wooden columns used to sink Mongol ships. This place was the site of the raising of the flag of a provisional government led by Nguyễn Văn Xuân [[WEHN VAHN ZHU-AHN]]. Legends state that the landscape of this area was formed when guardian dragons spat out jewels and jade to protect against invaders, and that Dragon King's seven-day marriage took place in this area's Thien Cung [[TYEN-KUNG]] cave. For ten points, containing over fifteen hundred limestone karst islands, name this arm of the Gulf of Tonkin that was, along with Haiphong Harbor, heavily mined by the U.S. Navy.

Hạ Long Bay (or Halong Bay; or Vịnh Hạ Long; prompt on "Gulf of Tonkin" prior to mention, do not accept or prompt on Haiphong Harbor)

28) Use of this metric for placing students of color in EMR-type classes was largely barred in California by the case Larry P v. Riles. Stephen Jay Gould denounced attempts to singularly measure this metric in The Mismeasure of Man. Generations tend to perform better on tests evaluating this metric over time according to the Flynn effect. Robert Yerkes was hired to develop a method for the Army to take this metric in recruits. For the point, name this metric that can be measured on the Stanford-Binet scale, a "quotient" for which rates 90 to 109 as the average person's capability.

Intelligence

31) Chandragupta II erected pillars of this substance that tell of his conquest of the Vanga people and his crossing of the seven rivers of India. During the Yuan Dynasty, Wang Zhen published a pamphlet that outlined how waterwheels were used to operate furnaces, creating the pure form of this product. The Nok Culture of modern Nigeria was the first in Africa to make use of this metal. The Hittite Empire is often credited for smelting this metal to equip its armies. The Bronze Age preceded, for the point, an age named for what metal?

Iron

*) patronized the voyages of Christopher Columbus. For ten points, give this name of the Castilian queen who united Spain by marrying Ferdinand of Aragon.

Isabella

(3) One U.S. author, whose parents fled this country, wrote The Pearl That Broke Its Shell before running for Maryland's 6th congressional district. An author born in this country wrote a "mother-daughter story" in which Mariam kills Rasheed with (+) a shovel to save the relationship of Laila and Tariq [[tah-REEK]]. A violent Communist coup in this country inspired a novel in which Assef sexually assaults the Hazara boy, Hassan. Khaled Hosseini (*) set The Kite Runner in, for ten points, what country, ruled by the Taliban?

Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (or Də Afġānistān Islāmī Imārat; or Imārat-i Islāmī-yi Afghānistān)

22) In retaliation for this country deploying mines, the U.S. organized Operations Nimble Archer and Praying Mantis to target this country's oil platforms. During a war between this country and its western neighbor, Henry Kissinger wondered if "they both can't lose." The USS Vincennes [[VIHN-sehns]] shot down a passenger jet from this country, which was the source of funds used to evade the Boland Amendment elsewhere. For the point, name this country that was the central nation in the scandalous "Contra Affair" of the Reagan and Bush era.

Islamic Republic of Iran

(6) Concerning the medieval order of Assassins, name the...Subset of Shia Islam to which they adhered.

Isma'ilism (accept Nizaris)

or Misr; accept Arab Republic of Egypt; or Jumhūrīyat Miṣr al-ʻArabīyah; or Gomhoreyyet Maṣr el-ʿArabeyya) BONUS: During Operation Badr, the Egyptian Army captured part of the Sinai [["SIGH"-nye]] Peninsula from this Middle Eastern neighbor, led at the time by Golda Meir [[GOHL-duh may-EER]].

Israel

23) In this city, the characters Duman, Pskiopat, and Bengü are among the seven cats depicted in the 2016 documentary Kedi. In another film, a man travels to this city to accept the defection of Tatiana Romanova, who plans to steal a Soviet Lektor machine. This nonRussian city is the setting of the first half of From Russia with Love. The film Fetih 1453 depicts Mehmet II's conquest of, for the point, what Turkish city, formerly the capital of the Byzantine Empire? For the point, name this city whose conquest from the Byzantine Empire is the subject of the film

Istanbul

(10) Nilus of Sora supported attempts by this man to secularize land belonging to monasteries. A regulation on legal fees was among the centralizing reforms put forth by the Sudebnik passed during the reign of this man. Philotheus [[fee-loh-THEH-ooss]] wrote a letter to this man claiming that the domain he ruled was the Third Rome. This man faced Akhamat Khan at a battle known as the Great Stand on the Ugra River. In 1480, the Golden Horde was defeated by this man who led efforts to renovate the Kremlin. For ten points, name this Grand Prince of Moscow.

Ivan III of Russia (accept Ivan III Vasilyevich; accept Ivan the Great; prompt on "Ivan") BONUS Ivan III married a princess who was a member of this Byzantine royal family whose reign ended with the 1453 Fall of Constantinople. Palaeologus (accept Palaiologos; accept Palaiologina; accept Palaeologue)

or Galileo di Vincenzo Bonaiuti de' Galilei; accept either underlined portion) BONUS: Which Russian Tsar developed the repressive oprichnina state policing system and accidentally murdered his son during a dispute?

Ivan the Terrible

*) COINTELPRO [[koh-IHN-telpro]], which targeted the Black Panthers and Martin Luther King. For ten points, name this man who served from 1924 to his 1972 death as the director of the FBI and its precursors.

J. Edgar Hoover

(4) In the 1980s, a suit was launched by McGraw-Hill against the estate of this author over royalty payments for an unfinished memoir regarding his conversations with Medgar Evers and other Civil Rights figures. This author of Remember This House challenged the Nation of Islam as being equally as wrongheaded as white supremacy in his essay "Down at the Cross." Many of this man's essays, including "The Harlem Ghetto" and "White Man's Guilt," were included in his collection The Price of the Ticket. For ten points, name this Black novelist and author of The Fire Next Time.

James Baldwin (or James Arthur Baldwin) BONUS: Baldwin argued that this author's character Bigger Thomas reinforced negative stereotypes about African-American men in "Everybody's Protest Novel." This friend of Baldwin's wrote Native Son, Black Boy, and Uncle Tom's Children. Richard Wright (or Richard Nathaniel Wright)

(8) The last scene this actor ever filmed is nicknamed the "Last Supper," as it portrays him making a drunken speech alone at a table. While in New York, this actor landed roles on Broadway in plays such as See the Jaguar and The Immoralist. This actor remains the only person to receive two posthumous Academy Award acting nominations. With only three films to his credit, for ten points, what actor starred in East of Eden, Rebel Without a Cause, and Giant before dying at age 24?

James Dean (or James Byron Dean) BONUS Giant starred both James Dean and which actor, who also appeared in a 1967 war film loosely based on the 1941 Allied attempt to take Tobruk? This man died of AIDS complications in 1985. Rock Hudson (or Roy Harold Scherer, Jr.)

2) This man was arrested at an airport under the name Ramon George Sneyd [[SNEED]] while trying to depart the United Kingdom for Rhodesia, having already spent a month hiding out in Toronto. This man promoted the conspiracy theory that he had an assistant named "Raul" [[RAH-ool]] and claimed that once Alabama Governor George Wallace was elected president, he would be pardoned. A 99-year prison sentence was given to, for the point, which man, who fired a shot at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee, killing Martin Luther King Jr?

James Earl Ray=

35) France withdrew its diplomat Philippe Étienne [[EH-tee-ehn]] from the U.S. following this man's administration's sale of nuclear-powered submarines to Australia. A sticker of a politician saying "I Did That" next to the gas pump display went viral following grassroots Republican support. Americans received fourteen hundred dollar checks following this president's signing of the American Rescue Plan Act. Kamala Harris serves as the vice president of, for the point, which U.S. president since 2021?

Joe Biden

8) In commemoration of a victory in the Franco-Prussian War, this composer wrote the Triumphlied [[tree-OOMF-LEED]] and dedicated it to the reigning Kaiser Wilhelm I. This composer's awarding of an honorary degree from the University of Breslau led to his rearrangement of student drinking songs in the composition Academic Festival Overture. The birth of Bertha Faber's second son inspired this composer to write his "Wiegenlied" [[VEEgehn-LEED]], commonly nicknamed his "Lullaby." For ten points, name this Romantic-era German composer of the Tragic Overture.

Johannes Brahms BONUS: Brahms wrote the opening notes of which Austrian Waltz King's composition, "The Beautiful Blue Danube"? ANSWER: Johann Strauss II

*) Institutes of the Christian Religion. For ten points, name this French-Swiss reformer who expounded the doctrine of predestination while living in Geneva.

John Calvin

(6) An opera by this composer includes characters such as Rambo, Molqi, and Marilyn and explores the history of Israeli-Palestinian relations, telling the story of a Jewish passenger on the hijacked Achille Lauro. In another opera by this man, quotes from the Bhagavad Gita (+) are interwoven with declassified U.S. government documents about the atomic bomb. Chairman Mao dances the foxtrot in the last act of an opera by this composer about a (*) president's visit abroad. For ten points, name this composer of the operas The Death of Klinghoffer, Doctor Atomic, and Nixon in China.

John Coolidge Adams (do not accept "John Luther Adams")

*) jelly doughnut. For ten points, the "Ich bin ein Berliner" speech was given in West Berlin by what U.S. President?

John F

(4) Simon Kamonyai switched his armor for this man's distinct armor set prior to the Battle of Hermannstadt, leading to Kamonyai's death after he was mistaken for this man. From the Taborites, this military leader adopted the "Wagon Fort" tactic he learned while serving Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund in Prague. With Ladislaus III of Poland, this general undertook the Varna Crusade of the 1440s, which failed to halt Ottoman expansion in the Balkans. The father of Mattias Corvinus was, for ten points, what Hungarian general and regent of the 15th century?

John Hunyadi (or Hunyadi Janos; or Sibinjanin Janko; or Ioan de Hunedoara)

(1) This leader lost one election due to the Otsego sheriff's office being vacant. As governor of New York, this man rejected a gerrymandering proposal from Alexander Hamilton. This leader argued for undivided government in Federalist Paper Number (+) 2. On the Supreme Court, this leader established the "cases and controversies" precedent, in contrast to the more activist philosophy of John Marshall. A 1795 (*) treaty between the U.S. and the UK is named for, for ten points, what first Supreme Court Chief Justice?

John Jay (accept Jay's Treaty)

3) This man, who spent five years in exile in the Netherlands, argued that "the end of law is...to preserve and enlarge freedom." While serving as a secretary, this man authored the Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina. Thomas Jefferson included many of this man's ideas in the Declaration of Independence, although he edited "property" to "the pursuit of happiness." For ten points, name this British "Father of Liberalism" who wrote two Treatises on Government.

John Locke BONUS: Locke determined that people are inherently rational, unlike this predecessor of his, who described life as "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short" in his work Leviathan. ANSWER: Thomas Hobbes=

(1) While aboard the HMS Crowley, this man organized attempts to weaken the Hanover militia by encouraging plantation slaves to revolt. The battle of Point Pleasant ended a conflict named for this noble which broke out after settlers aimed to hunt in Shawnee (+) and Mingo territory. This man fled his post after his ally, the British Naval captain Robert Howe, shelled and burned the port of Norfolk to the ground after the Patriots (*) captured it. For ten points, name this Royal Governor of Virginia who fled his post following the outbreak of the Revolutionary War.

John Murray, Lord Dunmore (accept either underlined portion; accept Lord Dunmore's War)

(6) Despite originally being this man's campaign manager, James Garfield jumped him and James G. Blaine as the Republican presidential candidate in 1880. Accusations of bribery led to the belief that this man committed the "Crime of '73." Due to the ineffective Valentine Act in his home state, this man supported a namesake act that involved a certain "restraint of trade." Henry Clayton amended that act named for this Ohio senator, which permits "innocent monopolies." For ten points, identify this namesake of an 1890 Antitrust Act.

John Sherman (accept Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890)

(1) Lawyer Caleb Cushing was deployed to Qing China by this man to negotiate the Treaty of Wangxia, giving the U.S. a "Most-favored Nation" status. Due to intervention from Jefferson Davis, this man was the only president draped in the (+) Confederate flag instead of the American flag during his funeral. A Democratic faction named for and founded by this man which ran on the sole platform of annexation of Texas dissolved following the nomination of dark horse candidate James K. Polk. "His (*) Accidency" was the derisive nickname of, for ten points, which successor of William Henry Harrison?

John Tyler (accept Tyler Party) BONUS What Illinois town was bought by the LDS church after they were chased out of Missouri, swelling to "the size of Chicago" by 1844. Nauvoo, Illinois (accept Quashquema; or Commerce; or Venus)

25) This man, who held a PhD in anthropology, joined a paramilitary group known as the "Steel Helmet" after he graduated high school and studied under Otmar von Verschuer, who would go on to direct the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute. This man attempted several experiments, including changing eye color and sewing twins together while in his most notable position. Fleeing after World War Two to Argentina, for the point, who was this Nazi German scientist at Auschwitz, known as the "Angel of Death"?

Josef Mengele [[MEN-geh-luh]]

5) Edward R. Murrow ran an episode of See It Now that criticized this politician for his interrogation of Annie Lee Moss. This man, who ran for Senate on the slogan "Congress needs a tail-gunner," was chastised by Joseph Welch with the question, "have you no sense of decency?" For ten points, name this Wisconsin senator who claimed to have a list of 205 known communists in the state department, driving the Second Red Scare.

Joseph McCarthy

1) During this man's administration, blackmarketers named vory y zakone operated as semi-legal criminal syndicates in his nation. After many of his party members voted negatively of his leadership at the 17th Central Committee, this leader pointed an unloaded Mosin-Nagant rifle at the crowd. During the so-called "Period of Yezhov," this leader conducted show trials of men like Mikhail Bukharin and other purported "Trotskyites." For the point, name this dictator of the USSR who ordered the signing of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact with Nazi Germany.

Joseph Stalin

(8) The Turner family competed with a company named for this early user of direct mail techniques. This man was inspired by a black material found in Italy to name a factory after the region of Etruria. Early in his career, John Flaxman originally worked under this man, who partnered with Thomas Whieldon. For three years, this man tried to replicate the blue and white Portland Vase. This producer of creamware created a medallion depicting a man in chains above the words "Am I Not a Man and a Brother?" For ten points, name this English abolitionist who industrialized pottery production.

Josiah Wedgwood (accept Wedgwood pottery; accept Josiah Wedgwood and Sons Ltd.)

(8) Concerning the Andean nation of Ecuador, name the...Populist liberal who served five terms as president in the 20th century, with four ending in military coups.

José María Velasco Ibarra (accept either underlined portion)

*) "liberator" Simón Bolívar at the Guayaquil [[wah-yahKEEL]] Conference in 1822. For ten points, name this 19th century South American revolutionary who liberated Chile, Argentina, and Peru.

José de San Martín

(5) Concerning the Andean nation of Ecuador, name the...Ally of Simón Bolívar at the Guayaquil [[wye-yah-KEEL]] Conference.

José de San Martín (or José Francisco de San Martín y Matorras)

(6) This man was criticized for taking an elephant-hunting trip to Botswana paid for by Mohamed Eyad Kayali. This man's mistress, Corinna zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Sayn admitted to the press that this man had received millions of dollars in kickbacks from interests building the Haramain (+) high-speed railway. In 2014, this leader was succeeded by his son (*) Felipe after abdicating the throne. Living in self-exile since 2020 due to corrupt business dealings in Saudi Arabia, for ten points, who is this former king of Spain?

Juan Carlos I (or Juan Carlos Alfonso Víctor María de Borbón y Borbón-Dos Sicilias)

(5)Concerning the Second Red Scare, name the... Couple executed for spying on the U.S., sending nuclear weapon designs to the Soviets.

Julius and Ethel Rosenberg (or the Rosenbergs)

(5)Concerning Sejong the Great, the ruler of the Kingdom of Korea, name the... Ancestors of the Manchu whom he aimed to conquer during the Songhua River Campaign.

Jurchens

(9) Following this war, the hill people known as the Atavika remained unconquered despite the region's annexation. During this war, one ruler resigned to using the principle of "peaceful conquest" known as Dharmavijaya, to incorporate conquered people into his empire. Following this war, a son of Chandragupta committed himself to ahimsa, or nonviolence, for the remainder of his life according to Rock Edict number 13. Ashoka's conversion to Buddhism followed the brutality of, for ten points, what war named for a Southeast Indian kingdom?

Kalinga War

(7) This campaign was announced with a tweet stating, "We must now realize the promise of America by trusting God, unifying our vision and building our future." Over 600 petition signatures from this campaign were claimed to be fraudulent due to "nearly identical handwriting and others [lacking] complete addresses." Michelle Tidball, a preacher from Wyoming, was selected to be the running mate for this campaign's candidate. For ten points, what campaign for the Birthday Party was announced by a Chicago rapper to run for president of the United States?

Kanye West 2020 presidential campaign (accept either Kanye or West; accept Ye for President; accept obvious equivalents)

7) This region's eastern part was split off as the Union Territory of Ladakh, and its northernmost frontiers, far from its capital Srinagar, are governed as Gilgit-Baltistan [[GILgit BAHL-tee-stahn]]. This region's inhabitants were separated after a 1947 war that reflected tensions between its Maharaja Hari Singh and this region's majority-Muslim population. With a Line of Control between two parts of this region ending at the Siachen [[see-AH-chen]] Glacier, for ten points, what is this region which is disputed by India and Pakistan?

Kashmir

6) John Edward McGilvrey was the first head of this university created by the Lowry Bill, and George Hammond created its plan. William Oxley Thompson opposed this school in the "Credit War" over transfer credits. Allison Krause and William Schroeder were killed at this university, where a Joseph Filo picture showed a screaming Mary Ann Vecchio. A protest at this university forced Ohio governor Jim Rhodes to ask for assistance from the National Guard. For ten points, name this university, where four students were shot dead during a 1970 Vietnam War protest.

Kent State University

25) A ruling against this state's replevin law, passed in response to the Panic of 1819, led to the establishment of a competing appellate system that existed for seven years. This location of the Old Court/New Court controversy was where Jereboam Beauchamp murdered Solomon Sharp in this state's namesake "tragedy." Richard Mentor Johnson and John Breckenridge represented this state in the Senate. For the point, name this first slave state added after the original thirteen colonies, which sent Henry Clay to Congress in seven separate stints.

Kentucky=

(3) The Process Certification Scheme named for this city aimed to prevent a certain good from being sold to finance paramilitaries. Esau Damon was the first person to discover that good, a precious mineral, in Colesberg Kopje, located in this city. The Honoured Dead Memorial in this city commemorates soldiers who died during a Boer War-era siege of this city over its valuable mines. For ten points, name this South African city known worldwide for its diamonds.

Kimberley BONUS What diamond company, financed by Alfred Beit and originally owned by Cecil Rhodes, profited from several Kimberley mines. De Beers Group

7) After this conflict, its namesake fled to Mount Hope where he was killed by John Alderman, a member of a group of rangers led by Benjamin Church. This conflict was initiated by the hanging of three Native Americans in one colony, and it included the lopsided victory in the Great Swamp Fight. The Treaty of Casco Bay ended, for the point, which war between indigenous people and the New England Confederation, named for a Wampanoag [[wahmpah-NOH-ahg]] chief?

King Philip's War

4) This monarch dubbed the politicians Neville Chamberlain and Édouard Daladier [[dah-lah-DYEH]] "two fools who sleep," and he was escorted by James Bond author Ian Fleming into exile following a 1939 Axis takeover. This royal, who supposedly smoked 200 cigarettes a day, instituted a namesake salute where one put their hand over their heart with palm facing downward. Born into a beylik family, this man was his country's youngest ever prime minister before becoming its king. For ten points, name this Albanian King deposed by Fascist Italy's invasion.

King Zog I

(3) In 2020, DNA paternity tests revealed that one holder of this position had fathered a child out of wedlock with Sybille de Selys Longchamps. The first holder of this position declined to take up the throne of Greece under the 1830 London Protocol. One man who took this title in 2013 resides at the Palace of Laeken [[LAY-kehn]] and claimed this title after the sudden abdication of his father, Albert II. For ten points, name this title, once held by a man who was known for atrocities committed in the Congo Free State, Leopold II.

King of Belgium (or King of the Belgians; or Koning der Belgen; or Roi des Belges; or König der Belgier; accept synonyms such as "monarch" or "ruler" in place of "king")

(9) One holder of this position is listed as the leader of the fourth and final "great age" in a work analyzing societal progress after the medieval era. In a philosophical work, an example of a statement that both denotes and does not denote refers to the "present" holder of this position. That work by Bertrand Russell also asks if a holder of this position "is bald." Voltaire wrote about the "age" of a holder of this position, whom many thinkers associated with enlightenment absolutism during his 72-year reign. For ten points, give this position held by Louis XIV [[the Fourteenth]].

King of France (or Roi de France; accept King of the French; or Roi des Français; prompt on answers indicating "ruler of France"; do not accept or prompt on "Queen of France" or "King of the Franks"; prompt on "King" alone)

3) A peasant rebellion in this nation led by Skipper Clement was put down by the noble Johan Rantzau [[RAHNT-zow]] during the Count's Feud. Håkon VI [[HAH-kohn the SIXTH]] of Norway married this kingdom's Queen Margaret, leading to the formation of the Kalmar Union. The German Empire seized this country's province of Schleswig [[SHLESS-vig]] in a brief 19th century conflict. For ten points, name this Scandinavian nation that once governed Sweden and Norway from its capital, Copenhagen.

Kingdom of Denmark

(2) Two answers required: During a battle between these two countries, Raimondo Montecuccoli claimed, "Today died a man who did honor to mankind" after that man was killed by a cannonball. The Barrier Treaties were signed by these two countries, one of which invaded the other during the Rampjaar [[RAMP-yahr]]. A conflict between these two countries that led to a number of peripheral conflicts was ended with the Peace of Nijmegen [[NYE-may-gen]] signed in one of them. For ten points, name these two countries which were respectively led by Louis XIV [[the Fourteenth]] and William of Orange.

Kingdom of France and the Netherlands (accept Holland or Nederland in place of the "Netherlands"; accept Royaume de France in place of Kingdom of France)

(5) The son of a leader of this kingdom studied abroad in Europe before becoming bishop of Utica [[YOO-tih-kah]]. The Imbangala people produced a group of Jaga warriors who attacked this kingdom. That group lived south of the Kwanza (+) River, which was an important waterway for this kingdom. Raffia cloth was extensively produced in this kingdom, whose leaders included a Catholic ruler who expressed discontent with the policies of Manuel I of Portugal, Afonso (*) For ten points, name this African kingdom from what is today Northern Angola.

Kingdom of Kongo (accept Kongo dya Ntotila; or Wene wa Kongo; or Reino do Congo)

(3) Concerning the Basque region of Spain and France, name the...Historical kingdom whose Henry III inherited France in the 16th century.

Kingdom of Navarre (or Nafarroako Erresuma; or Reino de Navarra; or Royaume de Navarre; accept Henry III, King of Navarre)

*) military, but a military with a state." For ten points, name this early modern state which united Germany in the 19th century under the leadership of Otto von Bismarck.

Kingdom of Prussia

(5) Concerning the medieval order of Assassins, name the...Catholic "Knights" to whom they gave tribute, named for a medical facility in Jerusalem.

Knights Hospitaller (or Order of Knights of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem; accept Knights of St. John)

(8)Concerning the Andean nation of Colombia, name the... Late 19th century movement led by Rafael Núñez which aimed to reverse secularization.

La Regeneración (accept The Regeneration)

(7) Concerning the Andean nation of Colombia, name the...Period of domestic unrest in the 1950s, sparked by the assassination Jorge Gaitán [["guy"-TAHN]].

La Violencia (or The Violence)

(3) Members of this kingdom wore a type of loincloth called the "Gundhate," which is still worn by their descendants. Gerehu and Eti were a ruling couple of this kingdom, which was known for its blackwood and resin. A landscape depicting two date palms (+) within this kingdom can be found on the walls of the Deir el-Bahri complex. That temple dedicated to Queen Hatshepsut features artwork inspired by an expedition to this kingdom that Flinders Petrie claimed was "a district at the (*) south end of the Red Sea." For ten points, name this East African empire that traded with Egypt.

Land of Punt (accept Kingdom of Punt; or Puntland; accept Pwenet; accept Ta Netjer; or Land of God)

1) Despite being a puppet ruler, Chao Anouvong led a revolt in this modern-day country against one neighbor, though he was captured and imprisoned in Bangkok. This former vassal of Siam was occupied by a 14th-century kingdom whose name translates to "one million elephants," the kingdom of Lan Xang. Champasak and Luang Prabang were two of three kingdoms that split this modern country, which was occupied by France and incorporated into their Indochina colony. For ten points name this neighbor of Vietnam that became Communist following a mid-twentieth century civil war.

Laos

(4)Concerning the short-lived Qin Dynasty, name the... Strict philosophical school of Shang Yang.

Legalism (or Fajia; accept Legalist)

(6) Concerning the Suez Crisis, name the...Future Canadian Prime Minister who won a Nobel Peace Prize while a diplomat for negotiating an end to the Suez Crisis

Lester B. Pearson

*) for ten points, which open letter was written from a cell by Martin Luther King Jr.?

Letter from Birmingham Jail

(1) In the 1990s, an activist group made up of employees of this company known as Fuerza Unida [[FWEHR-zah oo-NEE-dah]] led a campaign against it for higher pay. A Latvian immigrant, named Jacob Davis, co-founded this company and came up with a patent to utilize copper rivets. Overalls began to be sold by this business in the 1870s, a few decades after its namesake founder originally operated a business on 90 Sacramento Street in a city where miners flocked during the California Gold Rush. Denim is heavily utilized by, for ten points, what company, the first to manufacture blue jeans?

Levi Strauss & Co. (or Levi's) BONUS: Before partnering with Levi Strauss, Jacob Davis, the inventor of modern jeans, operated a tailoring business in what "Biggest Little City in the World" in Nevada? Reno, Nevada

(1) An oxygen meter manufactured by Arnold O. Beckman was based on the designs that this scientist created while working as a military researcher. This scientist and his wife, Ava, were the founders of the International League of Humanists. This scientist modified the valence (+) bond model and developed the concept of orbital hybridization. Winning the Nobel Peace Prize for his (*) activism against a nuclear arms race, for ten points, what scientist also won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on The Nature of the Chemical Bond?

Linus Pauling (or Linus Carl Pauling)

(1) The last colonial mayor of New York City, David Matthews, was accused of kidnapping a politician with this surname who, alongside William Smith, Jr. and John Morin Scott, was part of "The Triumvirate." The first governor of New Jersey had this surname, as did a man who drafted the Declaration of Independence alongside Jefferson, Franklin, Adams, and Sherman. That politician with this surname worked with Robert Fulton on the first steamboat from Clermont Manor. For ten points, give this surname of "The Chancellor" who negotiated the Louisiana Purchase as Minister to France.

Livingston (accept Robert R(obert) Livingston; accept William Livingston)

10) William Hogarth depicted a young merchant wasting his money in this city and eventually being placed in its Fleet Prison in A Rake's Progress. Waterloo Bridge and Charing Cross Bridge are included in Claude Monet's scenes from this city, which include a series on the Houses of Parliament. Canaletto painted The Thames and the City depicting, for ten points, which English capital city that contains the Tate Modern?

London=

(8) Though not primarily known as a painter, this man created an oil work on canvas depicting The Ruins of Holyrood Chapel. Charles Marie Bouton [[boo-TOHN]] worked with this man who utilized "hypo," now known as sodium thiosulfate, to achieve a notable effect. In an attempt to increase his profits, this man discouraged his partner from revealing his father, Nicéphore Niépce's, method of creating heliographs. For ten points, identify this Frenchman who developed a namesake process of creating photographic images.

Louis Daguerre (accept Louis-Jacques-Mande Daguerre; accept Daguerreotype) BONUS: What Englishman, and author of The Pencil of Nature, got into an intellectual property dispute with Louis Daguerre over the invention of Daguerre's photographic technique? Henry Fox Talbot (or William Henry Fox Talbot)

7) Due to the Treaty of Tolentino, this institution housed the Statue of the Tiber River with Romulus and Remus until the Hundred Days period of 1815. The Communards set fire to the adjoining Tuileries Palace, which spread and destroyed this palace's modern-day Richelieu [[ree-shah-LOO]] wing. A former employee of this institution, Vincenzo Peruggia, successfully hid the Mona Lisa and attempted to "return it to its homeland." Originally built by Philip II Augustus, for ten points, what is this French palace and museum?

Louvre Museum

accept Paris Commune) BONUS: This world-famous Parisian museum was closed for six months at the beginning of the Covid-19 pandemic in France. It occupies a former palace used primarily for military activities.

Louvre [[LOOV]] Museum

(5) In a Dutch town, two members of this organization named Sigismund Best and Richard Stevens were captured during the Venlo Incident after a trap was sprung by Abwehr [[AHB-vehr]] head Walter Schellenberg. This organization plotted, but never executed, a plan to sneak estrogen into Adolf Hitler's food in an effort to feminize him. Author Graham Greene served in this organization under Kim Philby, who later betrayed this organization as a member of the "Cambridge Five" and joined the KGB. For ten points, name this foreign intelligence agency of the United Kingdom.

MI6 (accept Secret Intelligence Service; accept SIS; prompt on "Secret Service Bureau")

(5) One man claimed that, with this agreement, a "phase of benign despotism is over." A group of MPs in the United Kingdom, who opposed John Major's implementation of this treaty's terms, were known as its namesake "rebels." Debt and deficit are criteria stipulated by this treaty for the adoption of a certain currency. The Treaty of Lisbon superseded this treaty which was signed in 1992 by twelve members of the European Communities. For ten points, name this foundational treaty for the European Union.

Maastricht Treaty (accept Treaty on European Union before "European Union" is mentioned; accept Maastricht Rebels) Signed in 1967, what treaty was signed that unified the executive functions of the European Economic Community, the European Coal and Steel Community, and Euratom treaties into one shared agreement? Merger Treaty (accept Treaty of Brussels)

6) In this state, the discovery of the Goddard coin, which dates back to 11th-century Norway, is considered evidence that Vikings regularly traded with Native Americans. That artifact was discovered in this state's Penobscot Bay. The Webster-Ashburton Treaty fixed the borders shared by this state and the Maritime Province of New Brunswick. Until 1820, the state of Massachusetts directly controlled, for ten points, what New England state governed from Augusta?

Maine BONUS: Maine's Casco Bay names a treaty which ended hostilities with this "Confederacy" made of nations like the Mi'kmaq [[MIG-mah]] and the Passamaquoddy [[pah-sah-mahKWAH-dee]]. ANSWER: Wabanaki Confederacy

(2) A leader of this country tried to organize a party to compete with a neighboring country's People's Action Party and came to be given the title "Father of Independence" or "Bapa Kemerdekaan." Tunku Abdul Rahman was a founding father of this country, which fought against Britain during a 1948 to 1960 conflict. "New Villages" were concentration camps built during an "Emergency" in this present-day country. For ten points, name this Southeast Asian country that faced a major communist insurgency in its state of Sarawak.

Malaysia (prompt on "Malaya" or "British Malaya") BONUS: The "New Villages" were part of what military plan devised by a namesake British general to quell the Malayan Emergency? Many of its practices were explicitly prohibited by the Geneva Convention. Briggs Plan (accept Harold Briggs)

(7) The creation of this state was preceded by the assassination of a military leader called the "Old Marshal." The erroneous belief that the pope established diplomatic relations with this state is partly attributed to a film directed by Bernardo Bertolucci. That film, The Last Emperor, is about a leader of this state who ruled during the Kangde era. Harbin was the largest city in this state, where the Han formed a majority despite this state being named for a different ethnic group. For ten points, name this Japanese puppet state in China.

Manchukuo (accept State of Manchuria; accept Empire of Manchuria; accept Empire of Great Manchuria; prompt on "Manchuria") BONUS: The Last Emperor focused on this man, the final ruler of the Qing [[CHING]] dynasty. Puyi (or Henry Puyi; accept Xuantong Emperor; accept Yaozhi; accept Hsuantung Emperor; accept Ta-tung)

(1) This island's Great Tulip Tree in Inwood Hill Park was the site of a celebration commemorating Robert Fulton and a certain 1609 discovery. The Castello Plan, created by Jacques Cortelyou, mapped a portion of this island while under Dutch settlement. A large statue of King George III was pulled down on this island's Bowling Green park, and this island was purchased for New Netherland from the Canarsee by Peter Minuit. New Amsterdam was founded on, for ten points, what densely populated island in New York City?

Manhattan Island

10) Tarzan creator Edgar Rice Burroughs's relative Kate Rice found gold deposits in this province at sites like Wekusko Lake and Thompson. The precursor to the Royal Mounted Police broke-up this province's "General Strike of 1919" which occurred following their participation in World War One. Led by Louis Real [[reh-AHL]], the Red River Rebellion resulted in the foundation of this province, the first carved from the Northwest Territories. The city of Winnipeg was the site of that rebellion in, for ten points, what Canadian province?

Manitoba=

(8) Concerning the colonies of Portugal, name the...King known as "The Fortunate" who created the India Armadas to control the spice trade and promoted the expansion of the overseas empire.

Manuel I of Portugal (or Manoel I; or Manuel the Fortunate)

or the Mughals) BONUS: In the 1640s, the Mughals began to lose control of huge portions of central India when the Hindu king Shivaji established which empire based in the Deccan Plateau and came to dominate much of central and northern India?

Maratha Empire

5) During the 1904 Olympic iteration of one of these events in St. Louis, Cuban mailman Andarín Carvajal [[kar-vah-HAHL]] took a nap after breaking a forty hour fast by eating rotten apples. The Chechen-descended Tsarnaev [[zar-"NIGH"-yef]] brothers targeted the 2013 Boston iteration of these sporting events by using homemade bombs. The legendary run of Pheidippides [[fy-DIH-peh-deez]] from a battle site to Athens inspired, for ten points, what long-distance running events?

Marathons

*) general election. For ten points, name this "Iron Lady," the prime minister of the United Kingdom during the 1980s.

Margaret Thatcher

(9) An anachronism in a film about this historical figure involved the appearance of a pair of purple Converse sneakers during a shopping spree. A musical by Michael Kunze and Sylvester Levay parallels the life of this historical figure with a woman named Margrid Arnaud. A 2006 film directed by Sofia Coppola portrayed this figure's affair with Axel von Fersen. For ten points, what historical figure was the wife of Louis XVI [[the Sixteenth]] and last queen of France before the French Revolution?

Marie Antoinette (or Marie Antoinette Josèphe Jeanne; or Maria Antonia Josepha Johanna)

(2) This thinker outlined a theory in which three or more options ranked by preference can lead to intransitive results. Thomas Malthus's population studies were partly inspired by this thinker's notion of the "perfectibility of society" through progress in the sciences. This mathematician found that, when the probability of a correct outcome per juror was over 50 percent, adding jurors was optimal in a namesake "jury theorem." For ten points, name this Enlightenment thinker, and namesake of an election method, who died in prison during the French Revolution.

Marquis de Condorcet (or Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas de Caritat; accept Nicolas de Condorcet; accept Condorcet's Jury Theorem; accept Condorcet Method))

(3)Concerning Valley Forge, name the... French marquis who assisted in the reorganization of the Continental army during the winter of 1777.

Marquis de Lafayette (or Gilbert du Motier; full name: Marie-Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de La Fayette; accept either underlined portion)

(3) This monarch appointed Edward Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon, royal envoy to Holy Roman Emperor Charles V but rejected his ambition for the throne. Robert Aske led a popular revolt, known as the Pilgrimage of Grace, aiming to restore this royal to the English line of succession. Phillip II of Spain used his marriage to this daughter of Catherine of Aragon as a pretext to invade the British Isles in the 1580s. The English Reformation was nearly undone by, for ten points, what "Bloody" queen of the Tudor Dynasty, the sister of Elizabeth I?

Mary I (or Mary Tudor; accept Bloody Mary)

5) A person from this colony opened a ferry service at Blue Rock, sparking a territorial conflict that was only resolved by royal proclamation from George II. Thomas Cresap was from the colony that became this U.S. state, which used the Necessary and Proper clause to attempt to tax a federal institution led by James McCulloch. With Virginia, this state agreed to give up territory to establish the District of Columbia. The U.S. Naval Academy in Annapolis was founded in, for ten points, which Mid-Atlantic state on the Chesapeake?

Maryland BONUS: McCulloch v. Maryland arose out of attempt by the state to tax what federal institution, whose last president was Nicholas Biddle? ANSWER: Second Bank of the United States

28) This modern U.S. state passed the first set of Animal Protection Laws in their namesake "Body of Liberties." Charles II declared this future state's Hull Mint, founded by a member of its Quincy merchant family, illegitimate after it made coins of local figures. This state's governor, James Bowdoin [[BOH-duhn]], encouraged John Adams to author the Riot Act, allowing the government to suspend habeus corpus during Shays' Rebellion in its western region. For the point, name this New England state which experienced the Boston Massacre.

Massachusetts

5) Dirt brought from this state was used to bury the Marquis [[mahr-KEE]] de Lafayette in Paris. The storming of this state's Springfield Armory occurred during Shays' Rebellion, an uprising of disenchanted Revolutionary War veterans. Israel Putnam legendarily said "Don't fire 'til you see the whites of their eyes" at a 1775 engagement with the Redcoats in this state. The Battle of Bunker Hill occurred in, for ten points, what New England state?

Massachusetts=

9) Frederick Jackson Turner's Frontier Thesis claims "American Democracy" was not established on this object or the Susan Constant. The springing of a leak by the accompanying Speedwell led to William Bradford deciding to solely use this ship for a western voyage. A rudimentary government for Plymouth known as its namesake "Compact" was signed on this vessel. For ten points, name this ship that transported the Pilgrims to the New World.

Mayflower=

(3) This historian may have mistaken a species of marmot found in the modern Baltistan region for the "Gold-digging Ants" of Homeric legend. The 2nd century BCE work, Arthashastra, [[ar-thah-SHAH-strah]] proved this man's claim that slavery did not exist in one culture was likely invented. After signing a treaty of friendship and ceding the region of Kandahar, Seleucus I Nicator [[seh-LOO-kus "the first" nee-KAY-tor]] deployed this diplomat to Pataliputra at the court of Chandragupta Maurya. The writer of Indika was, for ten points, what Ancient Greek historian who wrote the first thorough western records of the Indian subcontinent?

Megasthenes [[meh-GAHS-theh-nees]]

(2) One man with this name, who was given the epithet "the Hunter," was the subject of an effort depicted in an Ilya Repin painting featuring a reply to that man's demands being drafted by a group of Zaporizhian Cossacks. The first ruler of this name brought an end to the Interregnum, resulting in him being called the (+) "Restorer." The second ruler of this name towed a series of ships along Galata in order to circumvent a chain along the Golden Horn. That man of this name was best known for a campaign completed in (*) 1453. For ten points, give this name of the Ottoman sultan who captured Constantinople.

Mehmed (accept Mehmed the Hunter; or Mehmed IV; or Avci Mehmed; or Mehmed Çelebi; or Mehmed I; or Mehmed the Restorer; or Mehmed Kirişçi; or Mehmed Kyritzis; or Mehmed the Conqueror; or Mehmed II; or Fatih Sultan Mehmed; or Meḥmed-i s̱ānī; accept Mehmet in place of Mehmed in all answer lines; prompt on "Muhammad" or other variations)

(1)Concerning the 19th century Boshin War, name the... "Restoration" of Imperial power which prompted the war.

Meiji Restoration (or Meiji Ishin; accept Honorable Restoration; or Goisshin)

4) This oratorio was based on a text compiled from the Coverdale Psalter and King James Bible by Charles Jennens. Part one of this oratorio depicts the salvation of Isaiah, and that scene in this work is punctuated by And the Glory of the Lord. A popular legend states that George II began the tradition of standing during this piece's Hallelujah Chorus. For ten points, name this oratorio often performed at Christmas, written by George Frideric Handel.

Messiah BONUS: Although he often performed in London, Handel's Messiah debuted on this island, which had been controlled by the English since 1603. ANSWER: Ireland

(1) Upon the declaration of this war, Ohio congressman Joshua Giddings wrote an open letter to the president outlining how this war was against an "unoffending people" and a thinly veiled attempt to "safeguard slavery." One president was angry at a peace negotiator in this war for forgoing the acquisition of Baja California for fifteen million dollars in reparations from the government of Santa Anna. Nicholas Trist and future president José Joaquín de Herrera negotiated an end to, for ten points, what North American war, ended by the treaty of Guadeloupe Hidalgo?

Mexican-American War (or Intervención estadounidense en México)

3) This country's first president, Guadalupe Victoria, was among only a few of its early leaders to complete a full term. One president of this nation engineered an eighth term as president in 1910, leading to his overthrow by Francisco Madero and a ten-year civil war. Benito Juárez [[HWAH-rehz]] governed this country, but was overthrown by an Austrian archduke. Emperor Maximilian was executed after failing to conquer, for ten points, what country where Cinco de Mayo commemorates a victory over France?

Mexico

*) symbols at the 1968 Summer Olympics held in, for ten points, what capital city?

Mexico City

(7) After one event, this man told Hamar Greenwood, "You had us dead beat. We could not have lasted another three weeks." This man ordered the killing of a group whose service in the Middle East inspired its name, the Cairo Gang. This man claimed to have "signed [his] actual death warrant" after negotiating what he believed was "the freedom to achieve freedom" with David Lloyd George. Arthur Griffin signed that treaty with this man the year before an incident in County Cork in 1922. For ten points, name this pro-treaty revolutionary who was assassinated during the Irish Civil War.

Michael Collins (or Mícheál Ó Coileáin) BONU Michael Collins was elected as a representative to what revolutionary parliament that lasted from 1919 to 1922? After recognition from Britain, it was replaced by the Oireachtas [[or-AHK-tahss]]. Dáil Éireann (or Revolutionary Dáil; accept First Dáil; or Second Dáil; prompt on "Assembly" or "Assembly of Ireland")

8) This man used the proceeds from his Lancaster Caramel Company to start his most famous business. This man built a namesake "Industrial" boarding school in a company town he established in Pennsylvania in 1903. During World War Two, this man's factories produced "Ration D Bars," a special type of confectionary designed to resist melting. For ten points, name this American founder of a chocolate bar and confectionary company.

Milton Snavely Hershey=

(7) In a novel predominantly set in this state, Marie Lazarre marries her rapist, Nector, while June Morrissey freezes to death en route to a reservation. A novel set in this state that frequently references the U.S.'s entry into World War One centers on a woman who fails to work with the Jolly Seventeen (+) and the Thanatopsis Club. The novel Love Medicine draws from Louise Erdrich's experiences in a Chippewa community in this state. Gopher Prarie resident Carol (*) Kennicott lives in, for ten points, what state, the setting of Sinclair Lewis's Main Street?

Minnesota

s)" until "male") BONUS: In Greek myth, a bull impregnated Pasiphae [[pah-SEE-fay]] leading to the birth of this monster, named for a legendary king of Crete.

Minotaur

5) A shepherd of this name raised the young Cyrus the Great after a steward of Astyages [[ah-STY-ah-gees]] was tasked with killing the child. A war with this name began after a king orchestrated the Asiatic Vespers, a genocide of Romans in Asia Minor. Pompey the Great defeated a king of this name in the Battle of the Lycus, forcing him to flee to Crimea and commit suicide. The Kingdom of Pontus was ruled by six rulers with, for ten points, which name of Persian origin, derived from that of a sun god?

Mithridates

1) This "people of the flint" were the target of missionary efforts by Johannes Megapolensis [[yoh-HAH-ness meh-guh-poh-LEN-siss]] and earlier battled Hurons under the command of Samuel de Champlain. Due to claiming lands along a namesake river valley west of the Hudson River, this group was known as the Keepers of the Eastern Door. For ten points, name this member tribe of the Iroquois [[IH-roh-kwoy]] Confederacy, known in popular culture for an incorrectly attributed hairstyle in which the sides of the head are shaven.

Mohawks

8) This site's monk's cell had a Buddhist style stupa added over a thousand years after its abandonment by inhabitants of the Sindhu Kingdom. A layer of bitumen coated this city's "Great Bath," the earliest public water tank in recorded human history, likely used for religious purposes due to its proximity to the "College of Priests." One of the largest sites of the Harappan Civilization was, for ten points, which city in modern Pakistan whose name translates to "Mound of the Dead"?

Mohenjo-Daro

(7) The writing on the Pashupati seal found at this site has yet to be deciphered. This site's initial excavation was led by Ernest Mackay, who discovered artworks including the soapstone "Priest-King'' statue and the bronze "Dancing Girl" statuette. This site's Great Granary and Great Bath date from the Third millennium BCE, and this site's name means "mound of the dead men'' in Sindhi. For ten points, name this archeological site in presentday Pakistan, a major center of the Indus Valley Civilization.

Mohenjo-daro (prompt on "Indus Valley" or "Indus Valley Civilization" before mentioned; prompt on "Sindh" before "Sindhi"; prompt on "Pakistan" before mentioned)

(8) Concerning the U.S. presidential election of 1984, name the...Opening line of an ad campaign, formally known as "Prouder, Stronger, Better," which depicted people happily going to work.

Morning in America (accept "It's Morning Again in America)

(6) A portion of this piece's manuscript that contained the words "Quam olim da capo" was stolen at the 1958 Brussels World's Fair. A bass soloist sings the same melody of an arpeggiated B-flat major trombone solo in this piece's "Tuba Mirum." The wife of this piece's composer, Constanze [[kohn-STAHN-tse]], kept quiet about the role of Franz Xaver Süssmayr [[SOO-smy-uh]] in completing its "Lacrimosa" that was left mostly unfinished after its composer's 1791 death. For ten points, name this mass for the dead by the composer of The Magic Flute.

Mozart's Requiem (accept Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's Requiem Mass in D minor, K. 626; prompt on partial answers) BONUS: The opening of Mozart's Requiem quotes which composer's The ways of Zion do mourn? A performance of this man's Music for the Royal Fireworks caused a three-hour traffic jam. ANSWER: George Frideric Handel

8) England's first ambassador to this nation, Thomas Roe, failed to gain special trading privileges in Surat [[soo-RAHT]]. The Afghani Sur Empire temporarily usurped control from this country until the regent Hemu [[HEE-moo]] lost the Second Battle of Panipat [[PAN-eepat]]. The rulers of this empire claimed direct descent from Tamerlane, and under Aurangzeb [[oh-RAHNG-zehb]] this empire conquered much of the Deccan [[DEH-kan]] Plateau. Shah Jahan and Akbar ruled, for ten points, what Muslim empire of the Indian subcontinent?

Mughal Empire

(9) Ustad Mansur was a court artist during this empire and was the earliest to depict the dodo bird in color. The Persian artist Abd al-Samad was commissioned by a leader of this empire to paint miniatures for books such as the Tutinama. Rulers of this empire commissioned the Shalimar Gardens and brought in leading architects to design the city of Fatehpur Sikri. A ruler of this empire commissioned a marble mausoleum for his wife, Mumtaz. For ten points, name this empire, during which the Taj Mahal was commissioned by Shah Jahan.

Mughal Empire (accept Mogul Empire)

5) In the 1970s, this man was nominated for Best Recording for Children at the Grammys for an educational album featuring [this man] and His Gang vs. Mr. Tooth Decay. Jimmy Carter tasked this athlete with a 1980 tour of Africa to endorse the boycott of the Moscow Olympics. In an effort to legitimize his regime, dictator Mobutu Sese Seko hosted a contest between this athlete and George Foreman, the so-called "Rumble in the Jungle." Cassius Clay was once the name of, for ten points, which boxer, known as "The Greatest"?

Muhammad Ali

(7) Angela Ballara [[bah-LAH-rah]] argued that the use of the common term describing these conflicts was misleading since they were a continuation of existing tribal practices. The Bay of Plenty was targeted during these conflicts, which prompted changes to pa fortifications. The Battle of (+) Moremonui [[moh-reh-mohNOO-ee]] occurred during these conflicts, in which iwi raids were conducted in Waikato. Hongi Hika led one side during these conflicts, which preceded the Treaty of (*) Waitangi. For ten points, name these conflicts involving the use of a namesake European armament used by the Maori.

Musket Wars

(8) In 2017, the ARSA military organization launched attacks in this country's Arakan, or Rakhine, State. This country's government conducted Operation Dragon King under the orders of the socialist dictator Ne Win. In February 2021, a leader of this country, who had earlier won the Nobel Peace Prize, was overthrown in a Tatmadaw coup. For ten points, name this Southeast Asian country formerly led by Aung San Suu Kyi [[CHEE]] where over 500,000 Muslim Royhinga refugees have fled to neighboring Bangladesh since 2017.

Myanmar (or Republic of the Union of Myanmar; or Pyidaunzu Thanmăda Myăma Nainngandaw; accept Burma)

(8) Glenn Greenwald wrote an article criticizing this organization's decision to forgo the word "torture" when describing tactics used by the Bush administration toward terrorism suspects. In 2017, tweets by this organization quoting the Declaration of Independence were labeled by critics as "propaganda" against Donald Trump. The first broadcast of this organization was coverage of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations hearings on the Vietnam War on April 20, 1971. For ten points, what American news broadcaster operates as a non-profit media network?

NPR (or National Public Radio) BONUS: What flagship news program of NPR has been anchored by Ari Shapiro, Mary Louise Kelly, and Alisa Chang and had its first episode preserved by the Library of Congress? All Things Considered (or ATC)

(9) Père Louis Bazin [[bah-ZAHN]] recorded the death of this ruler, who was surprised in his sleep by conspirators at Quchan [[KOO-chahn]]. A form of artillery known as the zamburak was employed at a victory for this man over Muhammad Shah. This man's tribe in Khorasan (+) informed the name of his dynasty, the Afsharids. The Battle of Karnal was won by this man, who conducted a number of beheadings along the Yamuna River and took the Peacock Throne (*) as loot during a campaign against the Mughals. For ten points, name this "Persian Napoleon" who sacked Delhi.

Nadir Shah (accept Nader Qoli Beyg; accept Tahmāsp Qoli Khan)

4) A painting of this ruler in his study shows a clock in the background at 4:13 a.m and a law code on a table. Paul Delaroche [[deh-lah-ROHSH]] painted a more realistic version of a painting where the names of Charlemagne and Hannibal can be seen on rocks below this leader. That painting by Jacques-Louis David [JAHK LOO-wee DAH-veed]] shows this ruler crossing the Alps. For ten points, name this French Emperor depicted at battles like Austerlitz and Waterloo.

Napoleon Bonaparte

(2) Concerning the Mexican War of Independence, name the...Emperor of France defeated at Waterloo whose invasion of Spain weakened their rule over Mexico.

Napoleon I (accept Napoleon Bonaparte)

23) The SIT absolved this politician of wrongdoing in inciting 2002 riots that led to the Gulbarg Society massacre. Following the Uri terrorist attacks, this Prime Minister called for the diplomatic isolation of Pakistan. Mass protests against this man's administration occurred after his passage of the Citizen Amendment Act, due in part to Muslims being excluded from a path to Indian citizenship. The leader of the BJP is, for the point, which Gujarati politician who has served as the Prime Minister of India since 2014?

Narendra Modi

(3) A co-founder of this organization, along with his brother, Francis, oversaw Galaxy Magazine which employed Mark Twain. That man was William Conant Church, who co-founded this organization with an author of a popular manual (+) its members often read. George Wingate was an early leader of this organization, the national profile of which was raised when Ambrose Burnside became president. (*) For ten points, name this organization that promoted breech-loading varieties of its namesake weapon and was once led by actor Charlton Heston.

National Rifle Association (accept NRA)

22) In an effort to dismiss Erich von Däniken's claim that ancient astronauts created this site, Joe Nickell and a small team recreated these sites without aerial assistance and utilizing pre-Columbian tools. This site was inadvertently damaged by Greenpeace activists in 2014 after they set up banners there, leading to extensive fines from the Humala administration. A monkey with a spiral tail and a heron are two of the glyphs present at, for the point, what group of geoglyphs in a namesake desert in Peru?

Nazca Lines

(8) One psychologist used his experiences in one of these places to outline his theory of logotherapy. One philosopher controversially claimed that keeping a positive outlook was necessary for survival in these places in the book Man's Search for Meaning. One of the primary developers of these places was used as an example of the "banality of evil" in Hannah Arendt's book Eichmann in Jerusalem. Victor Frankl wrote about his time in, for ten points, what locations where the majority of killings during the Holocaust took place?

Nazi concentration camps (accept Konzentrationslager; accept Extermination camps; accept Death camps; accept Killing centers; accept specific examples like Auschwitz; prompt on "prisons" or "camps")

*) Twenty-Fifth Amendment. For ten points, name this New York politician and vice president under Gerald Ford.

Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller=

20) In this nation, the anti-immigrant rhetoric of politician Pim Fortuyn [[for-TOYN]] led to his assassination during its 2002 general election. A ban on all public mosques and printings of the Koran were called for by this nation's far right faction, the Party for Freedom. On the holiday of Koningsdag [[KOH-nings-dahk]] in 2013, the reigning Queen Beatrix abdicated in favor of her son Willem-Alexander, the head of the House of Orange-Nassau. Mark Rutte [[ROO-teh]] leads, for the point, which Benelux nation governed from The Hague?

Netherlands

(7) Concerning the state of Missouri, name the...Series of 19th century earthquakes named for a Missouri region which was used by Tecumseh to signal the start of a native revolt.

New Madrid [[MAD-rid]] Earthquakes

(3) Despite outnumbering an opposing force by roughly five to one, this organization lost over one-fourth of its members who participated in the Siege of Clonmel. George Monck led one part of this group with whom the Agitators and the Levellers argued (+) over the form of its country's constitution during the Putney Debates. Eschewing tents, this group often quartered in nearby buildings and employed dragoons in battles at Dunbar and Preston. Supporting the (*) Protectorate, for ten points, what was this army created by the reform-minded Oliver Cromwell?

New Model Army (prompt on descriptive or partial answers)

7) Civil War general Benjamin Butler was given the nickname "Spoons" for taking silverware from a woman during the Union's occupation of this city, the most populous in the Confederacy. In another conflict, Edward Pakenham was defeated in this city by a force assisted by pirate Jean Lafitte [[lah-FEET]] in a battle fought after the signing of the Treaty of Ghent. Andrew Jackson won the Battle of, for ten points, what city major port city annexed into the Union by the Louisiana Purchase?

New Orleans

(6) The largest church of this spiritual movement, Unity, was founded by Charles and Myrtle Filmore in 1889. Emma Curtis Hopkins, a leader in this spiritual movement, was referred to as the "Teacher of Teachers." In his book, The Varieties of Religious Experience, (+) William James brands this spiritual philosophy as a "Mind-cure movement." The founder of Christian Science, Mary Baker Eddy, denied that she was inspired by her time as a student of the (*) founder of this movement. For ten points, the foundations of what spiritual movement were laid by mesmerist Phineas P. Quimby?

New Thought movement (or Higher Thought)

(1) In his concurrence to this Supreme Court case, Justice Goldberg listed his belief in an "absolute, unconditional privilege" around a certain issue. The majority opinion in this case notes an approximate cost of $4800 for an advertisement that was accompanied by a letter from Asa Philip Randolph. A commissioner from Montgomery, Alabama brought forth this case, which established a standard for falsity known as "reckless disregard." The notion of "actual malice" was central to, for ten points, what Supreme Court case dealing with a major newspaper from a Mid-Atlantic state?

New York Times Co. v. Sullivan (prompt on "Sullivan"; accept The New York Times Company v. L. B. Sullivan; accept NYT v. Sullivan)

(7) At an event in this city, Pete Seeger offered to use an ax to stop a performance because of the acoustics. In this city, Paul Gonsalves performed a saxophone solo for 27 choruses during a performance of Duke Ellington's "Diminuendo and Crescendo in Blue." The playing of "Maggie's Farm" opened a performance in this city, in which a folk singer shocked a crowd by, for the first time in his career, playing an electric guitar on stage. For ten points, Bob Dylan "went electric" at a jazz festival in which Rhode Island city?

Newport (accept Newport Folk Festival; or Newport Jazz Festival) BONUS: Following a 1960 riot in Newport that canceled many jazz performances, Langston Hughes wrote an impromptu lyric called "Goodbye, Newport Blues" and brought it to which musician? This man founded Chicago blues with songs like "Mannish Boy" and "Rollin' Stone." Muddy Waters (accept McKinley Morganfield)

(4) Concerning the Printing Press, name the...Type of periodical first introduced in Strasbourg by Johann Carolus in an effort to compile "Commemorable Stories."

Newspaper

17) This leader was ridiculed in one debate for his plans to build a moon base. This leader resigned from his highest post after his affair with Callista Bisek, 23 years his junior, was revealed. This leader blasted CNN for asking about "open marriages" en route to winning every delegate in the 2012 South Carolina Primary. A five-year lifetime limit on welfare benefits was included in this politician's "Contract with America." For the point, name this Republican Speaker of the House known for his aggressive opposition to the Clinton administration.

Newt Gingrich

3) This ruler approached his cousin of the same name to force him to become dictator, though that Grand Duke responded by pointing a pistol at his own head and threatening to fire. That episode occurred during the Revolution of 1905, in which this ruler's forces fired on demonstrators during "Bloody Sunday" at the Winter Palace. The Russo-Japanese War was lost by, for ten points, which Tsar who was later killed by the Bolsheviks?

Nicholas II

(6) In 1977, one of these places was created after Steve Rubell and Ian Schrager converted a theatre. In 1986, one of these places in West Germany, known as La Belle, was bombed, prompting Ronald Reagan to order Operation El Dorado Canyon against Libya. Studio 54 was a prominent example of these locations, another of which was the site of Omar Mateen's mass shooting in Florida. For ten points, name these locations which include Pulse in Orlando.

Nightclubs (accept Music Club; accept Discotheque; accept Disco Club; accept Dance Club; accept Gay Bars; prompt on "Club")

(3) During the 30 years he spent in Cochabamba, this advisor may have assisted in the Cocaine Coup. This man was hired to assist the Bolivian government deal with its opponents. This man oversaw the Rue Sainte-Catherine Roundup, which resulted in a number of his targets being sent to the Drancy internment camp. The resistance leader Jean Moulin [[moo-LAHN]] was killed by this man, who was the subject of a documentary titled Hotel Terminus. For ten points, name this member of the Gestapo whose actions in France led to his nickname, the "Butcher of Lyon." [[lee-OHN]]

Nikolaus "Klaus" Barbie (prompt on the "Butcher of Lyon" before mentioned)

*) neighbor. For ten points, name this Communist state whose government is centered on Pyongyang.

North Korea

1) A pilot from this nation unwittingly earned a one-hundred thousand dollar prize from the U.S. Air Force when he turned over of a Soviet MiG-15 fighter. Hatchet-wielding soldiers from this nation killed American servicemen in the Joint Security Area, to which the U.S. responded by mobilizing an entire taskforce to cut down a poplar tree in Operation Paul Bunyan. The Demilitarized Zone is shared between a southern neighbor and, for ten points, what East Asian nation dominated for seven decades by the Kim family?

North Korea

(7) Manasseh Cutler helped secure Congressional support for this bill, after which a group called "the forty-eight" established a settlement at Marietta. Nathan Dane claimed to have authored the sixth article of this act which included a prohibition on slavery. A fiveman government was to run this act's central location while its population was under five thousand. A provision on natural rights in this act is thought to have influenced the Bill of Rights written two years later. For ten points, name this act which created a territory encompassing an area now including Indiana and Ohio.

Northwest Ordinance of 1787 (accept An Ordinance for the Government of the Territory of the United States, [a]North-West of the River Ohio; accept Ordinance of 1787; do not accept or prompt on Northwest Ordinance of 1789) BONUS: In early discussions regarding the lands west of the Appalachians, Thomas Jefferson suggested creating ten rectangular states in the region, including states named Metropotamia, Washington, and this name. Taken from a Mohawk word, this name is most famously associated with a town in Upstate New York and a 1777 campaign which took place nearby. Saratoga (accept Saratoga Campaign; accept Battle(s) of Saratoga)

*) Bills running back was tried in LA during, for ten points, which 1995 murder case?

O. J. Simpson murder case

(3) A governor of this region, named Abdullahi Sadiq [[SAH-deek]], attempted to influence one country to side with the Central Powers of World War One. That leader of this region was a member of the Harari people and forged an alliance with Mohammed Hassan of the Dervish State. A conference in Dire Dawa contributed to disputes over the name of this region, where a raid on an oil facility in Abole [[ah-BOH-leh]] led to a 2007 crackdown by Meles Zenawi's government. A 1970s war over this region began when Siad Barre's forces invaded it from the east. For ten points, name this region historically disputed between Somalia and Ethiopia.

Ogaden (accept Ogaadeen; accept Huwan; accept Soomaali Galbeed prompt on "Somali Region" or "Western Somalia"; prompt on "Haud" or "Ethiopia" or "Abyssinia")

accept descriptions of the the US not having Oil in the 1970s; accept OPEAC oil embargo of the 1970s; prompt on the "Nixon Shock" before Nixon is mentioned) BONUS: The oil embargo was a direct response to which specific operation during the Yom Kippur War, in which the U.S. airlifted over twenty-thousand tons of military supplies to Israel?

Operation Nickel Grass=

3) Late 18th-century pianos often had a pedal named for either this place or a group from this place which simulated the sound of a bell or a bass drum. The makam system was used for music theory in this state, where genres included the fasil and pesrev. The tanbur lute and ney flute were often used in this state, where cymbal-heavy marching music was sometimes played by elite soldiers recruited from the Balkans. For ten points, Janissary bands originated in what empire, where music could be performed for the sultan in Constantinople?

Ottoman Empire

8) In 1946, the Soviet Union prevented a production of this work "on the grounds that the drama [would] inspire a [...] suicide wave." This play was first performed at McCarter Theatre in New Jersey before transferring to Broadway, where Edward Albee hailed it as "the greatest American play ever written." Told in three acts, this metatheatrical play features an omniscient stage manager who oversees the performance and is set in Grover's Corners, a "typical American community." For ten points, name this play by Thornton Wilder, which earned him his first Pulitzer Prize for Drama.

Our Town=

(4) Carlos Salinas's tenure as president of this company included the arrest of the union boss José Hernández Galicia, who was using violent force to coerce the syndicates of workers. Following the creation of this company, former Secretary of Agriculture Saturnino Cedillo [[seh-DEE-yoh]] declared the sitting government illegitimate and revolted from his power base. Citing Article 27 of the Constitution of 1917, Lázaro Cárdenas ordered the creation of this company after seizing Anglo-Dutch and American holdings. The national oil company of Mexico is, for ten points, what state enterprise created in the 1930s?

PEMEX (accept Petróleos Mexicanos)

(3) Concerning the Andean nation of Colombia, name the...Medellín [[meh-deh-YEEN]] cartel leader known as the "King of Cocaine."

Pablo Escobar (or Pablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria)

(5) Though made of brick, one of these buildings, built during the Song Dynasty, is named for its resemblance to rusted iron and can be found in Kaifeng. One of these buildings, named for the Wild Goose, was built during the Tang Dynasty, while the (+) Lingxiao type of these buildings was originally part of Tianning Monastery. Eaves were extended to separate the tiers of these buildings, a Korean example of which included text from the oldest sutra of the (*) Mahayana sect. For ten points, name these towers often serving religious functions in Buddhism.

Pagodas (or Tǎ; accept Pagoda of Fogong Temple; or Iron Pagoda; or Giant Wild Goose Pagoda; or Dàyàn tǎ; or Lingxiao Pagoda)

2) A ruler of this family formally surrendered and abdicated to a joint UK-USSR invasion of his nation in Operation Countenance. The formal deposition of the last ruler of the Qajar [[kah-JAR]] family while abroad on a European tour led to the appointment of this dynasty's first ruler. A member of this dynasty created a one-party state in the mid 1970s under the Rastakhiz [[rah-STAH-"keys"]] party, part of a reform package known as the "White Revolution." The Islamic Revolution overthrew, for the point, which dynasty of Persian shahs in the 20th century?

Pahlavi Dynasty=

(2) Concerning the Basque region of Spain and France, name the...City which holds a famed "Running of the Bulls."

Pamplona (accept Iruña)

(8) This artist decorated the Duomo with a portrait of an English mercenary on horseback in Funerary Monument to Sir John Hawkwood. Vasari noted how this artist stayed up late in an attempt to find an exact vanishing point, which he explored in his The Hunt in the Forest. (+) This artist depicted Micheletto da Cotignola [[koh-teen-OHluh]] and Niccolo da Tolentino in a set of three paintings depicting a 1432 battle between Florentine and (*) Sienese forces. For ten points, name this Renaissance artist of The Battle of San Romano.

Paolo Uccello (accept Paolo di Dono)

5) This city was the center of the Affair of the Placards, which resulted from rising tensions between Catholics and Protestants. In 1871, over ten thousand people were massacred when a "Commune" in this city was brutally crushed. The wildcat strikes of May, 1968 were centered on this city's student population. In November 2015, an ISIS attack at a soccer stadium and the Bataclan Theatre led to over a hundred deaths in this city. For ten points, name this French city where Notre Dame caught fire in 2019.

Paris

(5) Concerning Emperor Marcus Aurelius, name the...Iranian power whose capital, Ctesiphon, was sacked by an army he sent.

Parthian Empire (accept Arsacid Empire)

accept United Mexican States, Mexican Empire, or Estados Unidos Mexicanos) BONUS: The First French Intervention in Mexico is nicknamed for what type of baked confectionary? A chef of this specific type of food complained to the French government after Mexican soldiers looted his shop, leading to the intervention.

Pastry

1) Under General Julio Roca, this region's indigenous population, including the Kolla and Wichi, were subordinated in the Conquest of the Desert. This region's Chubut River was the site of "The Colony", a venture by Welsh settlers. Puelmapu [[pwehl-MAH-poo]] is the traditional homeland of the Mapuche people, who occupy this region and the Pampas. A race of giants were rumored by explorers to live in, for ten points, what southern region of South America shared by Chile and Argentina?

Patagonia

(8)Concerning Spartan life, name the... Non-citizen class who participated in commerce and manufacturing, unlike full citizens.

Perioeci (or Perioikoi; accept "Those dwelling around"; be generous on pronunciation)

4) This country fought a month-long conflict with Ecuador in 1995 known as the Cenepa War. Beginning in 1996, the Japanese embassy in this country was the scene of a hostage crisis that lasted for four months. In this nation, Chilean Bernardo O'Higgins and Argentine general José de San Martín [[mar-TEEN]] crossed the Andes to help liberate this country from Spanish control. For ten points, name this South American country that was once the heartland of the Inca.

Peru

(8) Concerning the Andean nation of Colombia, name the...Conservative governor of California at the time of the riots, who requested that the Insurrection Act be invoked.

Pete Wilson (or Peter Barton Wilson)

(8) Conservative governor of California at the time of the riots, who requested that the Insurrection Act be invoked.

Pete Wilson (or Peter Barton Wilson)

(8) After moving to an all-white suburb of this city, Daisy Myers endured months of harassment before gaining the nickname "Rosa Parks of the North." Henry Box Brown shipped himself to freedom in a crate to an Anti-Slavery (+) Society in this city. John Africa founded the Black liberation group MOVE in this city. The Free African Society was called in to deal with a 1793 epidemic of yellow fever in this city, which was treated by Benjamin (*) Rush. For ten points, name this city in which the Declaration of Independence was signed.

Philadelphia

2) All three daughters of one ruler of this name were accused of adultery in the Tour de Nesle [NEH-luh]] Affair. One ruler of this name sent his son Louis to go on the Albigensian Crusade. That ruler with this name crushed the English at the Battle of Bouvines [[booVEEN]]. A Spanish ruler of this name invaded the Netherlands in the Eighty Years' War, and that ruler of this name formed a fleet with the aim of deposing Elizabeth I that was defeated at Gravelines [[grav-LEEN]]. For ten points, give this name of the king who created the Spanish Armada.

Philip

accept Fernão de Magalhães; or Fernando de Magallanes) BONUS: Lapu-Lapu was a chieftain of Mactan, in the Visayas group of which East Asian archipelago which was controlled by the Spanish until 1898?

Philippines

(1) A leader of a rebel group in this country, Datu Amil, was killed at the Battle of Bud Bagsak, one of the final battles of a rebellion in which rebels were massacred at Bud Dajo. The Organic Act and Jones (+) Act attempted to formalize a parliament in this occupied country. A president of this country was captured the Battle of Tirad Pass. This country's Moro population was suppressed with assistance from John Pershing. Manuel (*) Quezon became the first president of, for ten points, what country that gained independence in the Treaty of Manila?

Philippines (accept Republika ng Pilipinas; accept First Philippine Republic)

(1) This man is the subject of a biography by Robert Wilson subtitled "An American Life," and this man funded a series of renovation projects in Connecticut that were part of his "profitable philanthropy." This man once testified against William Mumler, who was considered a "spirit photographer." This businessman once offered to provide $500 to anyone who could demonstrate the ability to speak with the dead and became known as the prince of the "humbug" hoax. Claiming "a sucker is born every minute," for ten points, who was this businessman who founded a circus with James Anthony Bailey?

Phineas Taylor Barnum (or P.T. Barnum; accept Barnum and Bailey)

(4) Concerning military innovations during World War One, name the...Bird whose "Racing Homer" breed was extensively used to relay messages.

Pigeons

(2) With Pierce Butler, a delegate from this family proposed that fugitive slaves should be "delivered up like criminals" in introducing the Fugitive Slave Clause. A man from this family negotiated the Treaty of San Lorenzo along with Manuel de Godoy in establishing the U.S. boundary with Spanish Florida. A man from this family was the Federalist Party candidate in 1804 and 1808, after which he served as president-general of the Society of the Cincinnati. For ten points, name this South Carolina family which included Charles and Charles Cotesworth.

Pinckney (accept Charles Pinckney; accept Charles Cotesworth Pinckney)

(4) During this process, one man was presented with a silk screen landscape of the Huangshan Mountains, whereas the only thing that man had to offer in turn was a comb. This process was partly caused by Glenn Cowan missing his (+) team's bus in Nagoya, after which he enjoyed a fifteen-minute conversation with three-time world champion Zhuang Zedong. Paving the way for (*) Nixon's visit to a certain country, for ten points, what was this early 1970s series of events between players of a "racquet" sport that eased diplomatic tensions between the U.S. and China?

Ping-Pong Diplomacy (Pīngpāng wàijiāo; prompt on "ping pong" or "table tennis"; prompt on "table tennis diplomacy")

(10) One building at a university in this city features thirty-one distinct rooms themed to different cultures. The Nationality Rooms are located in an art-deco skyscraper in this city that was dubbed "an inverted mineshaft" by Frank Lloyd Wright. The Cathedral of Learning is located in this city whose Heinz Field replaced Three Rivers Stadium as the home for an NFL team in 2001. In this city's Frick Park, the Fern Hollow Bridge collapsed in January 2022. For ten points, name this city whose football team, the Steelers, reflects its industrial history.

Pittsburgh (accept University of Pittsburgh; accept Pittsburgh Steelers; prompt on "Pitt")

(1) Concerning the Early Roman Republic, name the...Collective class of commoners who agitated for rights.

Plebeians (accept Plebs)

(1) Concerning military innovations during World War One, name the...Chemical weapon, with mustard and chlorine variants, used at the Battle of Ypres [[ee-PRUH]].

Poison Gas (accept Chemical Weapons; accept any answer with Gas)

*) George Floyd. Cases concerning "Brutality" used by, for ten points, which occupation have led for calls to "Defund" law enforcement agencies?

Police Officers

6) In one of these artworks, a woman labeled "America First" reads a children's book titled Adolf the Wolf to impressionable kids. One of these artworks depicts a turtle known as "O Grab Me" biting a New Englander holding a barrel labeled "Super Fine." The two symbols of the American political parties, the donkey and elephant, were first introduced through this medium. For ten points, name these graphics that depict public figures, usually expressing the artist's opinion.

Political Cartoons

(5) Two members of this family were accompanied by the ambassador Koeketei on a trip in which a paiza was to be bestowed upon the pope. An outpost at Sandak on the Crimean Peninsula was established by the aforementioned brothers from this family whose nephew wrote about Manji in a work sometimes referred to as Il Milione [[ill-mill-YOHneh]]. That member of this family lived during the 13th century and served in Kublai Khan's court. For ten points, identify this family that included the Venetian traveler Marco.

Polo family (accept Marco Polo; acceptNiccolo Polo; accept Maffeo Polo) BONUS: The name of the Khitan people inspired what archaic European term for Yuan China? Cathay (do not accept or prompt on "Mangi")

(1) This man formally apologized to Archbishop Christodoulos, the head of the Church of Greece, for offenses committed by Catholics against Orthodox populations during the Fourth Crusade. A Member of the ultra-nationalist Grey Wolves named (+) Mehmet Ali Ağca shot this figure during a procession in St. (*) Peter's Square. The initiative World Youth Day was pioneered by, for ten points, what Polish-born pope who was succeeded by Pope Benedict XVI [[the Sixteenth]]?

Pope John Paul II (or JPII; accept Karol Józef Wojtyła) BONUS: What major pass through the Appalachian mountains was trailblazed by Daniel Boone, allowing pioneers access to Tennessee and Kentucky? Cumberland Gap (accept Cumberland Mountains)

(9) This man's nephew, Felix, led some of the revolts within the Ten Tragic Days alongside Bernardo Reyes. This man took power using the Plan of Tuxtepec, which disavowed the presidency of Sebastian Lerdo de Tejada. This man's inner circle of advisors included Ramon Corral and Jose Yves Limantour and were known as the cientificos. This issuer of the Plan of San Luis Potosi was eventually ousted by Francisco Madero. For ten points, identify this longtime Mexican dictator who was overthrown in the Mexican Revolution.

Porfirio Diaz (or José de la Cruz Porfirio Díaz Mori) BONUS: Porfirio Diaz first rose to prominence after rising up against what Liberal politician, the first indigenous president of Mexico? Benito Juarez (or Benito Pablo Juárez García)

(7) One of this tribe's leaders feigned willingness to convert to Christianity in order to launch a surprise attack on English settlers. This tribe, once led by Opechancanough [[oh-puh-CHAN-kuh-noh]], established its main village at (+) Werowocomoco [[weh-roh-woh-KOH-moh-koh]], and its leaders were known as mamanatowick. One member of this tribe apocryphally saved John (*) Smith from execution. Pocahontas was a member of, for ten points, what "confederacy" of Algonquin tribes from Eastern Virginia?

Powhatan Confederacy (accept Tsenacommacah; accept Attanoughkomouck; prompt on "Algonquin" before mentioned)

9) To criticize a man holding this position, Buzz Windrip, Doremus Jessup uses the periodical The Vermont Vigilance in the Sinclair Lewis novel, It Can't Happen Here. Prior to the events of Philip K. Dick's The Man in the High Castle, the successor of John Nance Garner, John W. Bricker, held this political position but failed to prevent an Axis occupation of North America. Phyllis Wheatley wrote "To his Excellency General Washington" about a holder of, for ten points, what executive position?

President of the United States of America

2) Author Ken Kesey unknowingly took part in these experiments at the Veterans Administration Hospital in Menlo Park while working there as a night aide. One revelation from hearings on this project was that Frank Olson, a U.S. Army biochemist, died from being covertly dosed by an experimental drug under the auspices of this program. Originally designed to test the effects of psychoactive drugs on eliciting confessions during interrogations, for ten points, give the codename for what series of illegal and highlysecretive human experiments conducted by the CIA?

Project MKUltra=

*) Ventriloquism is an art form using, for ten points, what objects that usually represent people and are manipulated for theatre.

Puppets

4) While being investigated by the Lytton Commission, this noble recorded that he hoped to ask the namesake official for asylum in interwar Britain but instead was cowed by Seishirō Itagaki. Yuan Shikai [[SHEE-KYE]] succeeded this royal after his regent, Empress Dowager Longyu, issued the abdication edict in 1912. Imperial Japan placed this monarch on the throne of their puppet state, Manchukuo [[mahn-CHOO-kwoh]]. The last monarch of China was, for ten points, which child-ruler known as the Xuantong Emperor?

Puyi

21) This composer was commissioned to write a piece for a Red Cross benefit concert commemorating his country's intervention in the Serbo-Turkish War. Another piece about a battle by this composer begins by quoting the hymn "O Lord, Save Thy People." That piece by this composer quotes "La Marseillaise" to symbolize Napoleon's invading army and culminates with sixteen cannon blasts. For the point, identify this Russian composer of Marche Slave [[marsh-SLAHV]] and the 1812 Overture.

Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky [[chy-KOF-skee]]=

(8) Concerning the short-lived Qin Dynasty, name the...Second emperor and brother of the heir who was forced to commit suicide following a coup by Zhao Gao.

Qin Er Shi (or Ying Huhai)

25) This dynasty successfully resolved the Ili [[EE-lee]] crisis by negotiating the Treaty of St. Petersburg with Russia. The Self-Strengthening Movement was pushed by this dynasty following the burning of the Old Summer Palace. A commissioner under this dynasty, Lin Zexu [[ZEH-SHOO]] , issued a letter to Queen Victoria condemning the opium trade. Near the end of this dynasty, "dowager empress" Cixi [[SEE-SHE]] held effective power. For the point, name this final imperial dynasty of China.

Qing [[CHING]] Dynasty

(4) Elijah Coleman Bridgman was the first American missionary to this dynasty, after which he founded a Repository for this dynasty's politics and culture. Peter Parker served as a translator for a treaty between the U.S. and this dynasty negotiated by Caleb Cushing, (+) in which Americans attained extraterritoriality rights. This dynasty, which signed the Treaty of Wanghia [[WAHNG-YAH]], was the subject of a doctrine by John Hay encouraging (*) Western powers to keep an "open door." For ten points, name this dynasty, during which American troops were sent to China to halt the Boxer Rebellion.

Qing [[CHING]] Dynasty (or Great Qing; or Dà Qīng; or Daicing gurun)

(2) A leader of this group formed the town of Jerusalem near Penn Yan and attracted young followers known as "Universal." That leader of this group shunned their birth name and gendered pronouns and was known as Public Universal Friend. (+) A founder of a colony of this group signed a peace treaty at Shackamaxon with the Lenape [[leh-NAH-pee]] chief, Tamanend. That man, who was given land by Charles II as debt repayment, befriended a founder of this religious group, George (*) Fox. For ten points, name this Christian sect followed by William Penn.

Quakers (accept Religious Society of Friends before "friends" is mentioned)

(6) Concerning the Andean nation of Ecuador, name the...Founder of the PAIS [[PAH-ees]] Alliance who gave asylum to Julian Assange in his embassy.

Rafael Correa (or Rafael Vicente Correa Delgado)

22) A scandal surrounding this industry began when Hugh Allan gave the Conservative party 360,000 dollars in exchange for a contract. It isn't gold mining, but hundreds of ChineseCanadians died in nitroglycerin accidents while working on a project in this industry. That project in this industry was completed in Craigellachie [[kruh-GEH-luh-kee]] by Donald Smith. Cornelius Van Horne was a tycoon in, for the point, what industry that built the Canadian Pacific from Ontario to British Columbia?

Railway Industry

(8) Concerning Sejong the Great, the ruler of the Kingdom of Korea, name the...Kind of device, exemplified by the Cheugugi [[choo-GOO-gee]], invented by the Academy of Science to assist agriculture.

Rain Gauge (accept Udometer; or Pluviometer; or Ombrometer; or Hyetometer; accept descriptive answers of instruments intended to measure precipitation)

accept La Habana) BONUS: When Barack Obama visited Havana in 2016, the first U.S. president to do so since Cuba's turn to communism, he met with this First Secretary of the Communist Party who retired in 2021.

Raúl Castro

*) Lukashenko [[loo-kah-SHEN-koh]] in, for ten points, what Eastern European nation governed from Minsk?

Republic of Belarus

(3) This country's 1948 Civil War was sparked by the assassination of People's Vanguard leader Mora Valverde and the overthrow of Teodoro Picado. Quakers from Alabama who failed to become conscientious objectors moved to this country's town of Monteverde, which contains a cloud forest. This country's president, Jose Figueres Ferrer, abolished the army as a precaution against the militarism seen in other Central American countries. Formerly split between New Granada and New Spain, for ten points, what is this country between Nicaragua and Panama?

Republic of Costa Rica (or Republica de Costa Rica) BONUS: The League War of Costa Rica occurred while it was member state of the "United Provinces of" what geographic region? Central America (or Centroamerica; accept United Provinces of Central America; accept Provincias Unidas del Centro de América; accept Federal Republic of Central America; accept República Federal de Centroamérica)

10) This country secured its independence in the aftermath of Operation Storm, which included the retaking of Knin and the expulsion of many Orthodox Christians from Krajina [[krah-YEE-nah]]. During World War Two, a Nazi puppet state in this country was dominated by the Ustaše [[ooh-STAH-sheh]]. This country sought independence from Hungary and unification of its "Triune Kingdom" which included Slavonia and the coastal Kingdom of Dalmatia. For ten points, name this former Habsburg territory and constituent country of Yugoslavia, governed from Zagreb.

Republic of Croatia

3) This country secured its independence in the aftermath of Operation Storm, which included the retaking of Knin and the expulsion of many Orthodox Christians from Krajina [[krah-YEE-nah]]. During World War Two, a Nazi puppet state in this country was dominated by the Ustaše [[ooh-STAH-sheh]]. This country sought independence from Hungary and unification of its "Triune Kingdom" which included Slavonia and the coastal Kingdom of Dalmatia. For ten points, name this former Habsburg territory and constituent country of Yugoslavia, governed from Zagreb.

Republic of Croatia

2) In 2021 this country pardoned three women who received 30-year sentences after undergoing medically necessary abortions. This country, which receives major law enforcement funding from the U.S. under the Territorial Control Plan, attempted to depose its Attorney General and five supreme court justices in May 2021. The New Ideas party of Nayib Bukele [[boo-KEH-leh]] won large 2021 electoral victories in, for ten points, what country which has recently decreased its notorious murder rate driven by the MS-13 gang?

Republic of El Salvador

(2) Sam Mendes directed a film set in this country in which one character is stabbed to death by a downed pilot as another character seeks to fetch water. One director from this country created Captain von Rauffenstein in a film set in a prisoner-of-war camp during World War One titled (+) The Grand Illusion. A Christopher Nolan film set in this country partly takes place on land, in the air, and at (*) sea and chronicles the efforts of civilian boats to assist soldiers on a beach during World War Two. For ten points, name this nation, the setting of the films 1917 and Dunkirk.

Republic of France (or Republique francaise; or French Republic)

(3) Concerning the West African Ashanti Empire, name the...Modern Western African state where it was located, gaining independence under Kwame [[KWAH-may]] Nkrumah.

Republic of Ghana

20) A leader of this country likened to Napoleon, Jorge Ubico, offered major concessions to banana companies before being overthrown in a 1944 revolution that led to the election of Juan Jose Arevalo. In 1954, the CIA-led Operation PBSuccess, lobbied for by the United Fruit Company, overthrew another of its revolutionary opponents, Jacobo Árbenz. For the point, name this Central American country where Efraín Ríos carried out attacks on the Mayan people.

Republic of Guatemala

(4) One politician in this country often ended campaign speeches by stating, "I'm different." A 62-year-old wife of a former president of this country was the frontrunner and eventual winner of this country's 2021 general election. That woman, Xiomara Castro, is married to this country's former president, Manuel Zelaya. San Pedro Sula was one of the cities heavily affected by a 1998 Category 5 storm that hit this country, Hurricane Mitch. For ten points, name this Central American country that fought the 1960 Soccer War with neighboring El Salvador.

Republic of Honduras (accept República de Honduras) BONUS: In reference to countries like Honduras, which were heavily under the influence of U.S. corporate interests, what American author of "The Luck of Roaring Camp" coined the term "banana republic"? O. Henry (or William Sydney Porter)

17) For the last three decades of the 20th century, this country was governed by a "New Order" that collapsed following the Asian Financial Crisis and sweeping anti-Chinese riots. B.J. Habibie led the "Reform Era" of this nation, which attempted to liberalize the regime following the resignation of Suharto. This nation gained independence under Sukarno following the Japanese occupation of the East Indies. For the point, name this Asian nation whose Dutch capital, Batavia, was renamed Jakarta.

Republic of Indonesia

6) The American company Hobby Lobby illegally purchased artifacts from this modern nation through dealers in the United Arab Emirates to populate their Museum of the Bible. Archeologist Gertrude Bell first excavated the Al-Ukhaidir [[ook-"HIGH"-deer]] Fortress in this nation, which was built by Caliph Isa ibn Musa to defend the Abbasid city of Karbala. The World Heritage site known as Ashur lies in, for ten points, which modern nation of the Middle East, governed from Baghdad?

Republic of Iraq

(1)Concerning the rebellious Mau Mau movement, name the... Modern East African nation where it occurred.

Republic of Kenya (or Jamhuri ya Kenya; prompt on "British East Africa")

(1) The leader Treniota led a group from this country called the Samogitians against the Livonian Order at the Battle of Durbe. Duke Daumantas assassinated the first Grand Duke of this country, who possibly renounced Christianity and approved the construction of the Klaipeda Castle. Mindaugas (+) led this country, as did a national hero who ended a civil war by making peace with Jogaila. This country, led by Vytautas [[vee-"TAO"-tahs]], was later linked to (*) Poland in a namesake Commonwealth. For ten points, name this country in which Stephen Bathory established Vilnius University.

Republic of Lithuania (or Lietuvos Respublika; or Lietuva; accept Grand Duchy of Lithuania; accept Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth)

(2) In this nation, Italian missionary Giuseppe Berton's "Family Homes Movement" protected over 3,000 child soldiers during an eleven year struggle. Along with native forces, a "Special Task Force" sent by Liberian president Charles (+) Taylor assisted in committing the atrocity "Operation No Living Thing" in this state. It's not Guinea-Bissau, but the mutual assistance organization ECOMOG, led by Nigeria, invaded this nation in an effort to defeat the Revolutionary United Front. Forces opposed to Joseph (*) Momoh seized control of, for ten points, what war-torn West African nation whose civil strife was partially funded by the sale of "blood diamonds?"

Republic of Sierra Leone (accept Salone) BONUS: Which father of the author of Uncle Tom's Cabin and Presbyterian minister was an early figure in the abolition movement? Lyman Beecher

accept Olympic marathon; accept Boston marathon; accept Battle of Marathon; prompt on more generic answers like "long distance running" before mentioned) BONUS: The first Africans to compete in the Olympics were Tsawana [[sah-WAH-nah]] tribesmen from what is today this nation who ran in the 1904 Marathon. Other athletes from this nation include golfer Gary Player and disgraced runner Oscar Pistorius.

Republic of South Africa

*) Kush. For ten points, name this African nation that was controlled for over twenty-five years by Omar al-Bashir from Khartoum.

Republic of Sudan

(5) Despite being ethnically Azerbaijani, Mirza Davud Huseynov served the USSR as the first secretary of this present-day nation until his expulsion during the Great Purge. The nationalistic political faction known as the Rastokhez fueled Anti-Armenian riots in this nation put down by the military of Qahhor [[KAH-hohr]] Mahkamov. The title "Founder Of Peace and National Unity, Leader of the Nation" is used by this nation's authoritarian leader, Emomali Rahmon, who dominated its politics starting in the mid-1990s. The Dushanbe [[duhr-SHAHN-beh]] Riots occurred in, for ten points, which Central Asian nation?

Republic of Tajikstan (or Tokjikiston; or Tadzhikistan; or Jumhurii Tojikiston) BONUSThe crown on the flag of Tajikistan represents the Samanid Empire, which was originally based in what non-Tajiki ancient city, the former capital of Sogdia? Samarkand (accept Smarkand)

(10) Inspiring a figure in the Canturbury Tales, this man's knight, Nicholas Colfox, strangled former advisor Thomas of Woodstock. This monarch demolished Sheen Manor following the plague death of his wife, Anne of Bohemia. This ruler, whose reign began with a regency council led by John of Gaunt, was opposed by the "Merciless Parliament," which aimed to halt this man's attempts to make peace during the One Hundred Years' War. A clash between the Yorks and the Lancasters was caused by the deposition of, for ten points, which 14th century Plantagenet king?

Richard II (accept Richard of Bordeaux) BONUSWhich son of John of Gaunt deposed Richard II and later dealt with the revolt of Owen Glendower? Henry IV (accept Henry Bolingbroke

(2) This man was killed in action after spearheading an attack on a blockhouse during which he rallied troops with the cry "Come on, my good soldiers, your General calls upon you." With the help of David Wooster, this man besieged Fort St. John, which was then under the command of Guy Carleton. A poem notes how this man died on a battlefield "ting'd with blood that gush'd from Moncalm's veins" during a campaign in which his forces were joined with those of Benedict Arnold. For ten points, name this Continental Army general who led the 1775 invasion of Quebec.

Richard Montgomery (accept "Elegy on the death of Gen. Montgomery")

7) Milton Banana supposedly created the beat central to a Samba style native to this city, which sees the Mangueira school participate in its yearly parade. Bossa Nova arose in this city, which witnessed its country's first men's football gold medal win at the Maracanã Stadium during the first Olympics ever held in South America. The 2016 Summer Olympics occurred in, for ten points, what second-most populous Brazilian city, known for its Carnival?

Rio de Janeiro=

(7) During this prime minister's tenure, a group of businessmen who opposed one effort formed the Citizens' Committee of One Thousand. The need for funding industrial research led this prime minister's government to establish the NRC. More than 30,000 workers organized a general strike in Winnipeg during the tenure of this man, who was opposed by Henri Bourassa. The Conscription Crisis affected the tenure of this prime minister whose government passed the War Measures Act in 1914. For ten points, name this prime minister who led Canada during World War One.

Robert Borden (or Sir Robert Laird Borden) BONUS: Borden succeeded which prime minister, the first French-Canadian to hold the post? This Liberal established an independent Canadian navy. Wilfrid Laurier (or Sir Henri Charles Wilfrid Laurier)

(7) This man's son, with Kathleen Bruce, founded the World Wide Fund for Nature. This man claimed that his group would "bow to the will of Providence" in a "Message to the Public." A line from Alfred, Lord Tennyson's poem "Ulysses" was inscribed in a monument built for those lost during this man's disastrous Terra Nova Expedition. That entry was written after this man's team descended Beardmore Glacier during an effort in which he learned that Roald Amundsen had already reached the South Pole. For ten points, name this British explorer of Antarctica.

Robert Falcon Scott BONUS: Robert Falcon Scott also led what 1901 to 1904 expedition that launched the careers of several other explorers including Frank Wild, Edward Wilson, and Ernest Shackleton? : Discovery Expedition

9) This leader tried to ease tensions by granting money to Maynooth College. This leader's subordinate Richard Pakenham negotiated the Oregon boundary dispute. Daniel O'Connell challenged this leader to a duel for opposing Catholic emancipation. This leader wrote the Tamworth Manifesto, forming the principles of the Conservative Party, and repealed the Corn Laws in the wake of the Irish Potato Famine. For the point, name this prime minister who created London's Metropolitan Police Force.

Robert Peel=

(2) Concerning the Andean nation of Colombia, name the...Black man whose attack by policeman was caught on camera, leading to a trial which began the riots.

Rodney King (or Rodney Glen King)

(5) A movement to expand legal rights for these people was opposed by the "Brunswick clubs" and was largely financed by "forty-shillingers" in an association founded by Richard Shiel and Daniel O'Connell. An 1829 Relief Act benefiting these people was championed by the Duke of Wellington. The "emancipation" of these people removed the requirement to renounce transubstantiation before taking civil office. For ten points, name this group that was discriminated against in England with the slogan "No Popery."

Roman Catholics (accept Papist) BONUSThe only major legal disability for British Catholics that was not repealed in the 1820s were the exclusionary provisions of this 1701 act dictating the line of succession to the crown. Act of Settlement (Editor's Note: A 2013 amendment to the Act of Settlement added persons married to a Catholic to the line of succession, but the monarch must belong to the Church of England.)

(8) A character with this title who experiences peace during the "Age of Gold" despairs in Egypt over the sudden drowning of his lover. A character known as the "arbiter of elegance" owns a Christian slave girl in a novel set during the reign (+) of a character with this title. Marguerite Yourcenar [[YOR-seh-nar]] wrote a novel titled the "Memoirs" of a person with this title, held by a character who loves the prostitute Calpurnia and hides behind a curtain. (*) Robert Graves wrote a fictional biography of a character with, for ten points, what title held by Nero and Claudius?

Roman Emperor (or Emperor of Rome; prompt on partial answer)

*) and Zhuge Liang [[TCHOO-guh LYAHNG]]. Luo Guanzhong [[LWOH GWAHN-ZHOHNG]] wrote, for ten points, what historical "Romance" set during a namesake period of Chinese history?

Romance of the Three Kingdoms

(4) Concerning the Basque region of Spain and France, name the...Minority, known as "buhameak," who were treated as untouchables by locals and only allowed to marry within their culture.

Romani (accept Gypsy)

*) Olympics. For ten points, name this nation whose dictator, Nicolae Ceaușescu [[chow-SHESS-koo]] was executed on Christmas Day, 1989.

Romania

7) While fighting the Ottomans, Michael the Brave unified the three principalities which would form this country, and centuries later in 1859, Alexandru Cuza united a "Danubian" pair of them. After fighting Bulgaria in World War One, this country was awarded land from Hungary, but lost it in the Second Vienna Award after an uprising by Horia Sima's Iron Guard. For the point, name this country that united from Moldavia, Wallachia, and Transylvania and was an Axis member during World War Two under Ion Antonescu [[EE-ohn ah-toh-NEHskoo]].

Romania

(3) It's not Spain, but protests in this country erupted during the 1937 funerals of two supporters of Francisco Franco. The last living recipient of the Order of Victory was a leader of this country, who succeeded a non-Spanish Ferdinand I. During a 1941 massacre, this country was in control of Odessa. Michael I was a king of this country, another of whose leaders feuded with Horia Sima, the head of its Iron Guard. Once led by Ion Antonescu, for ten points, what is this European country governed from Bucharest?

Romania (accept Kingdom of Romania) BONUS: From 1948 to 1989, which organization served as the secret police of Communist Romania? Securitate (accept Departamentul Securității Statului; accept Department of State Security; prompt on "Security")

(1)Concerning the U.S. presidential election of 1984, name the... Incumbent president and former actor who won the election.

Ronald Reagan (or Ronald Wilson Reagan)

4) This writer theorized that Marx failed to consider the crucial role of non-capitalist economies in sustaining the rate of profit in her 1913 economics treatise The Accumulation of Capital. Karl Vogel was likely the soldier who shot this woman and threw her body into the Landwehr Canal following chancellor Friedrich Ebert's authorization of the Freikorps to suppress her movement. For ten points, name this German Communist who was executed during the defeat of the Spartacist uprising in January 1919.

Rosa Luxemburg BONUS: Luxemburg and her frequent collaborator Karl Liebknecht [[LEEB-nekt]] were both members of this German political party, which they left for the Communist Party after this party openly supported the German war effort during World War One. ANSWER: Social Democratic Party of Germany

3) This artist drew from Jerry Grandenetti's war-themed "Wingmate of Doom" for his own painting titled As I Opened Fire. This artist depicted "a scarred German submarine captain at a battle station" in his 1963 painting Torpedo...Los!. The title of one of this artist's paintings is displayed in bold yellow text in front of an exploding fighter jet, which took inspiration from his time fighting in World War Two. For the point, name this Pop artist whose comic book style is seen in works like Whaam!.

Roy Lichtenstein

2) Through the Riverdale Agreement, this specific group integrated their Dominion counterparts in Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. Utilizing the bouncing bomb, a squadron of this military force known as the "Dam Busters" caused a flood in the Ruhr valley during Operation Chastise. In reference to this specific military force, Winston Churchill stated "Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few" following their clash with the Luftwaffe in the Battle of Britain. For ten points, name this air force of Britain during the Second World War and beyond.

Royal Air Force

(5) Concerning the Seventeenth-century leader Oliver Cromwell, name the..."Leftover" Parliament which preceded his rule and succeeded the Long Parliament.

Rump Parliament

(1) The HMCS Stone Frigate was constructed following this treaty, which allowed for the Coast Guard's installation of machine guns on eleven small cutters following the 9/11 attacks. This treaty allowed for two (+) vessels "not exceeding the like burden each, and armed with like force" to be positioned on certain bodies of water. This treaty stipulated that the U.S. and British North America could each maintain one military vessel and one cannon on Lakes (*) Champlain and Ontario. For ten points, name this 1818 treaty that demilitarized the Great Lakes.

Rush-Bagot Treaty (accept Rush-Bagot Disarmament)

(2) Who or what from the history of Turkey was the...Country whose ambassador, Andrei Karlov, was assassinated in Turkey in 2016?

Russian Federation (or Rossiya; or Rossiyskaya Federatsiya)

5) The first major success in this campaign was the deposition of Khan Kuchum by Yermak Timofeyevich's forces. Dmitry Pavlutsky's attempt at a genocide of the Chukchi during this campaign was thwarted by an overwhelming loss near Markovo. The Ostyuks, Voguls, and Buriat were among the peoples who were colonized during this process. For the point, identify this approximately century-long process beginning in 1580 by which the vast eastern portion of present-day Russia was brought under the tsars' control.

Russian conquest of Siberia

or William Jefferson Clinton) BONUS: Clinton nominated two Supreme Court justices, Stephen Breyer, and this late justice who died in September 2020.

Ruth Bader Ginsberg

(6) Concerning military innovations during World War One, name the...Underwater detection system, early varieties of which were tested by the British "Anti-Submarine Division."

SONAR (or Sound Navigation and Ranging)

1) At twelve years old, this person and several others were taken captive by the Hidatsa people in a raid near modern day Washburn. When this figure rescued fallen items from a capsized boat on the Missouri River, her name was given to a tributary of the Mussellshell river. This woman, who was sold to trapper Toussaint Charbonneau [[shahr-bah-NOH]], helped guide a party through the Pacific Northwest. For ten points, name this Lemhi Shoshone [[shoh-SHOH-neh] woman who helped the Lewis and Clark expedition across the Louisiana Territory.

Sacagawea

(2) Project FUBELT aimed to prevent this man from ascending to power. This man attained his highest office by obtaining a plurality vote over Jorge Alessandri as a candidate for the Popular Unity Coalition. This man appointed general Carlos Prats to the cabinet as his Minister of the Interior. This man gave his last speech while enemy troops were storming the La Moneda Palace and nationalized his country's copper mines. For ten points, identify this Marxist president of Chile who was succeeded by Augusto Pinochet.

Salvador Allende [[ah-YEN-deh]] Gossens (or Salvador Guillermo Allende Gossens) BONUS: The CIA opposed Salvador Allende during Operation Condor, which also helped Alfredo Stroessner secure power in what country, where documents of his violent tactics were recorded in the "Archives of Terror"? Republic of Paraguay (or República del Paraguay; or Tetã Paraguái)

(4) Due most likely to the docking of the SS Talune, over 90 percent of this region's residents became infected with the Spanish Flu. A proposed colonial flag for this region featured three white palm trees on a red shield. This region's second civil war ended with the Tripartite Convention of 1899, which divided administration of this region between Germany and the United States. For ten points, name this region that contained the last colonial acquisition of the German Empire and the only U.S. territory south of the equator.

Samoa (or Independent State of Samoa; or Malo Saʻoloto Tutoʻatasi o Sāmoa; accept American Samoa; accept German Samoa; accept Deutsch Samoa)

(9) While serving in the Army Air Corps, this composer was commissioned to write his Cello Concerto for Raya Garbousova [[gahr-boh-SOH-vah]] by the Boston Symphony Orchestra. Olin Downes faced intense criticism after a New York Times review praising a string orchestra work by this composer, taken from a movement of his String Quartet in B minor. That piece by this composer was played during the announcements of the deaths of Franklin D. Roosevelt and John F. Kennedy. Arturo Toscanini premiered a piece by, for ten points, what American composer of Adagio for Strings?

Samuel Barber (or Samuel Osborne Barber II)

6) The 1st Earl of Shaftesbury likely manufactured charges of Catholic sympathies against this Admiralty Secretary, leading to his imprisonment in the Tower of London. This man, who was a member of the entourage of Charles II on his return from the Netherlands during the Restoration, recorded the destruction of St. Paul's Cathedral during a blaze which began on Pudding Lane. The 17th century Great Plague and Great Fire of London were chronicled by, for ten points, which former minister of Parliament who kept a diary that was published to popular acclaim in the 19th century?

Samuel Pepys [[PEEPS]] BONUS: Pepys recorded his participation in the navy during which war's Raid of the Medway? England attempted to end a namesake rival's naval domination in the North Sea and English Channel in this war. ANSWER:

(1)Concerning the assassination of the first openly gay California politician, Harvey Milk, name the... California city where he served on the Board of Supervisors.

San Francisco

18) Negotiating peace with this empire was the first major action of Philip the Arab. Julian the Apostate was mortally wounded at Samarra, forcing his successor Jovian to make peace with this empire. The only Roman emperor to be captured in battle, Valerian, was taken prisoner alongside his army by this empire in the disastrous Battle of Edessa. This Zoroastrian empire was led by Ardashir I, who overthrew the Parthians. For the point, identify this Persian empire that was ended by the Muslim conquest of the Middle East.

Sassanid Empire

(6) Concerning the 19th century Boshin War, name the...Southwestern domain which allied with pro-Shogunate Chōshū, later naming an 1877 revolt of disaffected samurai.

Satsuma Domain (accept Satsuma Revolt; prompt on "Seinan")

*) festival during which masters waited on slaves. For ten points, identify this father of Jupiter who the Romans worshipped at a cult center on the Capitoline hill.

Saturn

(2) Concerning the U.S. during World War One, name the...German food which temporarily had its name switched to "Liberty Cabbage."

Sauerkraut

(6) A set of fortifications along a shore named for these people is detailed in the Notitia Dignitatum. These people faced a confederacy of Obotrites led by Drozko at the Battle of Bornhöved. A group of these people who resided in Bayeux served in the army of Clovis I, and a pillar sacred to the pagan religion of these people was destroyed during the Massacre at Verden. Widukind was a leader of, for ten points, what Germanic group who settled England alongside the Angles?

Saxons (accept Saxones; or Sachsen; or Seaxan; or Sahson; or Sassen; or Saksen; accept Anglo-Saxons) BONUS: The earliest-known mention of the Saxons in writing may have been in this LatinEgyptian polymath's Geographia. Claudius Ptolemy (accept Klaudios Ptolemaios)

17) During an early phase of popularity for this instrument, it was used to play the Valse Erica by Rudy Wiedoeft. The lead player on Somethin' Else used this instrument and recorded the crossover hit "Mercy Mercy Mercy." This instrument played by Cannonball Adderley was used by the composer of "Ko-Ko" to pioneer bebop and is the lead instrument on the "Yardbird Suite." For the point, name this kind of instrument whose "alto" variety was played by Charlie Parker.

Saxophone

16) Archaeologists found that 90% of bodies at the 1320s Crow Creek Massacre showed evidence of this practice. Henry Hamilton acquired a derogatory nickname from Continental Army soldiers for encouraging this practice. French and British commanders in the early 18th century encouraged this practice by paying $60 bounties for its product as proof of events such as the Battle of Pequawket against the Abenaki. For the point, name this practice, common in conflicts between or against American Indians, of removing skin from the head of a dead enemy.

Scalping=

3) A whirlpool off the coast of this country legendarily devoured a boat secured by hemp, wool, and hair ropes during a visit from king Breacan. A 1950s hysteria in this country over "Jenny with the Iron Teeth" and the "Gorbals Vampire" were traced back to American comic books. This country's folklore includes murderous water horses called "kelpies" and seals transformed into human women called "selkies." For ten points, name this country where a dinosaur-like cryptid is said to live in Loch Ness.

Scotland

5) During this war, General Abebe Aregai [[ah-REH-guy]] failed to stop the "March of the Iron Will" by the mechanized columns of Pietro Badoglio. The League of Nations was discredited following the proposal of the Hoare-Laval Pact, which agreed Britain and France wouldn't intervene in this war. Revanchist tendencies caused by the 1896 Battle of Adwa led to Mussolini organizing this war to created a unified "Italian East Africa." The deposition of Haile Selassie occurred as a result of, for ten points, what war which led to an African nation's occupation?

Second Italo-Ethiopian War

18) The second holder of this position appointed a commission that published A Nation at Risk, which suggested the U.S. was threatened by a "rising tide of mediocrity." That man, Terrel Bell, succeeded the first holder of this position, Carter appointee Shirley Hufstedler. In this position, William Bennett published a report assessing the teaching and learning of the humanities at the baccalaureate [[bah-kah-LOH-ree-eht]] level. For the point, name this Cabinet-level position that oversees schooling in the United States.

Secretary of Education

(1) Concerning Sejong the Great, the ruler of the Kingdom of Korea, name the...Capital city whose palatial complex he expanded.

Seoul (accept Seoul Special City; accept Hanseong)

(7) During this event, William Hodson ordered the execution of three princes at the "Bloody Gate." Colin Campbell reinforced a garrison during this event, which allowed for an evacuation of women and children from Lucknow. Bahadur Shah II was exiled to Burma following this event, which was initiated by a controversy over animal fat used in rifle cartridges. For ten points, identify this 1857 "Mutiny" that resulted in the British Crown taking control of India from the British East India Company.

Sepoy Mutiny (or Sepoy Rebellion; or Indian Rebellion of 1857) BONUS Khem Singh Bendi, who helped British troops quell an uprising during the Sepoy Mutiny, was fictionalized in the story On The City Wall by this author, who also wrote the Just-So Stories. Rudyard Kipling (or Joseph Rudyard Kipling)

(5) John Flaxman reconstructed a silver-gilted example of these objects that was on display at George IV's coronation. Eleven copies of these objects were ordered by Numa Pompilius to divert thieves from stealing the one that fell from heaven. According to Virgil in the Aeneid, one of these objects depicts the death of Mettius Fufetius and the capture of the Sabine Women. The origin of that object of this type was given as a gift to Aeneas by Vulcan in his war against the Rutulians. For ten points, what type of object included the ancilia and the aegis, used as a tool of defense?

Shields (prompt on "Ancilia", "Ancile", or "Aegis") BONUS: Hermodorus of Salamis designed what temple in Rome that housed the twelve ancilia? ANSWER: Temple of Mars (or Aedes Martis in Circo; prompt on "Campus Martius")

(1) Student sympathizers of this movement were brutally massacred by the antileftist death squad known as Grupo Colina during the Barrios Altos Massacre. Strongman Francisco Morales-Bermúdez's call for open elections in 1980 was ignored by this political faction, who (+) launched the "People War" in the Ayacucho region. The leader of this movement, Abimael [[ah-bee-MAH-ehl]] Guzman, was placed in a cage for public display after his capture by forces loyal to Alberto (*) Fujimori. For ten points, name this Maoist guerilla movement-turned terrorist syndicate of 20th century Peru.

Shining Path (accept Sendero Luminoso; accept Communist Party of Peru before "Peru" is mentioned)

(8) William Shockley is often called the "father of [this region]" a result of his attempts to commercialize his transistor design. Frederick Terman is often credited with personally nurturing several firms that developed in this region, like Lockheed Martin and HewlettPackard. Made a popular site due to its proximity to Stanford University, for ten points, what is this region in Northern California known for headquartering many pioneering technology corporations?

Silicon Valley (prompt on "San Jose" or "Palo Alto") BONUS: A "Mafia" of former employees of this Peter Thiel-led company went on to found numerous tech businesses in Silicon Valley, including LinkedIn, YouTube, and Palantir. PayPal (accept PayPal Mafia)

or Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini) BONUS: Which Southeast Asian city state split from Malaysia under the guidance of its founding father, Lee Kuan Yew?

Singapore=

accept Dinosaur fossils; prompt on "Reptiles"; accept Iguanadons before "Edward") BONUS: Marsh earned the right to excavate for dinosaur fossils in which native tribe's Black Hills by negotiating with Chief Red Cloud?

Sioux

(5) Concerning the Suez Crisis, name the...Prime Minister of the UK whose administration collapsed following the bungling of the Suez Crisis

Sir Anthony Eden

17) Prior to his involvement with Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show, this man gave Annie Oakley the nickname "Little Sure Shot" and symbolically adopted her as his daughter. This man was killed during his attempted arrest by Indian Service agent James McLaughlin [[mahk-LOF-lihn]], and this man's body was later exhumed in the 1950s by his family. For the point, name this Hunkpapa [[hoonk-PAH-pah]] Lakota leader who led the confederation of Indian tribes which triumphed at the Battle of Little Bighorn.

Sitting Bull

(6) Who or what from the history of Turkey was the...Weapon-based metaphor for the main principles of Turkish republican ideology?

Six Arrows (or Altı Ok)

*) IGF. For ten points, identify this June 1967 clash between Israel and three Arab states, named for its brief duration.

Six-Day War

or Naltmadhnija e tij Zogu I, Mbreti i Shqiptarëve; accept Ahmet Zogu) BONUS: King Zog claimed to be a descendent of what Albanian feudal lord who led a 25-year long resistance effort against Ottoman rule.

Skanderbeg

(1)Concerning the West African Ashanti Empire, name the... Trade in which they participated, selling war captives for European goods.

Slave Trade (or Slavery)

(8) Concerning the Second Red Scare, name the...Law that criminalized advocating for the overthrow of the government, which was deemed mostly unconstitutional in Yates v. U.S..

Smith Act (or Alien Registration Act)

(9) One god who appeared as one of these animals, Orochi, was defeated by the hero Susano'o [[soo-SAH-nah OH]], who found the "Grass-Cutting Sword" in its tail. A traditional symbol of medicine, the Rod of Asclepius, depicts these creatures, which were allowed to freely crawl near patients in Ancient Greece. One legend claims conquistador Hernan Cortes was mistake for Quetzalcoatl, a "feathered" example of, for ten points, what type of reptile, which supposedly tempted Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden?

Snakes (accept Serpents; accept Dragons before "Asclepius" is mentioned)

35) A mathematician from this country, Gregory Margulis, won the Fields Medal for his analysis of Lie Groups. The first person to win a Nobel Prize representing this country did so for his work on branching chemical chain reactions. This home country of Nikolay Semyonov persecuted scientists who championed chromosomal genetics, instead promoting the Lamarck-adherant Trofim Lysenko, whose influence caused massive famines in China and Ukraine. For the point, name this Communist nation whose scientific efforts produced Yuri Gagarin, the first man in space.

Soviet Union

4) John Boehner [[BAY-ner]] resigned from this position in 2015 following a speech from Pope Francis the day prior. This position is second in the U.S. line of succession following the vice president. The current holder of this position represents the 12th District of California and went viral for a GIF of her clapping at Donald Trump in 2019. For ten points, name this elected leader of the lower chamber of the U.S. Congress, which is currently held by Nancy Pelosi.

Speaker of the House of Representatives BONUS: The First Speaker of the House was Frederick Muhlenberg, whose inaccurate "legend" claims that he stopped what European language from becoming the official tongue of the United States? ANSWER: German

6) This former governor defeated the segregationist George P. Mahoney in a 1966 gubernatorial election. This vice president defeated Sargent Shriver in his re-election campaign, though in 1968 he lost his home state of Maryland. A kickback plan orchestrated by this politician and Lester Matz led to his own declaration of "no contest" to charges of tax evasion dating back to 1967. For the point, identify Richard Nixon's first vice president, who resigned in disgrace a year before Nixon did.

Spiro Agnew

(3) This man was kidnapped by Thomas Hunt and subsequently sold as a slave in the city of Malaga, Spain. This man, who was the only survivor of an epidemic that wiped out his tribe, served as a translator for Edward Winslow. (+) This man explained the process of growing corn and beans according to an account by William (*) Bradford. For ten points, name this member of the Patuxet [[pah-TUK-set]] tribe who was present at the First Thanksgiving and assisted the Mayflower Pilgrims in establishing their colony.

Squanto (or Tisquantum)

(8) The Kingdom of Daʿamat was a likely indigenous state in this modern-day country that controlled cities including Matara and Qohaito. The Gash Group flourished in the neolithic period in this country, where excavations have been conducted at Sembel. The Medri (+) Bahri kingdom ruled this country before its conquest by a southern neighbor, after which it fell under the control of General Oreste [[or-REST-eh]] Baratieri of the Italian Empire. (*) Set free by the UNOVER referendum, for ten points, what is this Red Sea-bordering nation that gained independence from Ethiopia in 1993?

State of Eritrea (or Hagere Ertra; Editor's Note: "Da'amat" or "D'mt" is not to be confused with the much later Kingdom of "Damot" of western Ethiopia.

(1) This person asserted that aliens visiting the Earth would be comparable to Christopher Columbus's arrival in the Americas. Five essays and five biographies of influential scientists were published by this thinker in a book titled On the Shoulders of Giants. (+) This scientist's final theory proposed that the universe is a "hologram." Giving his name to a type of radiation that is emitted by black (*) holes, for ten points, what British physicist's works include A Brief History of Time and The Theory of Everything?

Stephen Hawking (or Stephen William Hawking; accept Hawking Radiation)

5) In one poem, William Wordsworth referred to this site as an "Inmate of lonesome Nature's endless year." After stabbing Alec, Tess of the D'urbervilles finally surrenders to police at this monument, which lies in Wiltshire. The works of William Stukeley led to the popular connection between this monument and the order of druids. For ten points, name this prehistoric monument on the Salisbury Plain that is often featured in British literature.

Stonehenge BONUS: In a radio serial, this fictional detective investigates the death of a Presbyterian minister at Stonehenge. This character's aide was wounded while fighting in Afghanistan during the Great Game era. ANSWER: Sherlock Holmes=

(3) This body of water was described by António Galvão as a "dragon's tail." Philip Parker King spent five years surveying the area surrounding this body of water, and for thousands of years, indigenous groups, such as the Kawésqar, inhabited this body of water. The Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1984 between two bordering countries recognized this body of water as a demilitarized zone. For ten points, what "Strait" on the southern tip of South America is named for a Portuguese explorer?

Strait(s) of Magellan (or Estrecho de Magallanes; accept Estrecho de Todos los Santos or Strait(s) of All Saints before "explorer" is mentioned)

(1) This man's participation in the Battle of Boju has been challenged by his notable absence from the Commentary of Zuo. This man was listed as a minister to King Helu of Wu by Sima Qian [[CHEE-ahn]], and his descendant, (+) Bin, wrote a book with the same title as this man's more famous work. That book by this man includes chapters on "Attacking with Fire" and "The (*) Army on the March." For ten points, name this Chinese general and author of The Art of War.

Sun Tzu (or Sun Zi; or Sun Wu; accept Changqing) BONUS: What Roman Emperor attempted to curb inflation by issuing the Edict on Maximum Prices and also bloodily persecuted the Christian minority? Diocletian (or Iovius; accept Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus)

(2) This country's government was dominated by the "magic formula" after 1959, through which the four largest parties shared this country's seven cabinet posts, and its legislature represents (+) 26 regions, six of which are "half" of a full region. Two of those regions, Glarus and half of Appenzell, retain a system of direct democracy through which a (*) sword formerly constituted proof of citizenship. For ten points, name this country which granted women the vote in 1971, a European confederation divided into cantons.

Switzerland (accept Swiss Confederation; accept Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft; accept Confédération Suisse; accept Confederazione Svizzera; accept Confederaziun Svizra; accept Confoederatio Helvetica) What dictator of the Dominican Republic renamed Santo Domingo to his own name in the mid-20th century? Rafael Trujillo (or Rafael Leónidas Trujillo Molina)

(3) A conflict named for this body of water was referred to as "the first serious nuclear crisis" by U.S. Secretary of State Christian Herter. The Dachen Islands were seized during a crisis named for this body of water. In 1950, a fleet was sent in by Harry (+) Truman to "neutralize" this body of water. A third crisis was sparked after missiles were launched in this body of water under the supervision of Lee Teng-hui. (*) For ten points, what "Strait" surrounded the territorial disputes between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China?

Taiwan Strait (accept Formosa Strait; accept Strait of Fokien; accept Strait of Fujian; accept variations like Strait of Taiwan)

7) Several red-haired mummies discovered in this desert are believed to have spoken the extinct Indo-European Tocharian languages. The Gushi culture likely constructed the trading city of Gaochang in this desert. The nomadic Buddhist Dzungar [[ZOON-gahr]] people traveled along the Tarim Basin in this desert and conducted trade in cities such as Kashgar. For ten points, name this desert which was a significant trading center for the Uyghur [[WEE-gur]] peoples.

Taklamakan Desert

6) The Karsakpay inscription describes how this leader led an army of 200,000 men to subjugate the khan of the Golden Horde, Tokhtamysh [[tohk-tah-MEESH]]. This man captured Ottoman sultan Bayezid the Thunderbolt during the Battle of Ankara. This Turko-Mongolic leader was the direct ancestor of all the Mughal emperors. For ten points, name this conqueror whose name reflects the serious injuries he suffered early in life and who established his capital at Samarkand.

Tamerlane

6) This dynasty declined during rebellions led by Wang Xianzhi [[SHYAN-ZHEE]] and Huang Chao. The death penalty was ended during this dynasty's golden age under Emperor Xuanzong. This dynasty ended the Gӧktürk Khaganate and encountered the Abbasids at the Talas River. Arab mercenaries were employed by this dynasty to defeat a rebellious Sogdian general, An Lushan. For the point, identify this Chinese dynasty that experienced an interregnum from the only legitimized Chinese Empress, Wu Zetian.

Tang Dynasty

(2) Concerning military innovations during World War One, name the...Vehicles known as "landships," produced to break the stalemate of trench warfare.

Tanks

(7) Members of this industry, such as Monier Gondy, were the victims of increased crime in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina. The inspiration for the play Waiting for Lefty was a 1934 strike of workers in this industry, a strike that was faced by Mayor Fiorello (+) LaGuardia. A clothier from Chicago founded a private company in this industry called Checker. Medallion prices (*) have decreased in this industry as a result of shared economy companies like Lyft and Uber. For ten points, name this industry, traditionally dominated by yellow automobiles.

Taxi industry (accept Taxicab industry; accept New York Taxi industry even though not all clues are from New York; accept Checker Cab; prompt on "transportation" or "automobile(s)"; do not accept or prompt on "ride sharing")

(2)Concerning the short-lived Qin Dynasty, name the... Material used to make an "Army" at the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor.

Terracotta

5) During this scandal, women such as Madame de Montespan [[mohn-teh-SPAHN]] and Olympia Mancini were accused of using the euphemistically named "inheritance powders." The informant Marie Bosse led police chief Nicholas de la Reynie to the person believed to be at the heart of this scandal, La Voisin [[vwah-SAHN]], or "the neighbor." For ten points, name this scandal which culminated in 1682 and involved many French nobles being executed at the "Burning Court" for administering toxic substances to wealthy relatives.

The Affair of the Poisons

*) mob. For ten points, name this Parisian fortress and prison destroyed at the beginning of the French Revolution.

The Bastille Saint-Antoine=

(5) This event is described as "dark as the world of man, black as our loss / Blind as the nineteen hundred and forty nails / Upon the cross" in Edith Sitwell's poem "Still Falls the Rain." After Maurice Bendrix's home is destroyed in this event, Sarah Miles (+) breaks off her affair in Graham Greene's novel The End of the Affair. A poem about this historical event ends, "After the first death, there is no other" and features a speaker who will not mourn the "death, by fire, (*) of a child." For ten points, name this often memorialized German bombing campaign against Britain during World War Two.

The Blitz (accept the Battle of Britain before mentioned)

*) Food and Drug Act was partially motivated by, for ten points, which muckraking exposé of the meatpacking industry written by Upton Sinclair?

The Jungle=

(1) Concerning Emperor Marcus Aurelius, name the...Work of Stoic philosophy he wrote while campaigning.

The Meditations of Marcus Aurelius (accept Ta eis heuton; accept Things to One's Self)

8) Free Soil representative Gerritt Smith personally funded this periodical due to his ties to its primary editor. This periodical, headquartered in Rochester, New York, used the slogan "Right is of no Sex—Truth is of no Color—God is the Father of us all, and all we are Brethren." This publication was founded after a former slave was inspired by the production of The Liberator. Frederick Douglass founded and published, for the point, which abolitionist newspaper named for a celestial object followed by escaping slaves?

The North Star=

(8) Though not by Karl Marx, this work claims that humanity "does not passively submit to the presence of nature" in its section "The Point of View of Historical Materialism." Three years prior to this work, its author eschewed an ethical framework in a book titled The Ethics of Ambiguity. Divisions between "the subject" and "the Other" are drawn in this work, which argues that "one is not born but becomes" a member of the title group. Written by the lover of Jean-Paul Sartre, for ten points, what is this feminist book by Simone de Beauvoir [[boh-VWAH]]?

The Second Sex (accept Le Deuxième Sexe)

8) The Plattsburg Movement taught certain skills in anticipation of this policy decision, which was also the subject of the Preparedness Movement. Public relations efforts in favor of this decision were managed by the Creel Committee. This large policy decision was defended in public speeches by the Four Minute Men, who also solicited Liberty Loans. The publication of the Zimmermann Telegram and lingering anger over the sinking of the Lusitania led to, for the point, what 1917 decision to join a European conflict?

The United States entering World War One

(8) Concerning the Seventeenth-century leader Oliver Cromwell, name the...Term for the effort to seize much of the Spanish Caribbean, leading to the capture of Jamaica.

The Western Design

(5) J.B. Vrients was sold a set of plates belonging to a work by Cornelis de Jode titled for the "Mirror of [this place]." Rhumb lines were used in a 1569 depiction of this place that was itself inspired by a work known as "Theatre of [this place]" by Abraham Ortelius. The "pocket" (+) variety of one type of depiction of this place was popularized amongst elites in the 17th century. Many depictions of this place were made during the Golden Age of Flemish cartography, including the (*) Mercator Projection. For ten points, name this planet depicted on atlases and globes.

The World (or Earth; accept Orbis Terrarum; prompt on "globe" or "map" before mentioned)

*) "sic semper tyrannis!" at one of them in D.C. For ten points, name this type of location where John Wilkes Booth shot Abraham Lincoln.

Theaters

(5) Concerning the wives and mistresses of the King Henry VIII of England, name the...Chief Minister who fell from power after arranging his disastrous marriage with Anne of Cleves.

Thomas Cromwell (prompt on partial answer)

(6)Concerning the wives and mistresses of the King Henry VIII of England, name the... Lover of Catherine Howard and friend of Henry's whose purported affair led to their executions.

Thomas Culpeper

accept Burning of D.C.; accept equivalents to "burning" like "destruction"; prompt on "Destruction of the White House") BONUS: The Burning of Washington destroyed the first iteration of the Library of Congress, resulting in which former president donating and selling many works from his private collection?

Thomas Jefferson=

(5) After his death, this man supposedly caused the inhabitants of the Kentish city of Strood to be born with tails for siding with the crown. This religious figure temporarily fled to mainland Europe to the court of Louis VII [[the Seventh]] (+) following his dissent at the Constitutions of Clarendon. Henry II's possible utterance of the phrase "Will no one rid me of this turbulent priest?" was directed toward this man who was (*) slain by knights led by Hugh de Morville. A 12th century assassination targeted, for ten points, what canonized archbishop of Canterbury whose gravesite became a pilgrimage destination?

Thomas à Becket (prompt on "Archbishop of Canterbury" before mentioned)

(10) The wife of Abu Lahab was said to have once spitefully thrown these objects in Muhammad's path. In a treatise, John Calvin claimed that five of these objects were in Bourges [[BOORZH]] and an unknown amount were in Sienna. Among the instruments of the Passion was an object made of these materials, which, upon its placement, was accompanied by a group exclaiming, "Hail, King of the Jews!" A relic made of these objects was allegedly used during the Crucifixion to mockingly crown Jesus. For ten points, name these sharp objects, which, according to a Greek proverb and the glam metal band Poison, every rose has.

Thorns (accept Crown of Thorns)

(1) This agreement was first put forward by James Wilson to bridge support for the House of Representatives. Alexander Hamilton asked, "Would it be just to impose a singular burden, without conferring some adequate advantage?" in debating this agreement. This compromise proposed "adding to the whole Number of free Persons, including those bound to Service for a Term of Years, and excluding Indians not taxed." For ten points, name this 1787 compromise over the method by which enslaved persons would be counted in determining a state's population.

Three-Fifths Compromise BONUS This abolitionist pointed to the Constitution as an anti-slavery document in a debate with George Thompson about the Three-Fifths Compromise. He later founded the newspaper The North Star. Frederick Douglass (accept Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey)

(5) This archipelago was once believed to be a part of the continent Terra Australis. Early settlers in this archipelago include the Yaghan people. Julio Popper committed genocide against the native Selk'nam people of this archipelago. The Boundary Treaty (+) of 1881 defined the border of this archipelago and divided it between two countries. Divided between (*) Chile and Argentina, for ten points, what archipelago is located at the southernmost tip of South America?

Tierra del Fuego (prompt on "Land of Fire" or "Fireland")

(2) After heading the EPA, Lisa Jackson was hired by this man to improve his company's environmental footprint. Chief Design Officer Jony Ive has reported to this man, who ascended to the CEO position after his predecessor became chairman six weeks before (+) dying of pancreatic cancer in 2011. Following an attack that killed fourteen people in San Bernardino, this man's company was asked to create custom firmware to get around the security protocols of the (*) iPhone. For ten points, name this CEO of Apple since 2011.

Tim Cook (accept Timothy Donald Cook)

24) A New York community named for this historical city was a farming colony for free African-Americans due to it being on highly arable land. Joseph Joffree's late 19th century conquest of this city led to its coverage in western media by Felix Dubois [[doo-BWAH]], who claimed it had "unimpressive buildings" outside of the University of Sankore. While searching for the source of the Niger, Alexander Gordon Laing was the first European to reach this city, but was killed weeks later by Tuareg raiders. The capital of the medieval Mali Empire was, for the point, which city?

Timbuktu

(1) Michael Smith and Lisa Montiel claimed that this civilization did not constitute an "empire" despite the influence of its chief city. A later people used a metaphor about having the heart of these people to indicate excellence (+) at certain activities. Under their leader, Huemac [[HWAY-mahk]], these people settled around Chapultepec. A word meaning "artisan" provides the name for these people, who lived in cities including Hidalgo and Tula. Like one successor, these people settled along Lake (*) Texcoco. For ten points, name these Nahuatl [[nah-HWAH-tul]]-speaking predecessors of the Aztecs.

Toltecs : Which writer of the fantastical 120 Days of Sodom was imprisoned in the Bastille shortly before its 1789 storming? : Donatien Alphonse François, Marquis De Sade (accept either underlined portion

(10) A 2002 case between this company and Step Two centered on internet personal jurisdiction. After returning from World War Two, Charles Lazarus founded this company after a stint selling cradles from his father's bicycle shop. In 2017, this company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy after having lost much of its market share to online retailers. Tru Kids owns the brand for this company, whose iconic "spokes-animal" mascot was Geoffrey the Giraffe. For ten points, name this retailer of children's products that closed all of its U.S. locations in 2021.

Toys "R" Us BONUS: A developer of what Israeli air-defense system claimed that, due to budget constraints, certain missile components were built from repurposed cars bought from Toys "R" Us? Iron Dome (accept Kippat Barzel)

(2) Along this structure, a dispute over the repatriation of Magyar POWs led in part to the Revolt of the Czechoslovak Legion. Alexander Kolchak's government was weakened when parts of this structure between Chita and Krasnoyarsk [[krass-nuh-YARSK]] were destroyed by partisans. Until the completion of the Circum-Baikal Railway, a train ferry was used to connect two parts of this route. Major cities on this route include Yekaterinburg [[yeh-KAT-eh-rin-burg]] and Novosibirsk [[noh-voh-see-BEERSK]]. For ten points, name this longest railway in the world, stretching from Moscow to Vladivodstok.

Trans-Siberian Railway (or Transsibirskaya magistral; or TSR; accept "Railroad" in place of "Railway") BONUSThe construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway was largely orchestrated by which prime minister of Nicholas II? Considered the Russian Empire's first prime minister, this man produced the October Manifesto to quell the 1905 Russian Revolution. Sergei Witte [[VIH-tuh]] (or Count Sergei Yulyevich Witte; or Sergius Witte

32) Prior to the U.S. Civil War, this project's most prominent advocate was Theodore Judah, who privately lobbied James Buchanan and surveyed a future route with miner Daniel Strong. After this project's completion, its most popular line was dubbed the "Overland Route." This infrastructure project was completed at Promontory Point with the tapping of the "golden spike." The Union Pacific and Central Pacific were combined to complete, for the point, which railway project?

Transcontinental Railroad

(5)Who or what from the history of Turkey was the... 1920 treaty formally resolving Ottoman and Turkish participation in World War One?

Treaty of Sèvres [[SEV-ruh]]

(7) Concerning the Boers, name the...Treaty in which they agreed to swear fealty to Britain following the Second Boer War.

Treaty of Vereeniging

(6)Concerning Sejong the Great, the ruler of the Kingdom of Korea, name the... Island targeted by the Gihae Expedition, which aimed to dislodge the Wokou Pirates.

Tsushima Island

(10) In an epic poem involving members of this ethnic group, a cyclops-like figure named Goggle-Eye is born to a peri spirit and a human father. That work about this ethnic group focuses on a soothsayer and storyteller given a title translating to "Grandfather." The Book of Dede Korkut is a work focusing on members of this ethnic group, which ruled an empire that produced the Book of Government. That book was written by the Persian vizier Nizam al-Mulk, who was employed by a member of this ethnic group named Alp Arslan. For ten points, name this ethnic group of the Oghuz and Seljuks.

Turks (accept Turkic; or Turkish; accept Oghuz Turks; accept Seljuq Turks)

accept Ḫa-at-tu-ša before "Hattusa") BONUS: Prince Zannanza died on the way to marry the widow of this pharaoh, who reversed the monotheistic reforms of his father Akhenaten.

Tutankhamun

accept FDR; prompt on 'Roosevelt') BONUS: This Constitutional amendment was ratified six years after FDR's death, limiting the office of president to two terms.

Twenty-Second Amendment

(6) Concerning the assassination of the first openly gay California politician, Harvey Milk, name the...Specific snack food which the assassin's lawyers claimed, alongside Coca-Cola, reduced his ability to think rationally.

Twinkies (accept the Twinkie Defense)

7) Despite the written support of Dowager Queen Sophie, this man was exiled due to his known support of the followers of Philip Melanchthon. This man built an early observatory known as the Castle of Urania with funding from Frederick II of the House of Oldenburg. In a duel with Manderup Parsburg, this man lost part of his nose at age twenty and wore a brass prosthetic for the rest of his life. The astronomer Johannes [[yoh-HAHNness]] Kepler served as the assistant of, for ten points, which Danish astronomer of the 16th century?

Tycho Brache

30) One of these vehicles sank off the coast of Scotland after a sailor on board failed to use its toilet mechanism properly, causing a leak that came in contact with its lithium battery. Shortly after sinking four barges off the coast of Orleans, these ships bombarded that New Jersey town before two U.S. Navy planes caused them to retreat. The First and Second "Happy Times" occurred due to these vessels' highly successful operations against merchant shipping in 1940 to 1942. For the point, name this type of German naval vessel that conducted unrestricted submarine warfare in the First and Second World Wars.

U-Boats

or Huey Pierce Long Jr.) BONUS: Long's death and subsequent replacement as presumptive nominee by the uncharismatic William Lemke took the wind out of what third party's attempt to capture the presidency in 1936? It was led, in part, by Father Charles Coughlin.

Union Party=

(2) Stephen Nye wrote a history of this movement, several of whose members gathered at the Feathers Tavern to draft a petition to Parliament seeking relief from following the Thirty-Nine Articles. (+) Theophilus Lindsey organized meetings of these people at Essex Street Chapel, which were attended by men like the scientist Joseph Priestly. An 1813 Act granted tolerance to this movement, before which its renunciation of the Nicene (*) Creed led it to be blasphemed. For ten points, name this Christian movement which rejects the Holy Trinity.

Unitarianism BONUS Which victory for General Horatio Gates and Benedict Arnold convinced the Kingdom of France to support American independence? Battle of Saratoga (prompt on "Battle of Bemis Heights" or "Battle of Freeman's Farm")

*) Clara Barton. For ten points, name this war, during which Belle Boyd provided valuable information to Stonewall Jackson.

United States Civil War

(8) The first superintendent of an institution under this organization, Franklin Buchanan, defected to the Confederacy, and an academy run by this organization was established by George Bancroft. This organization's technology during the War of 1812 was analyzed in the first book by Theodore Roosevelt, who was this organization's Assistant Secretary. Alfred Thayer Mahan's time as an officer in this organization inspired his book The Influence of Sea Power upon History. For ten points, name this organization, which operates an Academy in Annapolis, Maryland.

United States Navy (accept USN; prompt on "United States Naval Academy")

(8) While serving as chancellor of New York, Nathan Sanford ran in this presidential election year, winning 30 vice-presidential votes. The "Wyoming Letters" promoted one candidate in this election year whom the Smithsonian claimed was not "reared on sweetmeats from the tables of kings and princes." The Nashville Junto aimed to portray the losing candidate in this election year as the "Hero of New Orleans." A defeat for a man given the moniker "Old Hickory", for ten points, what was this year in which the election was decided by a "corrupt bargain" which favored John Quincy Adams?

United States Presidential Election of 1824 BONUS: Which tertium-quid politician came in third in electoral votes during the election of 1824? This Georgia congressman served as Secretary of War and Secretary of the Treasury during the Madison administration. William H(arris) Crawford

(5) In this election year, the failure of one vice presidential candidate to receive enough votes led to a contingent election in which Richard Granger was defeated. Hugh Lawson White was among the four candidates from the Whig Party who ran in this year in which Daniel Webster was also a nominee. The winning vice presidential candidate in this election year claimed to have personally killed Tecumseh. Richard Mentor Johnson ran alongside the winner in this election year who was born in the Dutch region of Kinderhook, New York. For ten points, name this election year, a victory for Martin van Buren.

United States Presidential Election of 1836

(6) Concerning Sassanid Persia, name the...Roman emperor who was captured at Edessa and turned into a footstool.

Valerian (accept Publius Licinius Valerianus)

4) This man was sued by Thomas Zaremba in a case that rejected the concept of palimony in Texas. Irl Allison established a contest named for this man in Fort Worth. A Time magazine cover proclaimed this man "The Texan Who Conquered Russia" following a performance that included Rachmaninoff's third piano concerto. For the point, name this American pianist who won a stunning upset in the 1958 International Tchaikovsky Competition.

Van Cliburn

(1) Concerning the colonies of Portugal, name the...Explorer who circled the Cape of Good Hope and was the first European to reach India by sea.

Vasco da Gama

or Kaap die Goeie Hoop; or Kaap de Goede Hoop; or Cabo da Boa Esperança) BONUS: This man, who was the first European to reach India by sea, is commemorated along with Bartolomeu Dias with crosses on the Cape.

Vasco da Gama=

accept Hayastani Hanrapetut'yun BONUS: Armenia's 2018 revolution has been nicknamed for this type of cloth, which also names the 1989 Revolution in Czechoslovakia, alluding to the lack of violence in the course of the transition.

Velvet Revolution

(7) Concerning the Second Red Scare, name the...U.S. anti-Soviet counterintelligence effort which outed the espionage cabal known as the Cambridge Five.

Venona Project

(2) Concerning the Early Roman Republic, name the...Early road which connected Rome to Brundisium, named for a 3rd century censor.

Via Appia (accept Appian Way)

(2) In a public lecture, this man erroneously called Mario Vargas Llosa [[YOH-sah]] a "Colombian Nobel Laureate" despite neither designation being correct. This man's wife, Marta Sahagún [sah-hah-GOON]], was outed for diverting public lottery funds to her private charity. This man, who called Donald Trump's proposed border wall a "Racist Monument" on Twitter, faced controversy for calling his opponent, Francisco Labastida, a "crossdresser." The sixty-year dominance of the PRI party was broken by, for ten points, what winner of the 2000 Mexican presidential election and leader of the National Action Party?

Vicente Fox Quesada

(6)Concerning the Andean nation of Colombia, name the... Viceroyalty of the Spanish crown from which it broke away along with its neighbors.

Viceroyalty of New Granada (or Virreinato de Nueva Granada; accept Viceroyalty of the New Kingdom of Granada; or Virreinato del Nuevo Reyno de Granada; prompt on partial answer)

(4) Concerning the U.S. during World War One, name the...Term for gardens grown by Americans to supplement rations.

Victory Gardens (accept "Food Gardens for Defense"; both underlined portions required for alternate answers)

29) Islamic rituals such as prayer five times a day were mixed with Buddhist idolatry in this nation's minority faith, Hoa Hao [[HWA HAW]]. Figures like novelist Victor Hugo and Saint Joan of Arc are worshipped in this nation's Cao Dai [["cow die"]] faith. Records show that 10th century Nestorians spread Christianity to this country while it was called "Annam." The Lunar New Year Tết Nguyên Đán [[TET WEN DAHN]] is traditionally celebrated in, for the point, what Southeast Asian nation's city of Hanoi?

Vietnam

(1) This U.S. state's first European settlement was the failed Spanish Jesuit Ajacán [[ahhah-KAHN]] Mission. This colony's Treaty of 1677 allowed several tribes such as the Nottaway and the Saponi to keep and bear arms, so long as they maintained loyalty to the English Crown. A group of enslaved Africans were brought to this colony's Old Point Comfort in 1619. For ten points, name this state, the first colony in which was established by travelers on the Susan Constant, Godspeed, and the Discovery at Jamestown in 1607.

Virginia BONUS: This man's rebellion burned Jamestown in 1676 in protest of Governor William Berkeley's policies regarding frontier settlement and attacks from native tribes. ANSWER: Nathaniel Bacon (accept Bacon's Rebellion)

(1) A strike against this body due to its exclusion of Polish members may have been the first-known strike in American history. A malaria outbreak affected the first session of this body, at which 22 members were present. A speech given in front of this body included one man exclaiming, "If this be treason, make the most of it!" A restored Capitol in Williamsburg is sometimes used by legislators to honor this body that was part of its state's General Assembly. Established in 1642, for ten points, what was this early legislative body of Virginia?

Virginia House of Burgesses BONUS: The House of Burgesses became the House of Delegates after Virginia was granted what designation, held by four states? It is often denoted in the official state name of Virginia. Commonwealth (accept Commonwealth of Virginia)

13) King Genseric strategically married his son to the daughter of king of these people, but later had her ears and nose mutilated for plotting against the Vandal prince, resulting in the siege of Barcelona. A king of these people, Reccared I, abandoned orthodox Christianity for Arianism as the state faith. A king of this people, Theodoric I, was instrumental in assisting Flavius Aetius's [[AY-shus-es]] victory over the Huns at the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains. The 410 sack of Rome was perpetrated by, for the point, which Gothic people under King Alaric I?

Visigoths

(10) The DQI is modeled on the work of this man, who lends his name to a three-volume work by Colen Campbell. "Utility," "beauty," and "strength" are listed as three central qualities of certain entities in this author's best-known work. Levers relying on torsion springs were central to the ballista designed by this weapons designer. During the Renaissance, Leon Alberti studied the work of this man, who described the construction of aqueducts. For ten points, name this author of De Architectura, a noted Roman engineer.

Vitruvius (or Marcus Vitruvius Pollio; accept Vitruvius Brittanicus; accept Vitruvian)

3) This man's father formed a short-lived alliance with Murad II until he was imprisoned. This man and his brother Radu were jailed as children, though the Ottomans released him after an invasion of his homeland by John Hunyadi. The envoys of this man's childhood friend, Sultan Mehmed II, were impaled on stakes by this voivode [[VOY-vohd]]. The ruler of independent Wallachia [[woh-LEH-kyuh]] and a Romanian national hero was, for ten points, what infamous warlord who inspired a vampire created by Bram Stoker?

Vlad the Impaler

(5) A building named for this man had to sand down panels on the Founders Room to avoid concentrating sunlight on nearby residences. Acoustic designers Minoru Nagata and Yasuhisa Toyota created the interior of that building named for this man, whose exterior architecture was designed by Frank Gehry and which is the home of the Los Angeles Philharmonic. Another complex named after this man contains long-running sections such as Critter Country, Adventureland, and Main Street U.S.A. For ten points, identify this animator and namesake of "Land" and "World" theme park complexes in California and Florida.

Walt Disney (or Walter Elias Disney; accept Disneyland and Walt Disney World; accept Walt Disney Concert Hall)

*) tournament presided over by King John. Rowena is married to the title knight at the behest of Richard the Lionheart in, for ten points, what author's novel Ivanhoe?

Walter Scott=

(2) This president endorsed the bipartisan Sheppard-Towner Act, which effectively decreased infant mortality in rural areas. Following Eugene Debs' run for president from prison, this man commuted his sentence along with other people imprisoned by the Sedition (+) Act. According to multiple witnesses, whiskey confiscated by a U.S. Attorney General was served at a White House dinner by this man's wife, Florence. A heart (*) attack led to the death of, for ten points, which Ohioborn president who was succeeded by his vice president, Calvin Coolidge?

Warren G(amamliel) Harding BONUS: A dynastic union of Castile and Aragon occurred following the marriage of Ferdinand II to which Iberian monarch? Isabella I of Castile

34) This organization was dubbed the "Over-the-Hill Gang" for its large number of older veterans under head coach George Allen. This football team was originally named the Boston Braves for a single year, and won their first Super Bowl behind running back John Riggins. A 1985 sack from the Giants' Lawrence Taylor ended the career of this team's MVP quarterback, Joe Theismann [["THIGHS"-man]]. Hounded in recent years by a name-change and a sexual harassment scandal, for the point, which football team owned by Dan Snyder plays near the Capital Beltway in Maryland?

Washington Football Team

accept falò delle vanità) BONUS: Savonarola's followers were known as the Piagnoni which referred to what action they took, usually to lament the sins of the world?

Weeping

(6) This man and his sibling used Frank Meyer's principle of "fusionism" when they developed the "Sharon Statement," which was the guiding thesis of the Young Americans for Freedom. This man threated to "sock a" debate opponent "in the mouth" if he kept calling him a crypto-Nazi during a publicly televised debate. Leftist intellectual Gore Vidal debated, for ten points, what intellectual conservative and host of Firing Line who founded the National Review?

William F(rank) Buckley, Jr.

(4) Following the Battle of Alnwick, this ruler incorporated the counties of Westmoreland and Cumberland at the expense of the Scottish monarch, Malcolm III. Nobleman Walter Tirel was accused of killing this king with an arrow during a hunting trip, an assassination that may have been ordered by this king's sibling, Henry Beauclerc [[bohKLEHRK]]. For ten points, name this Anglo-Norman king and son of William the Conqueror, nicknamed for his red hair.

William II (or William Rufus) BONUS: William II and Henry I's mother shared what name with an "empress" who contested the English throne during The Anarchy? Empress Matilda (accept Empress Maude)

(8) This man narrowly avoided the same fate as Elijah Lovejoy at a speech given by George Thompson. A faction led by Lewis Tappan split off from this man's organization over the election of Abby Kelley. This leader publicly burned a copy of the Constitution in protest, calling it "a covenant of death." This man was a close ally of Wendell Phillips, who succeeded him as president of the American Anti-Slavery Society. For ten points, name this fierce abolitionist and orator who published The Liberator.

William Lloyd Garrison

*) amendment. For ten points, name this abolitionist publisher of The Liberator.

William Lloyd Garrison=

3) This man's grandfather with a similar name was pardoned by Martin van Buren after his violation of the Neutrality Act during the 1837 Upper Canada revolt. Heavy losses in the Dieppe Raid led to this leader instituting a national draft, leading to the Conscription Crisis of 1944. This longest serving prime minister of one country formally asked George VI permission to declare war on Nazi Germany. The leader of World War Two-era Canada was, for ten points, which Liberal prime minister?

William Lyon MacKenzie King

16) This general, who was known as the "Gray-eyed man of destiny," lost the Second Battle of Rivas to Costa Rican hero José María Cañas [[CAH-nyahs]]. Following a revocation of shipping rights, Cornelius Vanderbilt sent a private army backed by various Central American nations to overthrow this man's regime. This man's first expedition seized Baja California, declaring the Republic of Sonora until Mexican forces kicked him out. For the point, name this American Filibuster who seized control of Nicaragua for ten months.

William Walker=

35) Violet Bonham Carter wrote a biography of this man titled [this man] As I Knew Him. The Malakand campaign in India inspired this man to write his only fiction novel, Savrola. This man recounted his escape from a Boer POW camp in London to Ladysmith via Pretoria. Caesar's invasion of the British Isles begins this writer's A History of the English-Speaking People. For the point, name this winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature, who wrote The Second World War from his perspective as Prime Minister of the U.K.

Winston Churchill

(4) A disruption of fuel supplies during this period led to Operation Drumstick, which was a plan for Her Majesty's Armed Forces to replace striking Lorry drivers. The headline "Crisis? What Crisis?" was employed by the newspaper The Sun to mock the (+) Prime Minister during this political period. Near the end of this political era, James Callaghan lost a vote of no confidence by one vote, dissolving his cabinet. A Shakespearian (*) phrase names, for ten points, what late 1970s period of British history characterized by strikes which paved the way for Thatcherism?

Winter of Discontent (do not accept "The Winter of Our Discontent")

8) A governor of this state, who ran in the 2016 presidential primaries using the slogan "Our American Revival," lost a reelection bid to Democratic educator Tony Evers. The protests following the murder of Jacob Blake led to unrest in this state's city of Kenosha, which was followed by the Kyle Rittenhouse incident. Scott Walker once governed, for ten points, what northern state that saw protests in the cities of Madison and Milwaukee?

Wisconsin BONUS: The protests in Kenosha were organized by this antiracist political and social movement which formed following the George Zimmerman acquittal. ANSWER: Black Lives Matter

accept Turkey; or Turkish Empire; accept Ottoman[a] music; or [a]Turkish music) BONUS: What composer's eleventh piano sonata contains a final movement usually known as the "Rondo Alla Turca" for its Ottoman-inspired sound?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

(5) The First Lateran Council, convened by Pope Callixtus II, reaffirmed an agreement in this city which included the emperor giving up his right to present ecclesiastics with a crosier. That "Concordat" in this European city, initially convened by (+) Holy Roman Emperor Henry V, ended the 12th century Investiture Controversy. A 1521 assembly in this city, convened by Charles V, followed the papal bull Exsurge Domine, which aimed to refute some articles of the Ninety-five Theses. (*) Martin Luther was declared a heretic during a diet [[DEE-et]] in, for ten points, which Rhenish city?

Worms [[VURMS]] (accept Diet of Worms; accept Concordat of Worms)

(5) With the Offields, this family established the Catalina Island Conservancy. The character Walter Harvey, in A League of Their Own, may have been inspired by a member of this family who founded the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League during World War Two. Charles Weeghman facilitated the sale of an organization to this family, which names a location containing a wall covered in ivy. The Steve Bartman incident occurred at a location named for this family of chewing gum magnates. For ten points, the Chicago Cubs play in what family's namesake field?

Wrigley (accept William Mills Wrigley Jr.; accept Philip Knight Wrigley; accept P.K. Wrigley; accept Wrigley Field) BONUS: The Chicago Cubs ended a 108-year World Series drought in what year, in which the Cleveland Cavaliers became the first NBA team to overcome a 3-1 deficit and the New England Patriots overcame a 28-3 deficit in Super Bowl LI [[Fifty-One]]. ANSWER: 2016

(8) This movement forced Sultan Abdul Hamid II to revive the parliamentary period in 1908, shortly after this entity organized the Committee of Union and Progress. Operation Nemesis was a retaliatory mission to assassinate the Three Pashas (+) of this organization, successfully targeting both Mehmed Talaat Pasha and Cemal [[keh-MAHL]] Pasha. The Assyrian and (*) Armenian genocides during the First World War were executed by, for ten points, what revolutionary group in charge of the Ottoman Empire immediately prior to its dissolution?

Young Turks (accept Jön Türkler; accept Committee of Union and Progress before mentioned; prompt on "Turks")

5) During this war, Air Force chief of staff Ronald Fogleman accidentally leaked classified information about an American hostage at a press conference. While participating in an attempt at enforcing a no-fly zone in this conflict, Scott O'Grady's F-16 was shot down by an SA-6 missile. The U.S. participated in this conflict as part of Operation Deliberate Force and hosted negotiations to end it at the Dayton Accords. For the point, the U.S. intervened as part of a NATO force in what early 1990s series of conflicts over the breakup of a Balkan Communist state?

Yugoslav War

(1) A photograph at Sri Lanka's Palaly Airport shows this man being given a garland by an athlete. An anti-religion campaign may have led to the false attribution of a quote to this man in which he supposedly said that he "didn't see any God" during his most famous undertaking. A MiG-15 crash killed this man, who once served at Luostari Air Base. This backup crew member of Soyuz 1 was best-known for a single 1961 orbit. For ten points, name this Soviet cosmonaut and first man in space.

Yuri Gagarin (or Yuri Alexeyivich Gagarin) BONUS: The Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center is found in what space research facility named for an astronomical object? ANSWER: Star City (prompt on "Zvyozdny gorodok")

(3) Concerning military innovations during World War One, name the...Airships named for a German count which conducted bombing missions on Britain.

Zeppelins (accept Ferdinand von Zeppelin; prompt on "Dirigibles")

accept Bulgarians) BONUS: Which decrypted telegram explicitly offered Mexico territorial concessions if it entered into an alliance with Germany against the United States in World War One?

Zimmerman Telegram

7) A biography accused this author of plagiarizing Emma Langdon Roche in a 1928 article recapping an interview with slave trade survivor Cudjoe Lewis. This author depicted the Southern practice of "paramour rights" in her 1934 novel Jonah's Gourd Vine. This author extensively collected Caribbean and southern folklore in books such as Tell My Horse and Mules and Men. For ten points, name this author of a 1937 novel about the Black town of Eatonville, Florida, Their Eyes Were Watching God.

Zora Neale Hurston BONUS: Hurston's 1948 novel about Jim Meserve's pursuit of Arvay Henson is titled for a Seraph on what river, which also appears in the first line of the Florida state song, "Old Folks at Home"? Arising in the Okefenokee Swamp, it hosted many Timucua settlements. ANSWER: Suwanee River=

(1)Concerning Sassanid Persia, name the... Dualistic Iranian faith which served as their official religion.

Zoroastrianism (accept Mazdayasna)

*) varieties. For ten points, name these pieces of armor held in the hand, historically used to protect from sword or spear strikes.

shield

10) The early phase of this event was investigated by Captain H. J. G. Ferzenaar, who noticed steam plumes between Danan and Rakata. Rogier Verbeek conducted another investigation of this event, which caused gasometers in New Batavia to go off the scale. The town of Merak was destroyed in the tsunami created by this event. Leaving almost thirtyseven thousand people dead, for the point, what was this cataclysmic event in which a volcano on an island in the Sunda Strait violently exploded?

1883 eruption of Krakatoa=

(4) The founder of this organization was the son of a Quaker Oats co-founder who also served as ambassador to Norway. R. Douglas Stuart, Jr. created this organization, which was supported by Burton Wheeler. A Dr. Seuss cartoon highlighting the words "foreign children" criticized this organization that opposed the Atlantic Charter. Members of this group included Sargent Shriver and a young Gerald Ford, and its most prominent spokesman was aviator Charles Lindbergh. For ten points, name this often antisemitic organization that promoted American non-interventionism in World War Two.

America First Committee (accept America First Party; Editor's Note: generously accept the inclusion of "Party" in the alternate answer despite it historically being a different, but similar, party that was disavowed by the "Committee")

(10) Geraldine Brooks's novel March analyses a father who has left to serve in this war as described in another book. Michael Shaara's The Killer Angels takes place during a battle in this war, a deserter from which is the subject of Charles Frazier's Cold Mountain. John Winder helped oversee a location used during this war in a novel by Mackinlay Kantor titled Andersonville. In a short novel, Henry Fleming overcomes his cowardice by seeking the title injury during this war. For ten points, name this war, the setting of The Red Badge of Courage.

American Civil War (or United States Civil War; or U.S. Civil War)

*) eclipsed in importance by, for ten points, which Flemish city?

Antwerp

accept Socialist Republic of Romania; or Republica Socialistă România) BONUS: Nasser was succeeded by which president who was assassinated in 1981 for signing the Camp David Accords with Israel?

Anwar Sadat

(4)Concerning the French Third Republic, name the... Leftist movement which seized Paris in 1871 and was brutally put down by General Patrice de MacMahon.

Communards (accept the Paris Commune)

(3) In her first major work, Hannah Arendt claimed that this agreement was "a turning point in history" since it led to the eschewing of historic customs as a "source of law." This document calls for the creation of a "public force...instituted for the advantage of all" and the (+) sixth of its articles claims that "law is the expression of the general will." Thomas Jefferson consulted on the initial drafts of this document written by the (*) Marquis de Lafayette. For ten points, name this civil rights document penned during the French Revolution.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen (accept Déclaration des Droits de l'Homme et du citoyen de 1789)

*) border crossing. For ten points, name this American city on one end of bridges named MacArthur, Ambassador, and Gordie Howe, also known for being the headquarters of Chrysler, GM, and Ford.

Detroit BONUS: The Rapa Nui people populate which Pacific island where observers noted a widespread toppling of certain distinctive statues following its 1770 visit by the Spanish? ANSWER: Easter Island

14) This man's lawsuit was sponsored by the Blow family and argued before the Supreme Court by Montgomery Blair. This man's filing pointed out his four-year residence in the state of Illinois and the Wisconsin territory. Roger Taney's [[TAH-nees]] ruling in this man's case found an absence of "rights which the white man was bound to respect." For the point, name this plaintiff in an 1857 Supreme Court case against John Sanford that ended in a strongly pro-slavery decision.

Dred Scott

*) J'Accuse. For ten points, name this anti-Semitic "Affair" during the French Third Republic caused by the false prosecution of a Jewish artillery officer.

Dreyfus Affair

7) This man's manager, "Colonel" Tom Parker, stopped him from playing Tony in the 1961 film adaptation of West Side Story. Ed Sullivan initially declared this man's performances "unfit for family viewing" after witnessing his "gyrations" during a performance on the Milton Berle Show. In 2019, the city of Memphis funded an expansion of this man's estate, Graceland. The "King of Rock n' Roll" was, for ten points, what Tennessee singer of Hound Dog" and "Heartbreak Hotel"?

Elvis Presley

5) During the first Easter festivities celebrated on Cebu [[SEE-boo]], this European formed a blood compact with the local tribal head, Rajah Humabon. Legendarily, Chief LapuLapu slew this man with a traditional bolo knife during the Battle of Mactan. This man, who sailed under the Spanish flag, named the Pacific Ocean in the 1520s while leading an expedition to the East Indies. For ten points, name this Portuguese explorer whose crew completed the first circumnavigation of the globe.

Ferdinand Magellan

2) One account of this conflict ends at the Battle of Ascalon, where Godfrey of Bouillon [[boo-YOHN]] drove off the army of the Fatimids. Seljuk leader Kilij [[kee-LEEJ]] Arslan's lightly armored horse archers were defeated in this conflict by a combined Italo-Norman force at Dorylaeum [[DOR-ee-LAY-uhm]]. A Byzantine request for aid led to, for ten points, what 11th century war to recapture of the Holy Land from Muslim control?

First Crusade

*) Youth" in, for ten points, which Southern U.S. state that contains St. Augustine?

Florida

4) Polish forces deployed an armored variant of this product known as the "FT-B" in an effort to repel a Russian invasion during the 1920 Polish-Soviet War. The creator of this product joked that you can have it "any color, so long as it is black" during a board meeting. This was the most sold automobile of the early 20th century. The "Tin Lizzie" was a nickname for, for ten points, which first mass-produced car created by the Ford Motor Company?

Ford Model T

5) This man commanded a fleet that seized a treasure worth over thirty million presentday pounds from the São Filipe [[SOW fil-EEP-ee]]. This man commanded a raid that tried to land at El Puntal [[EHL [[PUHN-tahl]] while destroying dozens of Spanish capital ships in the Bay of Cádiz, known as the "singeing [[SINJ-ing]] of the King of Spain's beard." Earlier, this man commanded the flagship Golden Hind and claimed "New Albion" in California. For ten points, name this British privateer who led a 1577 to 1580 circumnavigation of the world.

Francis Drake BONUS: Drake died while raiding Portobelo in what modern-day country, where the bulk of Scotland's disastrous Darién colony was later located? ANSWER: Panama

2) General Nisbet Balfour ordered Samuel Tynes and a Loyalist militia to capture this man, resulting in the Battle of Tearcoat Swamp. This man was unable to prevent the American loss at Camden after Horatio Gates sent him on a scouting mission with the Williamsburg militia. Banastre Tarleton stated that the "Devil himself could not catch [this officer]" during an unsuccessful trek through 26 miles of Carolina wetlands to capture him. The "Swamp Fox" was the nickname given to, for ten points, which Southern Revolutionary War officer and pioneer of guerilla warfare?

Francis Marion

(3) This attorney charged that Reuben Crandall's publications instigated slaves to rebel in the leadup to the Snow Riot. Earlier, this man prosecuted Richard Lawrence, who tried to use two malfunctioning firearms to kill Andrew Jackson. This man was detained aboard the HMS Tonnant to negotiate the release of William Beanes, during which time he wrote a poem that mentions "the shore dimly seen through the mists of the deep." For ten points, name this lawyer, who wrote a poem about the shelling of Fort McHenry which later became "The Star-Spangled Banner."

Francis Scott Key

(5) Concerning the Years of Lead, name the...Socialist French president who gave leftist fugitives asylum.

Francois Mitterand (or François Marie Adrien Maurice Mitterrand)

1) One of this man's speeches included what is now known as the "Economic Bill of Rights." This man served as assistant secretary of the Navy during the Wilson administration. This president attempted to curb the "Four Horsemen" by packing the Supreme Court. The Tennessee Valley Authority and Social Security Administration were part of this president's main domestic program. For ten points, name this four-term president who promoted the New Deal.

Franklin D

(2) Concerning the Suez Crisis, name the...Pan-Arab politician who nationalized the Suez Canal, sparking the crisis.

Gamal Abdel Nasser Hussein

or Kongeriget Danmark; accept the Danish Realm; or Danmarks Rige) BONUS: In the 1970s, Denmark awarded home rule to what largest non-continental island on Earth?

Greenland

(7) Who or what from the history of Turkey was the...Militant wing of the MHP party involved in the assassination attempt on Pope John Paul II?

Grey Wolves (or Bozkurtlar; accept Idealist Hearths; accept Ülkü Ocakları)

or Eesti Vabariik) BONUS: Which "Good Emperor" was a known Grecophile who created a widespread cult to his dead lover, Antinous?

Hadrian

(4) Concerning Sejong the Great, the ruler of the Kingdom of Korea, name the...System of writing he is credited with inventing.

Hangul (accept Chosŏn'gŭl; prompt on "Korean Alphabet")

(8) Concerning the assassination of the first openly gay California politician, Harvey Milk, name the...Board member who replaced him and said that the rioters "had nothing to apologize for."

Harry Britt

(7) Concerning the medieval order of Assassins, name the...Founder of the order who conducted a prolonged war with the Seljuks.

Hassan as-Sabbāh (accept either underlined portion; accept Hassan-i Sabbah; prompt on "Old Man of the Mountain")

3) In this city, a student organization known as the Student Revolutionary Directorate committed an attack on the Presidential Palace and the Radio Reloj [[REH-loh]] simultaneously. Held at the Hotel Nacional, Meyer Lanskey organized a 1940s conference named for this this city which led to greater communication between America's organized crime families. Fulgencio Batista's resignation preceded for ten points, the capture of what Caribbean capital city by Che Guevara and Fidel Castro?

Havana

(2) Concerning the state of Missouri, name the...Kentucky congressman and Secretary of State who championed the Missouri Compromise.

Henry Clay, Sr.

4) Russian lieutenant Adam Laxman landed on this island to forcibly return a pair of castaways. Shakushain's revolt on this island was put down by the Matsumae clan, which was tasked with defending part of it. This island was the location of a short-lived separatist state called the Republic of Ezo, which opposed the Meiji government. In the closing weeks of World War Two, the city of Muroran was bombarded by American ships off the coast of, for ten points, what Japanese island, governed from Sapporo?

Hokkaido

2) A vote on impeaching this governor devolved into the Bloody Monday brawl. This governor recruited prison labor to completely destroy the governor's mansion in order to build a replica of the White House in its place. This man advocated caps on income, inheritance, and net worth in his "Share Our Wealth" plan as a U.S. senator, three years before his assassination by Carl Weiss. For ten points, name this "Kingfish" who exercised neardictatorial control over Louisiana from 1929 to 1935.

Huey Long

*) Europe was ravaged by, for ten points, what nomadic people led by Attila?

Huns

accept "Remember the Alamo") BONUS: This Kentucky-born colonel was sent to reinforce the mission prior to the Battle of the Alamo. A large type of hunting knife bears this man's name.

James Bowie [[BOO-ee]]

1) A boy named Chanco saved this city from a native raid by warning his caregiver, Richard Pace, of the impending attack. In the opening days of the Civil War, William Allen raised a private pro-Confederate militia to occupy this site to block the Union from reaching Richmond downstream. This city was partially razed in the midst of Bacon's Rebellion, and the House of Burgesses was originally set up in this settlement prior to its relocation to Williamsburg. A Stuart king names, for ten points, which first permanent English settlement in North America?

Jamestown=

(8)Concerning the Basque region of Spain and France, name the... "White Lord" and mythical first king who was the son of an exiled Scottish princess.

Jaun [[JON]] Zuria

7) A congratulatory email sent to this man was allegedly one of only two emails sent by Bill Clinton during his presidency. Though not John McCain, this man's acceptance of a $200,000 loan made him a member of the Keating Five. A record three-and-a-half hour flight from L.A. to New York was conducted by this man before being chosen as a member of the Mercury Seven. The lone occupant on a five-hour flight in 1962 aboard Friendship 7, for ten points, who was this astronaut, the first American to orbit the Earth?

John Glenn

*) German Empire, many Herero people crossed, for ten points, what southwest African desert's vast savannah?

Kalahari Desert=

(6) Concerning the West African Ashanti Empire, name the..."Cloth" used by royals, now popular in the West and associated with Kwanzaa.

Kente Cloth (accept Kete Cloth)

2) As punishment for smoking, Deccan [[DEH-kan]] sultan Malik Ambar poured this substance into the ears and mouths of criminals. The Piazza Fontana bombings occurred during a tumultuous time in Italian history known as the "Years of [this substance]." This substance's presence in Roman toys and plumbing has been speculated as a cause of the fall of the Roman Empire due to widespread impotence and ill health effects. For ten points, name this toxic metal symbolized Pb.

Lead

(3) Concerning the short-lived Qin Dynasty, name the...Concept used to legitimize the emperor's right to rule China.

Mandate of Heaven (or Tiānmìng; accept Heaven's Will)

(7) Concerning his plans to create this opera, the composer once asked, "Who doesn't know about the story of Zeus and Semele"? A silent role was given to Gottfried in this opera, which features the Ottonian king, Henry the Fowler. Based on a character appearing in a work by Wolfram von (+) Eschenbach [[EH-shehn-bahk]], this work's central character arrives aboard a boat headed by a swan to guard a noblewoman named Elsa. Many weddings (*) feature the bridal chorus of this opera whose main character is the son of Parzival. For ten points, name this opera by Richard Wagner about a knight of the Holy Grail.

Lohengrin

(7) Concerning the Printing Press, name the...Rhenish city which was the site of the first printing shop in the 15th century.

Mainz

29) This book was removed from Russian bookstores immediately before Victory Day in 2014 due to its cover artwork. This book was derived from four days of interviews with the author's father, Vladek, who was at one point interned at Gross-Rosen. In January 2022, the board of trustees for McMinn County Schools in Tennessee unanimously banned this book, sparking national outrage. Depicting Germans as cats, for the point, what is this Art Spiegelman graphic novel about a Polish Jew's experience of the Holocaust?

Maus=

6) In an effort to map this river in the 19th century, Breton explorer Auguste Pavie [[pah-VEE]] led a namesake mission with a convoy of elephants. During the first days of the Tet Offensive, the Vietcong attempted to seize all major towns in South Vietnam along this river. Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam formed a commission to maintain the natural integrity of, for ten points, what river of Southeast Asia?

Mekong River

4) This character is enticed by a sign to "Join the Army and See the World" and dies in the jungles of Vietnam in an underground protest film by Whitney Lee Savage. Margaret Thatcher labelled the European Parliament with this fictional character's name due to its perceived ineffectiveness. Despite making a short appearance in Plane Crazy, this character and his paramour first appeared in the short film Steamboat Willie. Walt Disney originally voiced, for ten points, which mascot of the Disney corporation?

Mickey Mouse BONUS: Fredo claims he betrayed his brother due to being sent to run a "Mickey Mouse nightclub" in which gangster drama film revolving around the actions of the Corleone family? ANSWER: The Godfather=

7) Sixth century Byzantine monks established a pilgrimage site for this figure's purported burial site on Mount Nebo. While this figure was tending the sheep of his fatherin-law, a bush caught fire without burning and told this man "I am who I am." This Biblical figure caused a series of plagues in one country, and he parted the Red Sea in Exodus 14. For ten points, name this Biblical prophet who delivered the Israelites from Egyptian slavery.

Moses

10) In a work in this language, the eardstapa, or "Wanderer," is in self-imposed exile after losing his lord and fellow retainers during a raid. The long form poem The Age of Anxiety by W.H. Auden is in this specific language, emulating an early style of alliterative verse. The limbs of a monster named Grendel are taken off in a mead hall by the title hero of an epic poem in this language. The poem Beowulf is written in, for ten points, which medieval language of the British isles influenced by Old Norse?

Old English

6) Queen Elizabeth II granted this title to Margot Fonteyn after her performance as the Queen of Air in Homage to the Queen. Following an international tour with the Kirov company, American Eva Evdokimova [[ehv-DOH-kee-MOH-vah]] was given the assoluta form of this designation. The solo dance known as The Dying Swan was originated by a person with this specific designation, Anna Pavlova, who held the title while a member of Ballet Russes [[ROOSE]]. The most talented and experienced ballet dancers in a company are given, for ten points, which designation?

Prima ballerina

(3) Jim Beaton prevented this person from being kidnapped by Ian Ball. This person won a gold medal at the 1971 European Eventing Championships and was voted that year's BBC Sports Personality of the Year. This person rode the horse Goodwill at the (+) Montreal Olympics and became president of the British Olympic Association in 1983. This person was first married to Mark Phillips (*) in a 1973 wedding with a television audience of 100 million viewers. For ten points, name this only daughter of Queen Elizabeth II.

Princess Anne of Edinburgh (accept Anne, Princess Royal; or Anne Elizabeth Alice Louise; do not accept or prompt on "Queen Anne")

(4) Concerning the United States under the Articles of Confederation, name the...Ivy league school whose Nassau Hall served as headquarters of the 4th Confederation Congress.

Princeton University

(8) Concerning the Early Roman Republic, name the...Patrician who supposedly single-handedly held the Pons Sublicius from Clusium, who aimed to overthrow the Republic.

Publius Horatius Cocles

(2) Milton Brooks, from the Detroit News, was the first recipient of this award in 1941 for his work on the Ford Strikers Riot. John Robinson and Don Ultang won this award for their work depicting a African-American college football player, Johnny Bright, being deliberately injured by (+) Willbanks Smith, a white football player. Joe Rosenthal, from the Associated Press, received this award in 1945 for his work titled (*) "Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima." For ten points, what American accolade awards journalists for their images?

Pulitzer Prize for Photography (prompt on partial answer) BONUS Which liberal Supreme Court Justice wrote the majority opinion in Olmstead v. L.C. and Friends of the Earth v. Laidlaw and was well known for her collegial relationships with conservative judges like Robert Bork and Antonin Scalia? Ruth Bader Ginsburg (or Joan Ruth Bader Ginsburg; accept RBG)

accept Black Reconstruction) BONUS: The Dunning School demonized a branch of the Republican party, which took on this alliterative moniker, for botching Reconstruction by advocating for civil rights?

Radical Republicans=

3) During a performance in this country of the ballet Spartacus by Aram Khachaturian [[kah-chah-TOO-ree-ahn]], Leonid Yakobson [[YAH-kohb-sun]] abandoned the traditional pointe technique during a performance at the Bolshoi Theatre. Ethnically Polish dancer Vaslav Nijinsky [[nih-JIN-skee]] helped popularize a ballet company named for this nation originally founded by Sergei Diaghilev [[dee-AH-geh-lef]]. Unrest occurred during the ballet The Rite of Spring, composed by, for ten points, what nation's composer, Igor Stravinsky?

Russia

(3)Concerning the medieval order of Assassins, name the... Ayyubid sultan and rival of Richard the Lionheart who was wounded by Assassins during the Third Crusade.

Saladin (accept Al-Nasir Salah al-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub)

*) play in, for ten points, what Massachusetts city in which a series of 1692 Witch Trials took place?

Salem, Massachusetts

(5)Concerning the late 19th and early 20th century politician William Jennings Bryan, name the... Trial where he claimed Darwinism was a hypothesis while arguing against Clarence Darrow.

Scopes Monkey Trial (accept either underlined portion; accept The State of Tennessee v. John Thomas Scopes)

accept Mithridatic War; accept Mithridates VI Eupator; prompt on "Mithra") BONUS: The first Mithridatic War occurred simultaneously to which period of domestic unrest caused by allied city-states agitating for Roman citizenship?

Social War

(4) This man siphoned money to his family through a tax by which the ultra-wealthy were forced to donate to the Dana Sejahtera [[seh-jah-TEH-rah]] Mandiri fund. This man's ally, Ali Murtopo, incited riots to coincide with a visit by Japanese prime minister Kakuei Tanaka to discredit his rival Sumitro. The "Supersemar" Edict gave this general the right to restore order following a mid-1960s "Communist Purge" at the behest of his superior, Sukarno. The 1998 Riots in Jakarta led to the downfall of, for ten points, which dictator's "New Order" regime in Indonesia?

Suharto

2) After this event, Musicians United for Safe Energy presented a series of nightly concerts, collectively called "No Nukes." When this event occurred, William Scranton III was assigned to collect and report on information about it, and PEMA declared this event an emergency with the "potential for serious radiological consequences." Mechanical failures caused by a "loss-of-coolant accident" led to, for ten points, which partial meltdown at a namesake nuclear power plant in Pennsylvania?

Three Mile Island accident=

(5) Concerning the Andean nation of Colombia, name the...1965 riots named for an LA neighborhood to which the 1992 riots were compared due to their severity.

Watts Riots

(5) Concerning the Los Angeles riots of the early 1990s, name the...1965 riots named for an LA neighborhood to which the 1992 riots were compared due to their severity.

Watts Riots

*) Berlin as a "Memorial of Shame." For ten points, name this populist right-wing party founded in 2013 in Lower Saxony.

Alternative for Germany

*) Austerlitz. For ten points, name this monument found at the western end of the Champs-Élysées [[SHAHMPS eh-lee-SAY]] in Paris.

Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile

(4) Concerning the Suez Crisis, name the..."Strip" of land occupied by Israel along with the Sinai Peninsula during the crisis.

Gaza Strip

(3) Concerning the U.S. presidential election of 1984, name the...First American to orbit the Earth who lost in the Democratic primaries while serving as a senator from Ohio.

John Glenn (or John Herschel Glenn Jr.)

(1) Concerning the United States under the Articles of Confederation, name the...President of the Congress, known for his large signature on the Declaration of Independence.

John Hancock

7) The lynching of Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith in this state motivated Abel Meeropol to pen the song "Strange Fruit." The abduction and killing of Madge Oberholtzer by this state's Klan leader, D.C. Stephenson, led to a sharp decline in the second KKK's membership. A Republican senator representing this state interrupted the two nonconsecutive terms of Grover Cleveland by winning the Election of 1888. Benjamin Harrison and his grandfather William Henry Harrison both governed, for ten points, which Midwestern state?

Indiana=

(5) Concerning Valley Forge, name the...Form of disease resistance which predates vaccination, used at Valley Forge to prevent smallpox outbreaks.

Inoculation

4) The Romano-British syncretized this deity with the Celtic figure Sulis, forming a duo who protected over the thermal waters of Bath. This goddess, whom the Etruscans showed uncharacteristically hurling lightning bolts, was often depicted in fresco reliefs with a lowered sword as opposed to her more vicious parallel, Mars. For ten points, which Roman goddess of wisdom and war's Greek analogue is Athena?

Minerva

(9) Defeating this ruler allowed the Roman general Lucullus [[loo-KULL-us]] to gain a legendary fortune. An attempt to partition the region of Paphlagonia [[pah-flah-GOH-nyah] with Nicomedes [[nik-oh-MEE-dees]] IV led to the first of this ruler's namesake wars. This leader's invasion of Greece was thwarted by the Roman general Sulla at the 86 BCE Battle of Chaeronea [[kay-ROH-neh-uh]]. This man's soldiers allegedly killed 80,000 Roman settlers in the Asiatic Vespers. For ten points, name this king of Pontus who lost three namesake wars to Rome.

Mithridates VI of Pontus (accept Mithradatic Wars) BONUS: Mithridates allied himself with Tigranes [[tee-GRAH-nees]] the Great, a ruler of this country. Tiridates [[tee-ree-DAH-tees]] III, a later king of this country, made it the first to convert to Christianity. Armenia (or Hayastan; accept Kingdom of [Greater] Armenia; or Mets Hayk)

(3) Nubian soldiers headquartered near this city's Thika Road may have been the earliest inhabitants of one of its regions that began as a forest settlement. George Whitehouse originally founded this city that served as a depot during the construction of the Uganda Railway. In 2009, a rehousing scheme that was supported by Raila Odinga aimed to clear slums of this city, such as Kibera. In 1950, the East African Trade Unions Congress held a nine-day general strike in this city. For ten points, name this city shared by the Maasai and Kikuyu, the largest city and capital of Kenya.

Nairobi (accept Enkare Nairobi) BONUS: Which Kenyan port city was the site of the Portuguese Fort Jesus and came under control of the Omani Imamate in the late seventeenth century? Its namesake "Tusks" were built by the British to commemorate a visit by Queen Elizabeth II. Mombasa (accept Mombasa Tusks)

(1) A dish that is similar to the European czernina supposedly originated in this city after a man holding the blood of one animal accidentally dropped vermicelli [[vehr-meeCHE-lee]] in the bowl. An imperial decree to solve a noise problem by killing all of this city's roosters allegedly led to the origin of one of its central dishes. This city's namesake "salted duck" may have originated under the aforementioned Hongwu Emperor. For ten points, name this city whose culinary tradition developed while it served as the Southern capital of the Ming Dynasty.

Nanjing (accept Nanking) BONUS Czernina is a type of soup that originated in this country which is also the origin of kielbasa and pierogis. Republic of Poland (accept Rzeczpospolita Polska)

(6) Concerning Valley Forge, name the...Victor at the Battle of Guilford Courthouse who oversaw supply management as Quartermaster General.

Nathanael Greene

4) One of these items found at Takalik Abaj [[tah-KAH-leek AH-bah]] that was turned into an altar is the only one found outside a certain region. The material for these items was mined at La Cobata [[koh-BAH-tah]], and the distinct features of these items indicate they represent rulers of the culture that created them. A popular pseudo-historical theory argues the features of these items show "African influences." For ten points, name these distinctive artworks of the Mesoamerican "mother-culture" found at sites like San Lorenzo and La Venta.

Olmec colossal heads

(4) Concerning the rebellious Mau Mau movement, name the..."Valley" which is partially in Western Kenya and contains the African Great Lakes, the site of British detention centers like Marigat

Rift Valley

(1) Members of the Marxist student organization Zengakuren interrupted a speech by this man while on a visit to Japn, with this politician inviting the student up to the stage for an impromptu debate. From Jameson Hall, this (+) American politician gave the "Day of Affirmation" speech likening the youth struggle of Apartheid to the that of African-Americans in the American South. Motivated by ProPalestinian sentiment, Sirhan Sirhan gunned down this political figure outside the Ambassador (*) Hotel. For ten points, name this Irish-American Attorney General and sibling of President John F.

Robert F. Kennedy (or RFK; accept Bobby Kennedy) BONUS: Which general term was used in Europe for Iberian Muslims that formed the taifa [[tah-EE-fah]] kingdoms until the Reconquista was completed? Moors (accept Moriscos; accept Mauri)

*) Yuan Dynasty overthrew, for ten points, which Chinese dynasty which ruled from the 10th to 13th century?

Song Dynasty

(7) One product created by this company was named after an inventor, because alleged attempts at "everything else... failed." That product was the Edison device, which was analyzed in a series of 2015 articles by John Carreyrou. In 2012, Safeway attempted to outfit its stores with products of this company that was founded by a nineteen-year-old who had dropped out of Stanford. SEC fraud charges were levelled against this company's founder, Elizabeth Holmes, who made exaggerated claims about its blood-testing products. For ten points, identify this healthcare technology company.

Theranos (accept Real-Time Cures) BONUS: John Carreyrou's article appeared in this periodical which first published the "Dow Jones Industrial Average" in 1896. The Wall Street Journal (prompt on "The Journal")

(2) This man attempted to have his cadets punished after they drew caricatures of him with the nickname "square box" due to his exceptionally large shoe size. The preserved hide of this man's horse, Little Sorrel, is on display at the Virginia Military Institute, where this man once taught. This general died from pneumonia brought upon by his amputation after he was shot by friendly fire at the Battle of Chancellorsville. For ten points, name this Confederate general who earned his famous nickname due to his heroics at Bull Run.

Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson (or Thomas Jonathan Jackson)

(5) Concerning the 19th century Boshin War, name the...Last Tokugawa shogun whom the daimyos hoped to restore to power.

Tokugawa Yoshinobu (accept Keiki)

(7) Concerning the Los Angeles riots of the early 1990s, name the...Mayor of LA who was accused of triggering the riots for criticizing the non-guilty brutality verdict.

Tom Bradley (or Thomas Bradley)

(1) Concerning the Seventeenth-century leader Oliver Cromwell, name the...Conflict which he and his Parliamentarians won over the Royalists, facilitating his rise to power.

English Civil War(s)

*) cowboy of the Old West. Ancient Greece's Rampin Rider is an early example of, for ten points, what type of statue?

Equestrian Statue

1) This man's namesake homestead lies in the Winooski [[weh-"NEW"-skee]] Valley, and this American rejected the "crown of Massachusetts" by Daniel Shay to assist in his revolt. The Governor of Quebec began negotiations with this man in what became the Haldimand Affair, an effort by the British to annex a fledgling republic. With Benedict Arnold and a Connecticut militia, this man forced the surrender of Fort Ticonderoga. The leader of the Green Mountain Boys was, for the point, which Vermont hero of the Revolutionary War?

Ethan Allen=

1) In 2021, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in favor of two people of this profession who argued workers could not unionize on their property. After the U.S. Civil War, people of this profession formed the Grange advocacy group. Thomas Jefferson called people with this profession "the chosen people of God," and this profession was one of the most severely affected by the Dust Bowl. For ten points, name this profession involved in growing crops and raising animals for consumption.

Farmers

(4) This building was built on land purchased by the mining magnates Mott and Samuel Newhouse. The term "23 skidoo" is thought to have arisen near this building which originally did not include women's restrooms. Originally built to serve as an office for the George A. Fuller (+) Company, this Burnham-designed building now lends its name to a district of Manhattan. Found on Fifth Avenue, this building was intended to fill in a (*) wedge-shaped gap at the intersection with Broadway. For ten points, name this New York skyscraper with a distinctive triangular shape.

Flatiron Building (accept Fuller Building before mentioned)

8) It's not alchemists, but people of this profession were rounded up and killed by Louis XIV's officials during the Affair of the Poisons. It's not magicians, but escape-artist Harry Houdini undertook a campaign funded by the Scientific American to debunk these figures. The Pythia was a priestess of Apollo who specifically did this job. Pliny the Elder is the first historian to mention the use of a crystal ball used by magi in this position. The use of divination is done by, for ten points, what specific people who claim to prophesize the future?

Fortune-Tellers

(2) Nancy Pelosi tried to invoke a little-known section of this amendment that disqualifies people for office on the basis of insurrection. Oliver Wendell Holmes wrote that this amendment "does not enact Mr. Herbert Spencer's Social Statics" in the case Lochner v. New York. It's not the Fifth Amendment, but this amendment's Due Process Clause was used to apply the Bill of Rights to states. Griswold v. Connecticut held that this amendment established a "right to privacy." For ten points, name this Constitutional amendment that established the Equal Protection Clause.

Fourteenth Amendment

(6) This city was the origin of a movement of upper-middle class teenagers who came to admire American culture, the Swing Youth. The Star-Club is found in this city, where one group's frequent performing caught the attention of Brian (+) Epstein, who was later known as the "Fifth" member of that group. Between 1960 and 1962, the Beatles often performed in the Reeperbahn in this city located on the (*) Elbe. For ten points, name this Northern German city.

Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg (accept Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg; accept Friee un Hansestadt Hamborg)

(1) A fugitive named Kerry Dee Ketchum was caught by authorities after posing under the name "Patrick Quin" on one of these programs. A 1994 Robert Redford film portrayed a controversy on one of these programs, which involved Herb Stempel and (+) Charles Van Doren on the show Twenty-One. Another one of these programs hosted a 2011 exhibition match between an IBM supercomputer named Watson and two of the show's greatest champions, Brad (*) Rutter and Ken Jennings. For ten points, what type of television program includes the shows Wheel of Fortune and Jeopardy!?

Game shows (accept Quiz shows) BONUS Which Savannah native was inspired by Lord Baden-Powell to found the Girl Scouts of the USA in 1912? Juliette Gordon Low (or Juliette Magill Kinzie Gordon)

(8)Concerning the West African Ashanti Empire, name the... British commander who crushed the Ashanti and defeated the Madhist revolt in Sudan.

Garnet Wolseley (or Garnet Joseph Wolseley; or 1st Viscount Wolseley)

11) These people, whose name may be derived from the Quechua term for "vagabond," included a Jewish subgroup led by industrialist Maurice von Hirsch. Future president Domingo Sarmiento wrote a semi-fictional account of one of these people in Facundo who terrorizes the region of Entre Rios. These vaqueros worked as cattle herders and hunters for ranches called estancias [[eh-STAWN-see-AHS]]. For the point, name these Spanish-speaking cowboys of the Pampas.

Gauchos

2) Secretary of War Jefferson Davis sent this man to Europe to study the tactics of the Crimean War, and later in his life, he would serve as governor of New Jersey. In letters to his wife, this general describes himself as "the power of the land" and the commander in chief as a "well meaning baboon." This general was removed from command following the Battle of Antietam, and would challenge President Lincoln in the Election of 1864. For ten points, name this prideful Union general, known for his cautiousness in battle.

George B. McClellan

(1) Concerning the Los Angeles riots of the early 1990s, name the...President who launched a relief effort with federal funding.

George H.W. Bush (accept answers indicating the elder Bush; do not accept or prompt on "W. Bush")

(1)Concerning the Andean nation of Colombia, name the... President who launched a relief effort with federal funding.

George H.W. Bush (accept answers indicating the elder Bush; do not accept or prompt on "W. Bush")

(4) Concerning the assassination of the first openly gay California politician, Harvey Milk, name the...Mayor who was assassinated with him.

George Moscone (or George Richard Moscone)

(2) This person expressed their appreciation for Cox's Orange Pippin apples and Wensleydale cheese in the essay In Defence of English Cooking. One book by this author notes that mining households spend only "ten pence a week on green vegetables and ten pence half-penny on milk..., and nothing on fruit." That book by this author was written after studying the working class in Lancashire and Yorkshire. For ten points, name this English author of The Road to Wigan Pier who coined authoritarian psychology terms like "thoughtcrime" and "doublethink" in the novel 1984.

George Orwell (or Eric Arthur Blair)

(1) This person and Thomas Pitt are depicted having a physical altercation in an illustration by James Gillray titled The Caneing in Conduit Street. W. Kaye Lamb published an annotated edition of a manuscript detailing this explorer's voyages. (+) Puget [[PYOO-jet]] Sound, Mount Rainier, and Mount St. Helens were named by this explorer who departed England with the HMS Chatham and HMS (*) Discovery. For ten points, what British captain led expeditions to explore the Pacific and lends his name to a city in British Columbia?

George Vancouver

24) In this nation, cameraman Alexander Lashkarava died from wounds received from an anti-LGBTQ mob in July 2021. Women soldiers in this country known as the "Black Pantyhose Battalion" took up arms to support Zviad Gamsakhurdia [[svee-AHD gam-SAH-kerr-DEE-ah]], who was overthrown in a 1992 coup and replaced with a military council supported by Moscow. The Medvedev regime invaded this nation in the late 2000s to prop up the republics of Abkhazia and South Ossetia. For the point, name this Caucasus nation which saw a regime change following the Rose Revolution in Tbilisi.

Georgia

8) A thinker from this country criticized the Gotha [[GOH-tah]] Programme of its Social Democratic Party in one pamphlet. Another thinker from this country argued that a "Protestant work ethic" enabled the development of modern capitalism and suggested that the state held a monopoly on the legitimate use of violence. Two writers originally from this country wrote the Communist Manifesto. For ten points, name this homeland of Friedrich Engels, Max Weber [[VEH-buh]], and Karl Marx.

Germany

(6) One theory claims the bones of this figure were stolen by several Yale alumni led by Prescott Bush while serving as Army volunteers at Ft. Sill. The distribution of mezcal was used by Mexican soldiers to massacre this chief's soldiers at Casas Grandes in Chihuahua. Multiple escape attempts by this figure were followed by his formal surrender to Nelson A. Miles in Arizona. A military leader of the Bedonkohe Apache was, for ten points, what man whose name is shouted by paratroopers when jumping out of planes?

Geronimo (or Goyaalé)

(6) This region was the site of the 1872 salvage hearings of the American merchant brigantine, Mary Celeste, after it was mysteriously discovered adrift off the Azores. The failed plan of Nazi Germany to capture this region during World War II was referred to as "Operation Felix." According to Article X [[TEN]] in the Peace of Utrecht, Spain ceded Minorca and this region to Great Britain. Located in the Iberian Peninsula, for ten points, what region on the southern tip of Spain has a namesake rock?

Gibraltar (accept Rock of Gibraltar) BONUSBecause it was a British protectorate, what singer-songwriter married Yoko Ono in Gibraltar in 1969? John Lennon (or John Winston Ono Lennon)

(6) Conrad Reed sparked one of these events in Cabarrus County in 1799. The folk song "Mursheen Durkin" recounts the story of a participant in one of these events. Many participants in one of these events traveled to it via the Siskiyou (+) Trail. One of these events was publicized in Samuel Brannon's California Star newspaper and was kickstarted by a (*) discovery made by James W. Marshall. For ten points, identify these types of events, one of which famously occurred following an 1849 discovery at Sutter's Mill.

Gold Rushes (accept Carolina Gold Rush; accept California Gold Rush; prompt on answers relating to the discovery of "gold")

(10) One side in this war employed two former Russian Civil War generals to lead the general staff, while the other side's Minister of War, Hans Kundt, mass purchased tanks which proved ineffective in this war's namesake region. A type of unique hand grenade known as the carumbe'i, (+) which is the Guarani word for "Little Turtle," was developed for this war by an army led by Eusebio Ayala. A peace conference in (*) Buenos Aires ceded much of this war's namesake region to Paraguay. Bolivia and Paraguay vied for control of the namesake semi-arid lowlands in, for ten points, which 1930s conflict?

Gran Chaco War (or Guerra del Chaco; or Cháko Ñorairõ)

(3) Concerning the Andean nation of Ecuador, name the...1820s state which mostly mirrored the territory of the Viceroyalty of New Granada.

Gran Colombia

(1) At this location's Mormon Row, a structure built by T.A. Moulton has been called "the most photographed barn in America." Menor's Ferry traversed the Snake River in this area, which became a National Park in 1929. Once known as the JY Ranch, the Laurance S. Rockefeller Preserve is located on the southern end of Phelps Lake in this park. For ten points, name this National Park in northwestern Wyoming, located just south of Yellowstone.

Grand Teton National Park (accept Grand Tetons) BONUS: Most visitors to Grand Teton National Park pass through which Wyoming town, located in a namesake "hole" where a ski resort with the same name opened in the 1960s? Jackson (accept Jackson Hole)

(6) In describing this conflict, Major Meredith compared the targeted group to Zulu warriors in that both demonstrated heavy resistance even after being shot. George Pearce was called the "Minister of [this conflict]," during which Lewis Guns were employed against a group in the Campion district. The failure of attempts to herd the central group, whose migration led to widespread destruction of crops, contributed to this event. Targeting a species of flightless animals, for ten points, what was this "war" against an Australian bird?

Great Emu War (accept Minister of the Emu War) BONUS: The Lewis Gun was largely replaced by the "K" machine gun manufactured by what British company that also produced Britain's chief machine gun during World War One? Vickers-Armstrongs Limited (accept Vickers Machine Gun; or Vickers K Machine Gun)

10) During this event, a cache of diamonds worth over 1.5 percent of the national economy was lost at the Casa da India. A flexible wooden "cage" was named for a man tasked with rewriting building codes after this event. The massive amounts of candles lit for All Saints' Day worsened the fires in the wake of this event, which led to the modernizing Marquis of Pombal taking power. A slip on the Azores-Gibraltar faultline caused this event, which is depicted in Candide. For the point, identify this 1755 natural disaster which devastated the capital of Portugal.

Great Lisbon Earthquake=

9) Auguste Mariette led an effort to clear this monument of debris prior to a visit by the Emperor of Brazil, Pedro II. Historians discovered that several 18th dynasty rulers may have suffered from familial epilepsy due to the Dream Stele [[STEE-lee]] situated in front of this monument. A now debunked theory claimed this monument lost its nose to cannon fire from Napoleon's army during the Battle of the Pyramids. The Pharaoh Khafre is depicted with the body of a lion in, for ten points, which monumental statue in Giza?

Great Sphinx of Giza=

(3) Who or what from the history of Turkey was the...Country which underwent forcible population exchanges with Turkey of over 1.5 million people in the 1920s?

Greece (or Hellenic Republic; or Ellinikí Dimokratía)

3) A follower of the priest Iliodor [[ill-YOH-dor]] attempted to assassinate this man by stabbing him in the stomach. Another attempted assassination of this man involved feeding him cyanide-laced cake before he was finally killed with a bullet to the head by Felix Yusupov. This holy man claimed to have cured Alexei Romanov of hemophilia. For ten points, name this Russian mystic whose influence grew due to his closeness with Empress Alexandra.

Grigori Yefimovich Rasputin=

25) This is the central action performed during an annual tradition co-created by Travis Garone that began in South Australia. Every March, members of the United States Air Force engage in this action to honor triple-ace Robin Olds. A man named Emmet Pearson vowed to never stop doing this until the Vikings won a Super Bowl. A tradition that involves doing this to raise awareness for prostate cancer is called Movember. For the point, name this practice in which one goes for a period of time without performing a certain act of personal grooming.

Growing facial hair

(7) The British referred to this vehicle as the Gannett Mark I and received over 1,200 of them via Lend-Lease. This craft's superiority in carrier landings made it a preferable choice compared to the Vought F4U Corvair. David McCampbell was an ace who registered all of his 34 kills in this vehicle. Many participants in the "Great Marianas Turkey Shoot" used these fighters, which saw widespread use in 1943. Intended to counter the Mitsubishi Zero, this vehicle was billed as the "big brother" of the Wildcat. For ten points, name this dominant U.S. fighter during the second half of the Pacific Theatre of World War Two.

Grumman F6F Hellcat (accept either underlined portion; prompt on "Grumman") BONUSThe "Great Marianas Turkey Shoot" took place during what 1944 battle that effectively eliminated the Japanese Navy's ability to conduct carrier operations. Battle of the Philippine Sea (do not accept or prompt on "Battle of the Philippines")

7) Merchant Harrison Gray Otis wrote Letters in Defense of [this meeting] while serving as overseer of Harvard University. Despite voting unanimously to not send a delegate to this meeting, a Vermont county sent one representative, William Hall Jr, anyway. A one-term presidential limit and prohibition of lengthy trade embargos were proposed at this convention populated exclusively by New England representatives. The Federalist Party collapsed following, for ten points, which purportedly treasonous "Convention" held in a Connecticut city?

Hartford Convention=

(4) Concerning the medieval order of Assassins, name the...Cannabis-derived drug supposedly used by them and from which their name is derived.

Hashish (accept Hashashin)

(6) A king of these people was forced to sign an "Edict of Toleration" following the arrival of Cyrille Laplace's warship, Artemise [[ahr-teh-MEESE]]. These people kept a specific breed of canine which was fed Taro root and meant to be (+) consumed rather than kept as a pet. The nobility of these Marquesan Island-descended people kept same-sex lovers known as aikane, with one chief even asking James Cook to allow him to take Cook's astronomer as a partner. The (*) Kamehameha family was the royal dynasty of, for ten points, which Polynesian people?

Hawai'ians (accept Marquesans before mentioned)

*) dynamite which began this violent labor demonstration. Agitation for the eight-hour workday led to violence in, for ten points, what Chicago riot of the late 1880s?

Haymarket Square Riot

(4) The "Don'ts and Be Carefuls" of these rules were sometimes referred to as the "Magna Carta" by the association that enforced it. "Revenge in modern times shall not be justified" and "The use of the Flag shall be consistently (+) respectful" were some of the rules in this code. The success of films such as Some Like It Hot (*) was a leading reason this "Code" became irrelevant. For ten points, what "Code" of censorship guidelines regulated the movie industry in the United States from 1934 to 1968?

Hays Code (or the Motion Picture Production Code)

3) In the 1930s, Austrian chemist Fritz Johann Hansgirg built a plant to produce this compound in Japanese-occupied Korea. Norsk Hydro built the first commercial plant for production of this compound, and its destruction was the subject of the failed British Operation Freshman. Operation Gunnerside saw the destruction of that facility for this compound by Norwegian commandos in order to inhibit Nazi Germany's ability to develop nuclear weapons. For the point, name this compound of oxygen and two deuterium atoms, historically used as a moderator for nuclear uranium reactors.

Heavy Water

(5) A conflict over the imperial succession in this period gave rise to the Hogen Rebellion. Retired emperors withdrew to monasteries but still held influence over government during this period's "Cloistered Rule, and beginning in this period, noble women began wearing a particular twelve-layered robe. The Fujiwara clan dominated politics during this period, in which a work known as The Pillow Book was written. The Taira [[tah-EE-rah]] clan was defeated at the end of this period during the Genpei War. For ten points, name this period of cultural flourishing in classical Japan.

Heian Period (accept Heian jidai; prompt on "Twelfth Century" or "1100s" before "robe" is mentioned)

26) Near the start of a visit to this place, the narrator meets Francesca da Rimini and Paolo Malatesta, two nobles from Ravenna whose affair and deaths inspired "the Kiss" art motif. Jason, Caiaphas, and Pope Nicholas III all appear in the Malebolge location in this place, before Virgil guides the narrator to Brutus, Judas, and Lucifer at its lowest levels. For the point, name this place visited in the first third of the Divine Comedy by Dante.

Hell

(2) Concerning Spartan life, name the...Serf class derived from conquering neighboring regions.

Helots (or Heílotes)

(7) Concerning Sassanid Persia, name the...Nomadic people sometimes known as "White Huns" who captured and ransomed King Peroz I.

Hephthalites (accept Spet Xyon; or Sveta-huna)

26) In 1935, a commission chartered by the Roosevelt administration found that one of this soldier's notable achievements took place at Sunflower Landing. During Pizarro's conquest of Peru, this man taught chess to the captive Atahualpa [[ah-tah-WAL-pah]]. This man fought a battle with Chief Tuskaloosa in what is now Alabama the year after his landing in Tampa Bay. For the point, name this Spanish explorer whose 1539 expedition across the present-day southeastern U.S. made him the first European to reach the Mississippi River.

Hernando de Soto=

*) 1980s. For ten points, name these public goods that, after seeing the German Autobahn, Dwight Eisenhower promoted as part of an "interstate" system.

Highways

accept Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico; or Boriken; or Borinquen) BONUS: This island west of Puerto Rico was the site of the first European settlement in the New World, La Navidad, as well as the first permanent settlement, Santo Domingo.

Hispaniola

(3) Historian William of Newburgh stated that this work would be believed by someone "ignorant of ancient history" and wrote that the author "lied about everything." This work was directly inspired by the Venerable Bede's Ecclesiastical History. (+) This book ends with the Battle of Camlann, where both Mordred and his father fall in battle, resulting in the rise of the (*) Anglo-Saxon kings. Geoffrey of Monmouth wrote a pseudohistorical account in, for ten points, what 12th century book that popularized the legend of Arthur?

Historia Regum Britanniae (accept The History of the Kings of Britain; accept De gestis Britonum; accept On the Deeds of Britons)

(8) The orator of this speech claimed, "Never has a lawyer had to practice his profession under such difficult conditions." This speech asks, "What law and what justice?" and notes that its speaker has been held in solitary confinement for a period of 76 days. Delivered in 1953, this oration's speaker was a member of the Orthodox Party and was charged for his part in a raid on the Moncada Barracks in an attempt to overthrow Fulgencio Batista. For ten points, name this speech by Fidel Castro claiming that future generations would forgive him.

History Will Absolve Me speech (or La historia me absolverá; accept "History will definitely tell it all"; or "historia definitivamente va a revelar todo"; prompt on descriptions of Castro's 1953 speech)

(2) An outlaw named Jack Black wrote a memoir about his experiences as one of these people titled You Can't Win. These people often drew cats and triangles with hands among a series of crypto-signs used as part of their informal communication system. An ethical code (+) of these people calls on them to take up the least desirable jobs possible in each new town. A willingness to engage in labor was historically seen as a contrast between these people and tramps. (*) For ten points, name these migrant workers stereotypically depicted in media carrying their belongings in a bindle.

Hobo (prompt on "tramp" before mentioned; prompt on "migrant workers"; prompt on "itinerant workers"; prompt on "vagabonds")

(8) Concerning the rebellious Mau Mau movement, name the...1959 massacre of detained dissidents by British and African colonial guards.

Hola Massacre (accept Hola Scandal)

accept Homo sapiens neanderthalensis) BONUS: Which other species of archaic human are believed to be the ancestor of Neanderthals, Denisovans, and modern humans? They were likely the first archaic humans to spread throughout Eurasia.

Homo erectus

(8) John Gregory Tierney was the first casualty during this project, in which rocks were cleared by a group of "high scalers." A political cartoon reading "It Can't Be Done, Mr. Ickes [[IK-ees]]!" references the naming dispute over this project, which Six Companies, Inc. won a bidding war to carry out. Found in the Black Canyon, this structure spans both Mohave and Clark Counties and impounded the Lake Mead reservoir. Located near Las Vegas, for ten points, what is this Depression-era project named for a Republican president?

Hoover Dam (accept Boulder Dam) BONUS: The original report, presented by the Reclamation Service calling for a dam on the Colorado River to generate electrical power, bore the name of Arthur Powell Davis and this Interior Secretary, better known for his participation in a scandal during the Harding administration. Albert B(acon) Fall (accept Fall-Davis Report)

12) After failing to become a governor on the Free Soil ticket, this man appointed his niece, Rebecca Pennell, as the first full time female faculty member of an American college during his time as President of Antioch College. This man spearheaded the creation of the "Normal Schools" for educating teachers, derived from the Prussian education system. The first Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education was, for the point, which education reformer of the 19th century and advocate of the Common School Movement?

Horace Mann=

accept British Prime Minister; accept Great Britain in place of "United Kingdom"; accept PM in place of "Prime Minister"; accept UK in place of "United Kingdom") BONUS: Since 1902, the prime minister has almost exclusively been the majority leader of this body, the lower house of British Parliament, which meets at the Palace of Westminster alongside the House of Lords.

House of Commons

or Heinrich Luitpold Himmler) BONUS: The House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha renamed itself during World War One to which name, considered more palatably English? It is the current royal house of the United Kingdom.

House of Windsor

(4) An organization named for this body of water gave up nearly all of its land holdings for 300,000 pounds via the Deed of Surrender. Members of that organization named for this body of water were massacred by Cuthbert Grant at the Battle of Seven (+) Oaks. This body of water's drainage basin, which was known as Rupert's Land, was awarded to a namesake company. This body of water takes its name from an explorer who captained the Half Moon. "Point blankets" were traded for furs (*) by an organization named for, for ten points, what large Canadian body of water?

Hudson Bay (accept Hudson's Bay Company)

(1) A group of New World settlers who belonged to this group traded with the Timucuans [[tim-OO-kyoo-uns]] and were led by Jean Ribault [[ree-BOH]]. A settlement established by this group under Rene Goulaine de Laudonniere [[goo-LEHN duh loh-dohNYEHR]] was attacked by Spanish troops under Pedro Menendez de Aviles. That settlement built by these was Fort Caroline and was built near modern-day Jacksonville, Florida. Participants in an exodus to the Americas, for ten points, who were these French Protestants?

Huguenots (accept French Protestants before mentioned; prompt on French or Protestants alone)

(7) Concerning the Basque region of Spain and France, name the..."Plan" named for a leader proposing a free association of the Basque Country with Spain on an equal footing.

Ibarretxe [[ee-bah-RAH-cheh]] Plan (accept Political Statute of the Community of the Basque Country; accept Juan José Ibarretxe Markuartu)

(2) Concerning the rebellious Mau Mau movement, name the...Ugandan dictator who fought the Mau Mau as a member of the King's African Rifles.

Idi Amin (or Idi Amin Dada Oumee)

(3) The Namal Institute was founded by this politician, who previously was chancellor of the University of Bradford. This politician admitted to ball tampering while a member of a team that won the 1992 World Cup in the sport he played professionally. The Khyber Pakhtunwa formed a coalition with the government of this former cricketer who publicly stated his intention to restore the policies of Muhammad Ali Jinnah. For ten points, name this politician, the first Pakistani prime minister to be ousted through a vote of noconfidence in 2022.

Imran Khan (or Imran Ahmed Khan Niazi)

accept the Wall Street crash; accept the Great Crash) BONUS: The 16th amendment legalized a "Federal" type of what kind of tax to offset losses from the excise tax levied on liquor?

Income Tax=

3) One site of this civilization, Dholavira, is located in the salt marsh of Kutch. A soapstone statue known as The King-Priest was located at one of this civilization's sites, which includes the earliest known public water tank in history, the Great Bath. Mortimer Wheeler mistakenly theorized that this civilization, which likely spoke a Dravidian language, was wiped out by an "Aryan" invasion. For the point, name this Bronze Age civilization with cities such as Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa, based on a namesake river.

Indus Valley Civilization

(4) To cover up the nature of this event, Manucher Ghorbanifar suggested justifying it by freeing hostages held by Hezbollah. This event was investigated by the Tower Commission and led to the conviction of Oliver North. This event violated the Boland Amendment and was carried out in order to support an anti-communist Nicaraguan paramilitary group. For ten points, identify this scandal that involved the Reagan administration selling arms to Ayatollah Khomeini's government.

Iran-Contra Affair (accept McFarlane Affair; accept synonyms for "Affair" such as "Scandal") BONUS: In Nicaragua, the Contras were a group of counter-revolutionaries opposed to this Marxist political party. ANSWER: Sandinista National Liberation Front (or Sandinistas; or Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional; accept FSLN)

(2) An organization comprised of members of this ethnic group was infiltrated by Pinkerton detectives hired by Franklin B. Gowen, and a group known as the AOH advocated for this ethnic group's rights in Pennsylvania coal mines. Many members of that group, the Ancient Order of Hibernians, also belonged to a secret society of this ethnic group which was infiltrated by James McParland of the Pinkertons. The Molly Maguires were composed of, for ten points, what ethnic group that immigrated to the U.S. in massive numbers following an 1840s potato famine?

Irish-Americans BONUS: Many nineteenth-century businesses demonstrated their unwillingness to hire Irish-Americans by posting signs with this four-letter acronym that encouraged IrishAmericans to look elsewhere for work. NINA (or No Irish Need Apply)

(4) Concerning the 19th century Boshin War, name the...Type of American steamship sold to the Imperials due to a surplus after the U.S. Civil War.

Ironclads (accept Kotetsu; accept Azuma; accept the CSS Stonewall)

*) of Navarre. For ten points, name this Catholic queen whose marriage to Ferdinand II of Aragon effectively unified Spain.

Isabella I of Castile

accept Jumhūriīyah al-ʿIrāq; or Komarî Êraq) BONUS: The city of Babylon contained an ancient "Gate" dedicated to which Mesopotamian goddess of love who attempts to woo Gilgamesh in an ancient epic?

Ishtar

*) "graveyard of empires." In 2021, the U.S. pulled its military out of, for ten points, what Pashtun-majority Middle Eastern country controlled by the Taliban?

Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan

7) A poet from this nation named Pulci [[POOL-chee]] retells an account of Charlemagne's paladins, Roland [[roh-LAHND]] and Renauld [[reh-NOHD]] who convert the title Morgante [[mor-GAHN-teh]] to Christianity. William of Baskerville solves a murder in a Benedictine monastery in this country in The Name of the Rose by Umberto Eco [[EH-koh]]. Cesare Borgia's [[CHEH-zeh-reh BOR-zhahs]] military exploits inspired Niccolo Machiavelli to write The Prince, in, for ten points, what is now what country?

Italy

(8) On national television, this politician stated "The Republic is not a dictatorship of rumours, a dictatorship of calumny" while dismissing his involvement in the Clearstream Affair. On Bastille Day, Unité Radicale member Maxime Brunerie (+) fired at this president in his motorcade. At the site of the Vel' d'Hiv [[vehl-DEEV]] Roundup, this politician gave a speech admitting French guilt in the Holocaust. The President of France for much of the (*) 90s and 2000s was, for ten points, what former head of the conservative Rally for the Republic Party?

Jacques Chirac (or Jacques René Chirac)

(3)Concerning the wives and mistresses of the King Henry VIII of England, name the... Third wife who died after giving birth to the king's only son.

Jane Seymour (accept either underlined portion)

(6) In April 2021, this person promulgated support for a global minimum corporate tax rate. This economist postulated that paying workers more than their market value in wages increases productivity in the paper, The Fair-Wage Effort Hypothesis and Unemployment that she co-wrote with her husband, George Akerlof. In 2018, Donald Trump replaced this person in one position with Jerome Powell. For ten points, name this economist, the first female Chair of the Federal Reserve and the first female Secretary of the Treasury.

Janet Yellen (or Janet Louise Yellen)

(7) A temple to this deity was consecrated by Gaius Duilius after the Battle of Mylae. In Ovid's Fasti, this deity describes himself as the "janitor of the celestial court." Numa Pompilius established a temple at the forum that was dedicated to this deity. The (+) rex sacrorum typically offered a ram to this deity during the Agonium festival. The opening and closing of the gates at this deity's temple symbolized, respectively, (*) wartime or peace. For ten points, who was this double-faced Roman god of beginnings and transitions?

Janus (or Ianus)

(5)Concerning the U.S. during World War One, name the... Congresswoman from Montana and pacifist who voted against U.S. entry into World War One and Two.

Jeannette Rankin (or Jeannette Pickering Rankin)

*) prison where a single guard can see every interned prisoner at once. For ten points, name this formulator of the Panopticon, the father of utilitarianism.

Jeremy Bentham=

6) In Islamic tradition, this figure will kill the malevolent ad-Dajjal [[ahd-dah-JAHL]] and both Gog and Magog during the Second Coming. The Cathedral of Turin houses a shroud supposedly bearing the face of this man, whose execution apparatus was split into several pieces that are considered relics in the Christian church. For ten points, name this holy figure who was executed under Roman law in Judea, being nailed to the True Cross.

Jesus Christ

6) The Moro of Mindanao declared one of these specific conflicts after the government of Ferdinand Marcos killed many of its acolytes in the Corregidor massacre. During one of these specific conflicts, scholar Usman dan Fodio united many of the Hausa independent states after being appointed "Commander of the Faithful." Ottoman sultan Mehmed V formally declared a "Great" one of these religious wars against the Allies during World War One. For ten points, name these Islamic holy wars, often considered a counterpart to a Christian "Crusade."

Jihad

(1) Concerning the Printing Press, name the...German inventor whose innovations popularized it in Europe.

Johannes Gutenberg (or Johannes Gensfleisch zur Laden zum Gutenberg)

(3) Concerning the rebellious Mau Mau movement, name the...First president of the nation who supposedly masterminded the uprising.

Jomo Kenyatta (accept Kamau wa Ngengi)

(8) Concerning the Mexican War of Independence, name the...Priest who became the first president of the "Supreme Mexican Government."

Jose Maria Morelos (or José María Teclo Morelos Pérez y Pavón)

(3) Concerning Sejong the Great, the ruler of the Kingdom of Korea, name the...Dynasty of his which dominated Korea for five centuries.

Joseon Dynasty (accept Choson Dynasty)

*) Rurik, the founder of Novgorod. For ten points, name this loose federation of Eastern European peoples, ruled by Vladimir the Great.

Kievan Rus'

(5) At least 4,000 prisoners were once sacrificed by this empire at a yearly event known as its namesake "Annual Customs." Francisco Félix de Sousa was a chacha of Ouidah who helped a leader of this empire ascend to power. A military unit consisting entirely of women was known as the namesake Amazons of this empire, once led by Ghezo. The Fon people made up this empire, which declined following the abolition of the slave trade. For ten points, name this African empire based in modern-day Benin.

Kingdom of Dahomey (or Dahomey Empire; accept Annual Customs of Dahomey; accept Dahomey Amazons) BONUS: In 1748, the Kingdom of Dahomey was defeated by the Oyo Empire, a state ruled by what West African ethnic group that also occupy Nigeria and Togo? Yoruba People (or Ìran Yorùbá)

(1) Concerning the Mexican War of Independence, name the...Country from which Mexico secured its independence.

Kingdom of Spain (accept Reino de Espana)

16) Donald Trump's envoy Richard Grenell pressured this country's LDK Party to leave its ruling coalition. A prime minister of this country named Hashim Thaçi [[THAH-chee]] worked to normalize relations with its northern neighbor in the Brussels Agreement. This country's KLA was labeled a terrorist group by Slobodan Milošević [[mee-LOH-seh-vich]]. This country declared its independence in 2008, largely due to its majority-Albanian population. For the point, name this partially-recognized country claimed by Serbia and governed from Pristina.

Kosovo

accept Teklimakan Desert) BONUS: Territory in the Tarim Basin was briefly ruled during the time of Kanishka the Great by what Bactrian empire that used Greek in its administration, practiced Buddhism, and controlled much of present-day Afghanistan, Pakistan, and northern India?

Kushan Empire

4) The formation of an "African High Command" was a major goal of this leader, who was overthrown in absentia by the "National Liberation Council" while he was in transit from North Vietnam to China. This man's government hosted W.E.B. DuBois in the last years of his life, during which this man took the title "Osagyefo," or "Redeemer." Large public works based on cocoa exports were a key pillar of this man's regime after he led the former Gold Coast to independence. For the point, name this first president of Ghana.

Kwame Nkrumah=

(7) This senator's opposition to the "Build Back Better" Act led to a confrontation in a bathroom with activists from the group, Living United for Change. During a tight senatorial race, opponent Martha McSally claimed this politician said it was "OK to commit treason" after she supported Afghani-Americans joining the Taliban. This woman brought a piece of cake to the Senate chamber to accompany her "down" vote of Bernie Sanders's proposal to raise the federal minimum wage to fifteen dollars. For ten points, name this first openly bisexual representative in Congress, a politician from Arizona.

Kyrsten Sinema (or Kyrsten Lee Sinema)

(9) In reference to this figure, scientist Olesya Turkina said, "We did not learn enough from the mission to justify the death of [this astronaut]." A monument depicts this figure cradled by hands whose digits double as rockets, a part of the larger "Monument to the Conquerors of Space." Scientist Vladimir Yazdovsky trained this cosmonaut to eat a specialized gel and kept her in progressively smaller cages to prep her for spaceflight. The term "Muttnik" was given to, for ten points, what Moscow stray dog, the first animal to orbit earth?

Laika [[LYE-kah]] (accept "Muttnik" before mentioned)

(3) Concerning the Andean nation of Colombia, name the...City in a nearby state which experienced looting simultaneous to LA, seven miles from a namesake "Strip."

Las Vegas (accept Vegas Strip)

9) Five miles outside of this city, the first major Protestant victory of the Thirty Years' War occurred at the Battle of Breitenfeld by troops led by Gustavus Adolphus. Nazi Germany modified this city's name to reference a "Trade Fair" which ran unimpeded here since medieval times. The dissolution of the Confederation of the Rhine followed Napoleon's defeat at an 1813 battle named for this city, the largest fought during the 19th century. The Monument to the Battle of the Nations is in, for ten points, which city in Saxony, sixty miles from Dresden?

Leipzig

(7) Concerning the New York political machine called Tammany Hall, name the...Native tribe, sometimes known as the Delaware, whose Chief Tamanend named Tammany Hall.

Lenape [[leh-NAH-peh]] (or Lënapeyok; accept Leni Lenape)

4) In the book Results and Prospects, this man claimed that the bourgeoisie would reassert itself if given any opportunity, formulating his theory of "Permanent Revolution." After being outmaneuvered by a rival following the death of one ally, this man founded the Fourth International to oppose the Comintern. While living in exile in Mexico City, this Communist was assassinated with an ice axe by Ramón Mercader. For ten points, name this founder of the Soviet Red Army, the right-hand man of Vladimir Lenin, and rival of Joseph Stalin during the early years of the Soviet Union.

Leon Trotsky

10) This man's atrocities were described by George Washington Wallace with one of the first uses of the phrase, "crimes against humanity." Those crimes committed by this man and the Force Publique came to light in the Casement Report. During this man's reign, he sent Henry Morton Stanley to explore Africa's present-day Democratic Republic of the Congo. Serving the longest reign of any Belgian monarch, for the point, name this second King of the Belgians and notorious personal owner of the Congo Free State.

Leopold II=

(1) In the majority opinion of this case, its author pre-empted a dissenting argument by claiming, "This is not a question of substituting the judgment of the court for that of the legislature." The case West Coast Hotel v. Parrish marked the end of a period named for this court case, in which Oliver Wendell Holmes wrote a dissent claiming, "The Fourteenth Amendment does not enact Mr. Herbert Spencer's Social Statics." For ten points, name this Supreme Court case arising from a state law capping the number of hours bakers could work.

Lochner v. New York (or Joseph Lochner, Plaintiff in Error v. People of the State of New York; accept Lochner Era)

27) An agreement named for this city attempted to pull the neutral Italy to the Allies by offering them the Slovenian portion of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Jay's Treaty, which aimed to end the practice of impressment and facilitate peaceful trade, is sometimes named for this city. Following the battle of Poitiers [[pwah-tee-AY]], Edward the Black Prince acquired much of Western France through a treaty with this name. A follow-up to the Washington Naval Conference was, for the point, which agreement named for the capital city of the UK?

London

2) Excessive flooding in this city in 1927 led to the training ship known as the President to float down its streets. The use of low quality coal and the occurrence of an "anticyclone" led to the 1952 "Great Smog" in this city, killing 4,000 people. Three disease outbreaks were studied by John Snow in this city during its "Great Stink" period. A buildup of waste on the Thames [[TEMZ]] occurred in, for ten points, which English capital?

London BONUS: John Snow's breakthroughs in epidemiology occurred through studies of what waterborne disease that causes diarrhea and extreme dehydration? ANSWER: Cholera

(10) This city is the home of Karim Amir, who desperately tries to escape the southern section of this city in the autobiographical novel The Buddha of Suburbia by Hanif Kureishi. The experiences of Bangladeshi immigrants moving to this city in the late 1900s is recounted in Monica Ali's Brick Lane. This city is the capital of a country toward which a plane carrying Gibreel Farishta and Saladin Chamcha travels in a novel subject to a fatwa by Ayatollah Khomeini, The Satanic Verses. Many South Asian authors write about their experiences growing up in, for ten points, what European capital?

London BONUS: This author wrote about the struggles of the Bangladeshi World War Two veteran Samad Iqbal in London in her novel White Teeth. Zadie Smith (or Zadie Adeline Smith)

(4) Concerning the Boers, name the...British general who expanded concentration camps and appeared on World War One posters stating "[this man] wants you!"

Lord Kitchener (or Horatio Herbert Kitchener; or 1st Earl Kitchener)

(3) Concerning the Seventeenth-century leader Oliver Cromwell, name the...Title he took while ruling the Commonwealth, essentially establishing himself as dictator.

Lord Protector

(5) In 1980, this state's Lake Peigneur was contaminated when an oil rig hit a salt mine, making the water brackish. Edwin Edwards served four terms as governor of this state and won one election with the slogan "Vote for the lizard, not the wizard" while campaigning against KKK Grand Wizard David Duke. The "Share Our Wealth" program was advocated by a governor of this state whom Robert Penn Warren called a "Dictator." Huey Long once governed, for ten points, what Bayou State?

Louisiana

33) This figure supposedly kept a blank cover copy of the novel Dangerous Liaisons so her ladies-in-waiting wouldn't gossip in the court. This royal demanded the dismissal of the Duc d'Aiguillon [["die"-gee-YAWN]] after quarreling with chancellor Maupeou [[moe-POO]]. The Comtesse de la Motte's successful forgery of this woman's signature led to the Affair of the Diamond Necklace. This woman stated, "Pardon me, sir, I did not do it on purpose" after stepping on the executioner's foot shortly before being guillotined. For the point, name this wife of Louis XVI [[the Sixteenth]].

Marie Antoinette

(4) A qibla [[KEE-blah]], reminiscent of one in Cordoba, can be found in this city's Kutubiyyah Mosque. The El Badi Palace can be found in this city, once led by Thami El Glaoui. A set of seven patron saints are venerated in this popular pilgrimage site for Sufis. The Menara Gardens in this city were designed under Caliph Abd al-Mu'min, and the walls of this city were built under the orders of Ali ibn Yusuf, the fifth emir of the Almoravids. The African capital of the Almohad Empire was, for ten points, what "Imperial City" of Morocco.

Marrakech (or Marrakesh; accept Amarakus)

(1) Concerning the New York political machine called Tammany Hall, name the...President and successor of Andrew Jackson whom it supported.

Martin van Buren

(8) Concerning the U.S. during World War One, name the...Social scientist who led Women in Industry Service, a sub-agency of the Department of Labor.

Mary van Kleeck (or Mary Abby van Kleeck)

(6) Yuri Andropov armed this leftist's opposition, including the general Hudson Austin who formed a 6-day long military dictatorship. This politician's father, Rupert, died during "Bloody Monday," a leftist demonstration against the United Labor party of his nation's first post-independence leader, Eric Gairy. This man and his wife, Jacqueline Creft, the sitting Minister of Education, died by firing squad in the capital of St. George's. Bernard Coard's seizure of power and execution of, for ten points, what leader of the New Jewel Movement prompted an invasion of Grenada by the Reagan administration?

Maurice Bishop (or Maurice Rupert Bishop)

8) The dead of these people were buried with maize in their mouth, while this people's Caracol site shows signs of post-mortem bloodletting. Women in this culture travelled to the pilgrimage site of the fertility goddess Ixchel [[EEKS-chehl]] on the isle of Cozumel. The underworld of Xibalba [[shee-BAHL-bah]] is traversed by this people's mythic "Hero Twins" in the compendium, Popul Vuh. For ten points, these myths were carved in the monumental architecture of what Mesoamerican civilization?

Mayan

(3) Concerning the Printing Press, name the...Technology of flexible pieces that made printing significantly easier.

Movable Type

or Stephen Grover Cleveland) BONUS: In the 1884 election against Blaine, Cleveland also benefitted from the defection of this Republican faction led by Carl Schurz and Richard Henry Dana III that opposed corruption in the civil service system.

Mugwumps=

*) Austrian Succession. For ten points, name this monarch-approved suite by George Frideric Handel.

Music for the Royal Fireworks

(1) During a conflict in this region, the Grey Wolves deployed one thousand militia under the guidance of Isgandar Hamidov. Mediation by Medetkhan Sheremkulov [[meh-detKAHN sheh-rem-KOO-lof]] successfully ended the first conflict named for this region with the Bishkek Protocol. This region's de facto capital, Stepanakert [[step-AH-nah-kehrt]], experienced ethnic cleansing of its Muslim minority, leading to intervention by the government in Baku. Armenia and Azerbaijan fought multiple wars over, for ten points, what region in the South Caucasus, provisionally controlled by the Republic of Artsakh?

Nagorno-Karabakh (accept Republic of Artsakh before mentioned; accept Nagorno-Karabakh War)

or Pumpeje) BONUS: Pompeii is close to this modern Italian city, which was conquered by the Romans during the Samnite Wars. It was later the longest-serving capital of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.

Naples

(6) Concerning the Second Red Scare, name the...Name for men like Dalton Trumbo who refused to name anti-capitalists in the entertainment industry.

"Hollywood Ten" (accept Hollywood Blacklist)

(6)Concerning the U.S. during World War One, name the... George M. Cohan song which claimed "The Yanks are Coming."

"Over There"

28) Two decades after this event, Edward R. Murrow hosted a dramatization of this incident titled "The Night America Trembled," which exaggerated certain aspects of it like people flooding New Jersey Police with fearful calls. Tension in the lead-up to World War Two fueled the reaction to this event, which was part of the larger Mercury Theatre anthology series. This event caused an isolated panic after a narrator claimed extraterrestrials had landed in Grover's Mill. Orson Welles narrated, for the point, which 1938 radio broadcast based on an H.G. Wells novel?

1938 The War of the Worlds Broadcast=

7) Largo citizen Robert Scott Palmer was given a 63 month sentence for participation in this event following his assault of an officer with a wooden plank. A blue suit worn by Representative Andy Kim was donated to the Smithsonian after a photo of him in it cleaning litter in the wake of this event went viral. Mitch McConnell openly condemned this event as a "failed insurrection." A pro-Trump mob aimed to overturn the election by attempting to seize the title legislative house in, for ten points, which January 2021 attack?

2021 United States Capitol Attack

(6) An incident involving this nearly 400-year old company was streamlined by a middleman representing the Italian company Snamprogetti. Though it originally sold forged steel to customers in Finspang, this company started to manufacture cannons in the 1880s before its acquisition by the inventor of dynamite. Alfred Nobel once owned this company that made headlines in the 1980s for alleged kickbacks it gave to a prime minister of the Congress Party of India. For ten points, Rajiv Gandhi was embroiled in a scandal involving what Swedish arms manufacturer?

AB Bofors (accept Bofors AB; accept AB Bofors-Gullspang; accept AB Bofors Nobelkrut; accept Boofors) Part of the Bofors Scandal involved the sale of what kind of large field artillery pieces to India? This weapon takes its name from the Czech word for "crowd" as they were once fired into crowds of infantry. Howitzers (accept Haubits FH77; or Fälthaubits 77)

(3)Concerning the New York political machine called Tammany Hall, name the... First leader and former vice president who shot and killed Alexander Hamilton.

Aaron Burr Jr.

(7) Concerning the West African Ashanti Empire, name the...Majority ethnic group of the empire.

Akan People

or Urals; accept Uralskiye gory) BONUS: The Uralic city of Yekaterinburg was the site of the execution of Tsar Nicholas II and his entire family, including which daughter of his who was rumored to have escaped, leading to imposters like Anna Anderson claiming to be her?

Anastasia Romanov

1) When this man was chased back to the U.S. Capitol after a visit to Fredericksburg, Richard Lawrence attempted to shoot him twice, but failed, resulting in a brutal caning by this politician. This man was the only president to pay off the national debt by issuing the Specie Circular, resulting in the Panic of 1837. For the point, name this president of the United States who forcibly removed many Native American tribes from their lands through the Indian Removal Act of 1830.

Andrew Jackson

(4) This woman and six of her children were killed by members of the Siwanoy tribe during Kieft's War. Governor Henry Vane often attended meetings hosted by this woman, who eventually settled on Aquidneck [[ah-KWID-nehk]] Island. Mary Dyer was the only person to stand up for this woman when she was tried in Boston in connection with the Antinomian Controversy. For ten points, name this early American religious reformer who was expelled from the Massachusetts Bay Colony for her heretical views.

Anne Hutchinson (or Anne Marbury) BONUSHutchinson was encouraged to establish a settlement at Portsmouth by which man who founded a colony at Providence Plantations? Roger Williams

accept "Insurrection" or "Riot" in place of "Attack") BONUS: Conspiracy theorists claimed that the Capitol Riot was a false flag operation by which decentralized movement that opposes far right politics?

Antifa

or Cops; accept Detectives; prompt on "Officer" alone) BONUS: The guiding ideology of Kemalist Turkey revolved around six of these metaphorical weapons, which included Republicanism, Nationalism, Secularism, and Reformism.

Arrows

(1) Clarence DeLaney was a co-founder of this company, one of whose earliest clients was Schlitz. Though not Google, employees of this company were referred to as "Androids" of its founder. David Duncan was a partner at this organization who worked with a client that adopted the "mark-to-market" (+) method of one practice. That client of this company was led by Jeffrey Skilling. Accenture branched off from this company, which was formerly a member of the Big Five along with Ernst and Young and Deloitte until it became (*) embroiled in a 2001 scandal. For ten points, name this former accounting firm for Enron.

Arthur Andersen LLP (accept Andersen, Delaney and Company before "Duncan" is mentioned; anti-prompt on "Accenture" plc; anti-prompt on "Andersen Consulting")

19) After this man's 1964 arrest, he was slapped by the prime minister of his country, Hasan Ali Mansur, for refusing to cease his criticism of the government while working as a seminary teacher. In his first months in power, this man confronted political opposition by stating, "I shall kick their teeth in. I appoint the government." That followed fourteen years of exile for this man, including time in cities like Najaf and Paris. For the point, name this leader of the Islamic Revolution of 1979, the first Supreme Leader of Iran.

Ayatollah Khomeini

(2) Now a National Park, this location contains the Red Shirt Table, named after a leader of the Ghost Dance Movement. Under the Mission 66 Plan, the Ben Reifel Visitor Center was built at this place, which was given to the Oglala in perpetuity in the later-broken Second Treaty of Fort (+) Laramie. The "Stronghold District" in this area was seized during World War Two for use as a firing range. (*) For ten points, name this Sioux-populated National Park that contains the United States's largest undisturbed mixed-grass prairie.

Badlands National Park (or Makȟóšiča)

24) Because he was so torn in this case, Charles Evans Whittaker recused himself for health reasons. A plurality opinion in this case, which overruled Colegrove v. Green, stated that "Courts ought not to enter this political thicket." Reynolds v. Sims expanded upon the logic of this case, which shifted the court's prior "political question" doctrine. This case developed the "one person, one vote" standard for legislative apportionment. For the point, name this 1962 Supreme Court case limiting states' authority regarding redistricting.

Baker v. Carr

1) 19th century scholar Franz Mone [[MOH-nuh]] suggested the site of this battle was also the place where the hero of the Song of the Nibelung, Sigurd, slew the dragon Fafnir. Following this battle, a chieftain of the Cherusci [[keh-ROO-skee]] sent the head of his opponent to the Marcomanni to secure an alliance. At Kalkriese Hill, Germanic chieftain Arminius ambushed the forces of Varus, beginning this battle. Emperor Augustus cried "Give me back my Legions" following, for ten points, which devastating Roman defeat in the first century?

Battle of the Teutoburg Forest

10) Bernard de Montfaucon [[mont-foh-KOHN]] brought this artwork to the attention of of Europe when he hired Antoine Benoit [[beh-NWAH]] to copy it in its entirety. This artwork, which includes an early depiction of Halley's Comet, depicts Count Guy of Ponthieu [[pohnTOO]] holding an English king captive for ransom. During the early days of the French Revolution, this artwork was seized by the Directory to be used to cover the tops of military wagons. Harold Godwinson is shown taking an arrow in the eye in, for ten points, which medieval "Tapestry" depicting the Battle of Hastings?

Bayeaux [[bah-"YOU"]] Tapestry=

(4) This man's refusal to join a financial house earned him the nickname "The Lone Wolf of Wall Street." This man became the first chairman of the War Industries Board, which managed the United States's mobilization during World War One. At a meeting of the UN Atomic (+) Energy Commission, this man presented a modified version of the Acheson-Lilienthal Report which was rejected by the Soviet Union. This coiner of the term "Cold (*) War" served as a close advisor to FDR on war supply. For ten points, name this financier whose namesake "Plan" was an effort to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons.

Bernard Baruch (or Bernard Mannes Baruch; accept Baruch Plan)

or Republica de El Salvador) BONUS: In 2021 El Salvador, which has not printed its own money since 2001, rolled out the government-run "Chivo" service to support the introduction of which currency as legal tender alongside the U.S. dollar?

Bitcoin=

4) Pinaka and Shiranga are this type of weapon in Hindu myth, in which Arjuna [[arJOO-nah]] also fights with one of these weapons made by Brahma called Gandiva [[gahnDEE-vah]]. Hou Yi [[HOH-YEE]] uses one of these weapons in Chinese myth to eliminate nine of the ten suns. The constellation Sagittarius is named after Chiron's [[KY-rons]] role in teaching the use of these weapons to Achilles. Medieval tales abound with legends of users of these weapons from Sherwood Forest. For ten points, name this ranged weapon often featured in mythology.

Bow and Arrows=

6) The geographer Strabo uses this ruler's name to refer to a region in the Armenian highlands and Caucasian Albania. According to Herodotus, this ruler's 50,000-strong army disappeared in a desert sandstorm en route to destroy the Siwa Oasis. Shortly after his death by a self-inflicted stab wound, a civil war between the usurper Bardiya and the future Darius the Great broke out. The conquest of Egypt was completed by, for ten points, which Persian ruler and son of Cyrus the Great?

Cambyses II

or Jeanne d'Arc; prompt on "Maid of Orléans" before mentioned) BONUS: Identify the small, highly-maneuverable ships of Portuguese design that were used to chart the oceans during the early Age of Discovery.

Caravel

13) This woman is sometimes considered the first female ambassador in European history for representing her sister, Joanna, in a certain court. This woman authored a possibly fictive letter asking her nephew, Emperor Charles V, to protect her daughter. That girl's father was a king this woman married after the death of his elder brother, her first husband, Arthur, Prince of Wales. This woman died in Kimbolton Castle some time after her husband divorced her for her lady-in-waiting, Anne Boleyn. For the point, name this queen consort of England and first wife of King Henry VIII.

Catherine of Aragon

5) In this nation's mythology, a horned, transparent man known as the "Divine Farmer" introduced agricultural techniques and various drugs. The mother goddess of this nation's myth system, Nuwa, was a turtle who held the heavens and Earth on her back. This nation was created by the breath of Pangu with the help of the Kirin and the immortal Phoenix, and the first mythical king of its Xia [[SHAH]] dynasty was Yu the Great. For ten points, name this country whose populace was wiped out by a mythical great flood of its Yellow River.

China

34) In this U.S. state, both Philip Kearny and Isaac Stevens were killed by Stonewall Jackson's troops at the Battle of Chantilly. A failed Union river crossing in this state was known as the "Mud March." A ship named after this state fought the USS Monitor in the Battle of Hampton Roads. Civilians had picnics to watch an early battle in this state fought at Manassas. The surrender at Appomattox Court House was in, for the point, which state that housed the Confederate capital in Richmond?

Commonwealth of Virginia=

30) This philosophy's Three Obediences and Four Virtues prompted criticism from later scholars. A divine moral will was denied in "The Discussion of Heaven" chapter from a namesake book by this philosophy's scholar Xunzi. Emperor Shi Huangdi rejected this school of thought and adopted Legalism during the Qin [[CHIN]] Dynasty. Mencius argued that this philosophy regards human nature as 'intrinsically benevolent' in his explanation of the Analects. For the point, identify this ancient Chinese school of thought named for a sage of the Spring and Autumn period.

Confucianism

or Hàncháo) BONUS: Wang Mang, whose brief reign ended in abject chaos, was a scholar of this Ancient Chinese philosopher, whose principles he hoped to impose on Chinese society.

Confucius

7) This tribe negotiated with Maryland Loyalist leader William Bowles, who successfully convinced them to reinforce the British fort in Pensacola during the Revolutionary War. The Seminole were originally from this non-Florida tribe, who migrated to Florida in the 18th century and mixed with local tribes like the Calusa. The militant faction of this tribe, the Red Sticks, were defeated by Andrew Jackson at Horseshoe Bend. For ten points, name this member of the "Five Civilized Tribes" of the Southeastern U.S., also known as the Muscogee.

Creek

14) This city's Mamelles hills are the site of the African Renaissance Monument, while the village of Mbodiene outside this capital city will be the site of a Wakanda-inspired development named for the singer Akon. Leopold Sedar Senghor airport serves this city, where the House of Slaves on Gorée Island now memorializes the Atlantic Slave trade. Originally founded by the Portuguese near the Cap-Vert peninsula, for the point, what Wolof and French-speaking city is the capital of Senegal?

Dakar

(4) This event's instigator claimed, "The time is now, the fifth month when the rain falls." Contrary to myth, only the main hall was set aflame during this event, plans for which were announced at a renga poetry session. Mori Ranmaru dutifully carried out the instructions of one figure involved in this event, the instigator of which was killed while fleeing the Battle of Yamazaki. This event was carried out by Akechi Mitsuhide, who was subsequently defeated by Toyotomi Hideyoshi. For ten points, name this incident in which the first "Great Unifier" of Japan was killed.

Death of Oda Nobunaga (accept either underlined portion of the name; accept Honnoji Incident; or Honno-ji no Hen; accept killing, or assassination, or suicide, or seppuku, or harakiri in place of death; prompt on partial answers; Editor's Note: Though Oda's death was a suicide via seppuku, it is often considered an "assassination")

(3) This man once said, "Man will never be free until the last king is strangled with the entrails of the last priest." This man's financial troubles were relieved when he was hired as the personal librarian to Catherine the Great. A three-part piece describing the structure of this man's best-known work took the form of a "Preliminary Discourse" authored by Jean d'Alembert [[dah-lem-BEHR]]. That Enlightenment-era work assembled by this man included a number of supplements and extra volumes. For ten points, name this founder of the Encyclopédie.

Denis Diderot [[dee-deh-ROH]] BONUS: Catherine the Great paid Diderot a salary comprised of what currency translating to "pound" in French? It was replaced by the Franc in 1795. Livres

*) Nerva. The last emperor of the Flavian dynasty was, for ten points, which authoritarian emperor?

Domitian

33) A test of this effect accelerated canal rays through perforated plates with an immense charge. The question of whether this effect in light is partially caused by relativistic time dilation was addressed in the Ives-Stillwell experiment in 1938. This effect was first observed in an 1842 report on the color of binary stars. In astronomy, this effect can cause "redshift" or "blueshift." Discovered in 1842 and named for an Austrian physicist, for the point, what is this effect of a wave's frequency changing with movement relative to an observer, often exemplified by ambulance sirens?

Doppler effect

*) deaf, and dumb." For ten points, name this social advocate who created the first generation of U.S. mental asylums.

Dorothea Dix

(3) This city's Aplerbeck Hospital was a transfer point for mentally disabled individuals being sent to Hadamar to be euthanized in the T4 program. Up to 25,000 people were employed at the Westfalenhütte [[vest-FAH-len-hoo-tuh]] in this city, an industrial site that was among the key targets of an Allied bombing campaign. This was the largest city targeted in a campaign by Raymond Poincaré [[pwahn-kah-REH]] to limit the coal and steel output of its central nation. For ten points, name this largest city in the Ruhr and site of a "Borussia" football team.

Dortmund (accept Tremonia; accept Duorpm) BONUS An Allied air raid destroyed the central railway station in Dortmund which, like those of many other German cities, was referred to by this German word. Hauptbahnhof [[HOWPT-bahn-hohf]]

(3)Concerning the French Third Republic, name the... 1890s trial of a French officer of Jewish origin which led to his false imprisonment.

Dreyfus Affair (or L'affaire Dreyfus; prompt on "L'affaire")

(6) Concerning the Seventeenth-century leader Oliver Cromwell, name the...Irish city that his forces brutally sacked following a 1649 siege.

Drogheda [[DRAW-huh-duh]] (accept Siege of Drogheda; be lenient on pronunciation)

(2) Following the Battle of Worringen, this city was granted town rights by Duke Adolf VIII [[the Eighth]] of Berg. This city's Stadtschloss housed a vast art gallery of the Wittelsbach family, who ruled the Electoral Palatinate. This city's district of Reisholz was severely damaged in an Allied attempt to destroy German oil refining capabilities during World War Two. Experiencing a historical rivalry with Cologne, for ten points, what is this city, the capital of North Rhine-Westphalia?

Düsseldorf (accept Dusseldorp)

(7) Concerning the Andean nation of Ecuador, name the...Former currency named for a revolutionary, the collapse of which led to a 1990s financial crisis.

Ecuadorian Sucre (accept Antonio José de Sucre; or Antonio José de Sucre y Alcalá)

(9) This politician once quipped that he would never get ulcers, because he says exactly what he thinks. Benjamin Ward was appointed as police commissioner by this man whose tenure included the Howard Beach incident. Al Sharpton (+) organized protest marches in response to the death of the sixteen-year-old Yusef Hawkins during this man's mayoral administration. The 100th anniversary of the Brooklyn Bridge's 1889 completion was celebrated under this predecessor of (*) David Dinkins. For ten points, name this Jewish-American mayor of New York City from 1978 to 1989.

Ed Koch (accept Edward Irving Koch)

(2) Concerning the 19th century Boshin War, name the...City which was renamed to Tokyo shortly after its fall in the war.

Edo

31) This future politician defended Representative Daniel Sickles after he gunned down Francis Scott Key's son for sleeping with his wife. In the 1930s, Austrian chemist Otto Eisenschiml [["EYE"-zen-shih-mul]] wrote a book claiming this cabinet member masterminded the Lincoln assassination. This Secretary of War during the majority of the U.S. Civil War was fired in a move that violated the Tenure of Office Act. For the point, name this Pennsylvania politician whose sacking led to the impeachment trial of President Andrew Johnson.

Edwin Stanton

(8) Turkish slaves were used in a 17th century example of these ancient events to coincide with the arrival of Anne of Denmark to Britain. Frontinus records that an aqueduct traversing the so-called "8th Hill of Rome," Janiculan, was specially built by Augustus to facilitate these events while also watering neighboring gardens. A dug-out basin near the Tiber hosted the first recorded iteration of these events following Julius Caesar's Quadruple Triumph. Ancient historians have confirmed that the Colosseum hosted, for ten points, what mock naval battles for entertainment?

Naumachia [[now-MAH-kee-ah]] (accept Naumachiae; prompt on descriptions which include the word "Mock Naval Battles" or "Coliseum Naval Battles" before the final sentence) BONUS: What 31 BCE naval battle, a victory for Augustus over the forces of Cleopatra and Marc Antony, was often the subject of naumachia? Battle of Actium

8) It's not Cro-Magnons, but these people are hypothesized to have created the oldest known musical instrument, the "Divje Babe [[div-YEH BAH-beh]] Flute." This species' namesake 2010 genome project revealed that non-African homo sapiens often intermixed with this people's "Altai Mountain" branch. A valley in Germany names, for ten points, which extinct human species known for protruding foreheads and comparatively shorter limbs than modern humans?

Neanderthals

(6) Concerning the rebellious Mau Mau movement, name the...Author who partially set his novel, A Grain of Wheat, during the uprising.

Ngugi Wa'Thiong'o [[nuh-GOO-gee wah-tee-OHN-goh]] (accept James Ngugi)

2) One of these structures built by the Axumite Kingdom was taken to Rome but returned to Ethiopia after Italy signed a UN agreement. The earliest known type of this object was comprised of 120 metric tons of red granite, and was meant to commemorate Senusret I in Heliopolis. These structures were said to symbolize the sun god Ra and are topped with a pyramid-shaped capstone. For ten points, name this type of tall, four-sided, monument from Ancient Egypt.

Obelisks=

accept RAF; prompt on answers including descriptions of the "British armed forces") BONUS: The RAF victory in the Battle of Britain prevented what Nazi invasion operation codenamed for an aquatic mammal?

Operation Sea Lion

accept Royal Canadian Mounted Police; accept RCMP) BONUS: The Regina Riots of 1935 effectively ended this "trek" of unemployed men known as "On-to-[this Ontario city]."

Ottawa=

*) bird and symbol of the city on its backside. For ten points, name this bird which symbolized wisdom in Ancient Greece and is associated with Athena.

Owls

1) Sybil Ludington is nicknamed the "female" counterpart of this figure. William Dawes and this man were given similar tasks by Joseph Warren. This man's most famous act occurred on "the eighteenth of April, in Seventy-Five" and is the subject of a Henry Wadsworth Longfellow poem that states "one if by land, and two if by sea." For ten points, name this silversmith who warned of approaching British troops during a "midnight ride."

Paul Revere=

(1) Similarities of this speech to Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address have been noted by scholars, as both praise "the uniqueness of the State's commitment to democracy." The speaker of this address proclaims, "Thus choosing to die resisting, rather than to live submitting, they fled only from dishonor" when referring to a certain group of people. This speech was recorded by Thucydides in his book History of the Peloponnesian War. For ten points, what "Oration" was spoken by an Athenian politician to honor the soldiers who perished fighting the Spartans?

Pericles's Funeral Oration (accept equivalents)

(2) This man accepted twenty thousand marks as part of an agreement with an English royal known as the Treaty of Le Goulet [[goo-LEH]]. This man decided to take an overland route through the Alps rather than a sea route from Marseille [[mahrSAY]] before reconvening with another group in (+) Messina. Isabella of Hainault [[ay-NOH]] was married to this man, who defeated an army led by Otto IV at a battle fought in Flanders in 1214. This victor at Bouvines [[boo-VEEN]] (*) allied with Richard the Lionheart during the Third Crusade. For ten points, name this French king given the epithet "Augustus."

Philip II of France (or Philip Augustus; accept "Philippe" in place of "Philip")

1) The discovery of chicken bones of a specific breed suggests these people may have had contact with the Mapuche people in the 14th century. Naturalist Joseph Banks hired one of these people, Tupaia [[too-pah-EE-ah]], to serve as navigator on the Endeavour. These people used a specific type of outrigger boat known as the ama, which they used to colonize the modern-day countries of New Zealand and Hawaii. The Pacific Ocean was traversed by, for ten points, which Oceanic people whose subgroups include the Maori and Samoans?

Polynesians

1) In this city's amphitheater, Pink Floyd member David Gilmour gave the first public concert here in over 1,900 years. This site includes the ancient House of the Surgeon, as well as several artworks depicting Greek mythology in the House of the Tragic Poet. The Alexander Mosaic is found in this site's House of the Faun, which occupies an entire insula. For ten points, name this city which, along with Herculaneum, was destroyed by the 79 C.E. eruption of Mount Vesuvius.

Pompeii

*) seven terms, filling bureaucratic positions with his allies, the cientificos. For ten points, name this general and politician who served seven terms over thirty years as President of Mexico.

Porfirio Díaz

4) The signing of the Cullen-Harrison Act liberalized this policy, which ended later the same year. This policy was enabled by the Volstead Act, and its promoters included the Woman's Christian Temperance Union and the Anti-Saloon League. Begun with the 18th Amendment in 1920 and ended by the 21st Amendment in 1933, for the point, what policy instituted a Constitutional ban on the production and sale of alcohol?

Prohibition

accept Jammu and Kashmir Valley) BONUS: This province to the south of Kashmir was similarly divided by India and Pakistan, albeit peacefully, and is home to the world's largest population of Sikhs, as well as the cities of Amritsar [[AM-rit-sar]] and Lahore [[lah-HOR]].

Punjab

(7) Concerning the Prohibition Era in the U.S., name the...Jewish gang of bootleggers who committed the Milaflores Massacre during the Detroit Mob War.

Purple Gang (or Sugar House Gang)

8) A school of historiographical thought named for Columbia professor William Archibald Dunning was accused of taking "white supremacist" stances on this time period, leading to a direct refutation by W.E.B. Du Bois [[doo-BOYSS]] in his book Black [this era]. In one thesis, historian Erich Foner disputes that "carpetbaggers" and "scalawags" were the cause of the failure of this period. The military occupation of the rebelling Confederate States occurred during, for ten points, which period in the South in the 19th century?

Reconstruction

(3) Concerning the Years of Lead, name the...Far-left guerilla "Brigade" named for a color associated with communism and which kidnapped a sitting prime minister.

Red Brigade (accept Brigate Rosse)

(2) Concerning the Los Angeles riots of the early 1990s, name the...Black man whose attack by policeman was caught on camera, leading to a trial which began the riots.

Rodney King (or Rodney Glen King)

*) English. For ten points, name this "Maid of Orléans," [[ohr-LEHahn]] a French hero of the Hundred Years' War.

Saint Joan of Arc

(3)Concerning the U.S. during World War One, name the... Influential AFL president who led the Council of National Defense.

Samuel Gompers

20) Amos Kendall's "summer tour" pre-selected the "pet" replacements for this institution. The de-chartering of this institution led to the Panic of 1837 after its president, Nicholas Biddle, failed to defeat the "hard money" movement. The constitutionality of this organization's charter was upheld as part of the McCulloch v. Maryland decision, which prohibited states from taxing federal organizations. For the point, name this financial institution that was targeted in a metaphorical "war" by Andrew Jackson.

Second Bank of the United States

(2) Concerning Sassanid Persia, name the...Royal title held by their rulers.

Shah (accept Shahanshah; or Padishah; prompt on "King" or "Emperor")

(5)Concerning Sassanid Persia, name the... "Great" king who wrestled Armenia from Rome and repelled an invasion by Julian the Apostate.

Shapur the Great (accept Shapur II)

(1) Concerning the Andean nation of Colombia, name the..."Liberator" of South America who served as the first President of Gran Colombia.

Simón Bolívar (or Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar y Ponte Palacios y Blanco)

2) Adherents of this myth system celebrated the summer Kupala Night and the Day of the Young Shoots. This system's fire goddess Ognyena often became conflated with Mary after adherents of this system were Christianized, starting with a mass baptism in 988. In this myth system, the evil dragon god Veles was opposed in attacks on the sacred oak tree by the eaglelike chief of the gods, Perun. For the point, name this myth system that was practiced by the pre-Christian inhabitants of Serbia, Poland, and Russia.

Slavic myth

18) A "project" named for this historical figure in Detroit led to 1942 riots between white homeowners from Conant Gardens who wished to stop the expansion of Black housing in the inner city. In commemoration of the deployment of the 1st Michigan Coloured Regiment, this figure wrote "the Valiant Soldiers." This former slave said, "I...can do as much work as any man" in an oration given at a women's convention in Ohio. The "Ain't I a Woman" speech was given by, for the point, which Black and Women's rights activist of the mid-19th century?

Sojourner Truth

14) This state's police force was known as the assara-munidios, or "Enforcers," who not only arrested criminals but also acted as jurists. An Islamic convert from Castile named Judar Pasha razed this empire's salt mines in Taghaza [[tah-gah-ZAH]] during an invasion. This empire's Askia Dynasty fled south after a Moroccan invasion led to Askia Ishaq II's [[ee-SHAK the Second's]] deposition following the Battle of Tondibi. The Mali empire was overthrown by, for the point, what West African state governed from Gao [[GOW]]?

Songhai Empire=

6) In this modern-day country, a breakaway general who was fond of using a metaphor about plucking the tail off a horse held off Metellus Pius and Pompey for seven years. This present-day country was the location of Quintus Sertorius's attempt to rebel against Rome. Hannibal's attack on Saguntum in this present-day country began the Second Punic War. Hadrian and Trajan were both born in what is now this country. For ten points, name this country where Romans expanded cities such as Valentia, Corduba, and Toletum, or modern Toledo.

Spain

22) John Carden bet this man a beaver pelt hat that his ship, the HMS Macedonian, would outgun this man's USS United States. James Barron, who commanded the namesake vessel during the Chesapeake Affair, killed this rival officer thirteen years later in a duel over this man's critical remarks. This youngest captain in U.S. Navy history burned the captured USS Philadelphia in a daring raid during the Barbary Wars. The toast "Our country, right or wrong" was given by, for the point, which American commodore of the early 19th century?

Stephen Decatur Jr.=

(10) This man legendarily was forced into exile to the Mema Kingdom with his sisters and mother due to a jealous wife of his polygamous father, Sassouma (+) Bereté [[sah-SOO-mah beh-reh-TEH]]. This ruler's defeat of the sorcerer-king and Sosso leader Soumaoro Kanté was recounted by oral poets known as djeli [[JEH-lee]] in the Epic of this monarch. The founder of the (*) Keita Dynasty was, for ten points, which mansa and leader of the Mandinke, the great-uncle of Mansa Musa?

Sundiata Kieta (accept Manding Diara; or Sogolon Djata; or Nare Maghan; or Sogo Sogo Simbon Salaba; prompt on "Lion of Mali")

(4)Concerning the Early Roman Republic, name the... Final king, deposed in favor of establishing a Republican government.

Tarquinius Superbus (or Tarquin the Proud)

(7)Concerning the late 19th and early 20th century politician William Jennings Bryan, name the... Nebraska newspaper he owned and edited, the name of which was a play on his nickname.

The Commoner (accept "The Great Commoner")

(4) Following a defeat to this city state, Argia searched for the dead body of her husband then unsuccessfully tried to revive him with tears and kisses. The Nemean Games were founded while a group was en route to this city. Adrastus was the leader of the aforementioned group which aimed to restore a brother of Ismene and Antigone [[an-TIGoh-nee]] to the throne of this city. The "Seven Against [this city]" assisted one side in a conflict between the sons of an exiled king who married his mother. For ten points, name this Greek city-state legendarily ruled by Oedipus.

Thebes (or Thíva; or Thêbai) BONUS: Which Ancient Greek playwright documented the tragedy of Oedipus and wrote the plays Electra and Ajax? Sophocles

(3)Concerning the colonies of Portugal, name the... 15th century treaty they made with Spain which demarcated the world into two colonial regions.

Treaty of Tordesillas (or Tratado de Tordesillas; or Tratado de Tordesilhas)

(6) Much of the originally-captured footage of this phenomenon was burned on orders from Yevgeny Krinov in an attempt to rid his library of any flammable nitrates. One hypothesis claims this event formed Lake Cheko, a tiny freshwater body into which the river Kunyu (+) empties. With Nikolay Fedorov, the mineralogist Leonid Kulik led an expedition to study this event which included extensive interviews with Evenki natives who witnessed this phenomenon. A (*) Siberian river names, for ten points, what 1908 "explosion" possibly caused by the fracturing of an asteroid, the largest impact in recorded history?

Tunguska Event (accept Tunguska Explosion; accept descriptors for the event at Tunguska)

9) One man in this election faced accusations of wanting to form a monarchical dynasty and was called "His Rotundity" by detractors. "Phocion" claimed one of the leading candidates in this election cycle was having an affair with a female slave. This election, which motivated the passage of the 12th amendment, is considered the beginning of the "First Party System" in the U.S. between the Federalist and Democratic-Republican parties. The first contested presidential run occurred during, for the point, which election between Thomas Jefferson and its winner, John Adams?

U.S. Presidential Election of 1796=

27) The protégé of Umberto Eco, Angelo Fabri, was killed at this institution during the politically motivated DAMS murders. The first female professor in Europe, Laura Bassi, worked in this institution and was responsible for popularizing Newtonian Physics in Italy. This university, which was formally chartered by Frederick Barbarossa, began after an 11th century guild of students organized into "nations." For the point, name this oldest continuously-operating university in the world, located in a Northern Italian city.

University of Bologna [[boh-lohn-YAH]]

2) Leo von Klenze [[KLEN-zuh]] built a temple named for this place under the auspices of Ludwig of Bavaria, and included several busts of historical Germans. The legendary king Vanlandi visited this site in a work that describes a "historical" figure's law about the dead being burned and their ashes buried. The Heimskringla discusses that ritual for reaching this place, which is accomplished by Eric Bloodaxe, king of Norway, in an epic poem. For ten points, name this mythical hall of slain warriors that Norse pagans believed awaited them in the afterlife.

Valhalla

(3) During this conflict, the forces of Henri II Montmorency led a charge across a ditch at the Battle of Veillane. Ambrogio Spinola died of ill health during a siege in this war. The fortress of Casale was besieged twice during this conflict, in which Pinerolo, (+) and other land taken by France, was renounced in the Treaty of Cherasco. A Piedmont Campaign was carried out during this war, which was precipitated by the deaths of Francesco IV and two other brothers of the House of (*) Gonzaga. For ten points, name this war which was fought over the throne of a duchy in Italy.

War of the Mantuan Succession (prompt on "Thirty Years War")

(7) Concerning the rebellious Mau Mau movement, name the...European-dominated region, seized by the Mau Mau, whose settlement first occurred under Sir Charles Eliot.

White Highlands (prompt on "Central Uplands" or "Central Province")

(7) Concerning the assassination of the first openly gay California politician, Harvey Milk, name the...1979 riots which occurred following the manslaughter verdict for the killer.

White Night Riots

(7) Thomas Edison declared that he was afraid of this man's discovery after one of his assistants had to get both of their arms amputated and died shortly after. An apparatus consisting of a Crookes tube and a screen painted with barium platinocyanide (+) led to this scientist's most notable discovery. This scientist's wife reportedly exclaimed, "I have seen my death!" after examining a photograph (*) of her hand. Lending his name to a type of radiation, for ten points, what German physicist discovered the X-ray?

Wilhelm Röntgen (or Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen; accept Röntgen radiation)

7) The outbreak of the Austro-Turkish war forced this composer to move from Vienna to Alsegrund. This man employed his own sister-in-law Josefa Weber [[yoh-SEH-fah VEHbuh]] to perform the role of Queen of the Night in one opera. The marriage of the Emperor's niece led to the city of Prague commissioning this composer's Don Giovanni. The Marriage of Figaro and The Magic Flute were written by, for ten points, which German-language composer of the 18th century?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

(8) Signs protesting this event encouraged residents to "buy no milk." An editorial by the New York Times dubbed this event the "Nightmare in the Catskills." Governor Nelson Rockefeller, who declared this event a "disaster zone," considered sending in the National Guard but was dissuaded by this event's organizer, John P. Roberts. Carlos Santana, the Killers, and Miley Cyrus were scheduled to perform in a failed revival of this event. For ten points, what landmark 1960s musical festival was held in Bethel, New York?

Woodstock (or Woodstock Music and Art Fair; or Woodstock Rock Festival)

(10) The pseudonym "Grant Lloyd" was used by a woman of this surname who served as the first Principal of Lady Margaret Hall and borrowed money to found St. Hughes College at Oxford. During its revolution, a man of this surname visited (+) France, where he fell in love with Annette Vallon [[vah-YOHN]]. During a walking tour through the Welsh Marches, that man was inspired to write a poem about a "dear, dear Sister" named Dorothy with this surname. That poem is set along the River (*) Wye. For ten points, name this surname of the poet of "Tintern Abbey", William.

Wordsworth (accept William Wordsworth)

*) Gallipoli. For ten points, name this early 20th-century war whose literary masterpieces include All Quiet on the Western Front.

World War One

1) During this war, the Creel Committee sent out "four minute men" to encourage people to buy war bonds, and during this war, the USFA encouraged "Meatless Mondays." The Sedition Act passed during this war caused Eugene V. Debs to be jailed for encouraging draft-dodging. A president urged the U.S to enter this war to "make the world safe for democracy." For ten points, name this war in which the United States sent "doughboys" to fight in the trenches.

World War One

(6) During this war, the I-26 torpedoed Estevan Point Lighthouse in a successful bid to disrupt maritime trade. Men from one country who refused to fight overseas during this war were known as "Zombies," leading to the second Conscription (+) Crisis. During this war, Canadian divisions under Rod Keller were tasked with taking Juno (*) Beach. The Dominion of Canada was tasked with protecting the British dominion of Newfoundland during, for ten points, what war begun by a Nazi invasion of Poland?

World War Two (accept Second World War)

(1) A 1911 revolt in this city's Wuchang district led to the Xinhai [[SHIN-"HIGH"]] Revolution, which ended the Qing [[CHING]] Dynasty. One preliminary attack on this city was repelled in the "Two-Eighteen Air Battle." The Nationalist government moved its primary operations to this city after the fall of Nanjing. After a four-month long battle, this city fell to the Japanese in 1938. For ten points, name this historical transportation hub and "Chicago of China" where the coronavirus that caused the COVID-19 pandemic was first discovered.

Wuhan

(7)Concerning the short-lived Qin Dynasty, name the... Nomadic confederacy of the steppes which Meng Tian partially conquered.

Xiongnu Confederation (prompt on "Hun(s)")

(5) Up to sixty percent of this syndicate's membership is made up of a former untouchable group known as the Burakumin, or "hamlet people," according to journalist David E. Kaplan. Grave offenses by members in this organization result in Yubitsume [[yoo-bit-SOO-meh]], (+) or the ritual cutting off of one's own little finger. Citing their own ninkyo honor code, this general class of crime (*) organizations delivered supplies to those affected by the 2011 Tōhoku catastrophe. The Japanese word for "gangsters" is used to refer to, for ten points, what array of crime organizations in Japan?

Yakuza (accept [a]Gokudō[/a]; accept ; accept [a]Ninkyō dantai[/a])

*) "Old Faithful." The oldest national park in the U.S. is, for ten points, what nature reserve that lies in Wyoming, Idaho, and Montana?

Yellowstone National Park=

9) This city behind the Warwick Line was defended in a siege by Confederate John B. McGruder during the Peninsular Campaign of the U.S. Civil War. This city is one of three sites on Virginia's Historic Triangle, along with Williamsburg and Jamestown. Redoubt 10 at this site was assaulted by Alexander Hamilton, and it fell after a blockade by the forces of the Comte de Grasse. For ten points, name this town that was the site of Cornwallis's 1781 surrender during the American Revolutionary War.

Yorktown, Virginia

(8) This archipelago is mentioned in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea as containing the island of Menuthias, which may refer to Unguja. Prior to colonization, the village of Kizimkazi was a major node of commerce in this archipelago, which was conquered by the forces of Ruy Marques. The Portuguese colonized this archipelago by building a fort on Pemba Island, which was later brought under the influence of the Sultanate of Oman. For ten points, name this archipelago in East Africa, unified in 1964 with the state of Tanganyika to form Tanzania.

Zanzibar (or Zinjibār) BONUS: The inhabitants of Zanzibar primarily speak which Bantu language, still spoken in much of East Africa alongside English? ANSWER: Swahili (accept KiSwahili)

(1) Concerning the U.S. during World War One, name the..."Telegram" named for a German minister which attempted to prompt a Mexican invasion of the U.S.

Zimmerman Telegram (accept "Note" in place of "Telegram")

(3) During this event, a "naval quarantine" by the UN, enforced by the cruisers Essex and Gearing, failed to apprehend the Bucharest. In the wake of this event, a teletype was established between the Kremlin and the White House to have a direct line of communication. In an effort to end this conflict, an agreement to remove ballistic weapons from Greece and Turkey was drawn up. An attempt to place warheads on the title Caribbean island led to, for ten points, what 1962 "crisis" between the Khrushchev regime and the Kennedy administration?

Cuban Missile Crisis

(6) Concerning the French Third Republic, name the...Series of agreements between France and the UK which tied the two closer diplomatically.

Entente Cordiale (accept Cordial Agreement; prompt on partial answers)

(8) Concerning Valley Forge, name the...Connecticut soldier who wrote a "narrative" covering the common soldier's experience.

Joseph Plumb Martin

(1) This man's consort may have sent Suppiluliuma I [[soo-pee-loo-LYOO-muh "the First"]] a letter while he besieged Carchemish in a possible effort to merge her royal house with that of the Hittite (+) Empire. That queen, Ankhesenamun [[ahnkeh-sen-ah-MOON]], was one of the children of Akhenaten, as was this ruler, who may have died from complications of sickle cell anemia. (*) Howard Carter discovered the tomb of, for ten points, what boy-king, found in the Valley of the Kings?

King Tut (or Tutankhamen)

(4) Concerning the state of Missouri, name the...City that was the point of departure for the Oregon and Santa Fe Trails.

Independence, Missouri

or Sòng cháo; accept Southern or Northern Song) BONUS: Despite growing up in New York speaking Dutch as a first language, this African American civil rights activist's most famous speech was rewritten with a Southern accent and made famous as "Ain't I a Woman?"

Sojourner Truth

*) rode out to personally supervise this rebellion's suppression. For ten points, name this early 1790s revolt in Western Pennsylvania that arose after a federal excise tax was placed on liquor.

Whiskey Rebellion

or minstrelsy; prompt on "blackface shows" before "blackface" is mentioned) BONUS: In 1859, Virginia Minstrels troupe leader Daniel Decatur Emmett wrote this song, whose common version urges listeners in the title place to "look away."

"Dixie"=

2) A vice-presidential candidate during this election year went on to serve as Ambassador of France during the Civil War. Andrew Jackson's nephew was a vicepresidential candidate in this election year, during which Salmon Chase and William Seward withdrew their names from consideration. Anti-Catholic sentiment prompted the Know Nothing Party to run former-president Millard Fillmore in this election year, during which the first Republican National Convention was held. For ten points, in what election year did Republican John C. Fremont lose to Democrat James Buchanan?

1856 United States Presidential Election BONUS: John C. Fremont would also lead this fringe political party, which was formed due to Abraham Lincoln's perceived moderate policies. This abolitionist party eventually withdrew from the 1864 election to avoid spoiling Lincoln's re-election. ANSWER: Radical Democracy Party

accept descriptions which include the White Sox throwing the World Series) BONUS: Earlier, Kennesaw Mountain Landis struck down a civil suit brought by the newly created "Federal League" against the MLB, which the Federal League brought to court using which 19th century antitrust act?

1890 Sherman Anti-trust Act=

5) In this decade, Irene Langhorne served as the model for the so-called "Gibson Girl" and due to the sudden widespread availability of a certain dye, this period is sometimes called the "Mauve Decade." Wage cuts and failure to lower local rent led to the Pullman Strike in this decade. William Jennings Bryan gave the "Cross of Gold" speech in this decade, and the U.S. Seventh Cavalry committed the Wounded Knee Massacre at its beginning. The SpanishAmerican War occurred during, for the point, which decade of the late 19th century?

1890s

*) Al Smith, by the former Secretary of Commerce. For ten points, name this U.S. election year won by Republican Herbert Hoover.

1928 United States presidential election=

2) After living in self-imposed exile in Europe, this man returned to the U.S. to marry Eliza Jumel, while using his mother's maiden name of "Edwards." Due to this lawyer's previous failed lease of the Bastrop Tract from the Spanish government in present-day Louisiana, he was tried and acquitted of treason. After losing a gubernatorial election for New York, this man challenged a former Secretary of the Treasury to a duel. For ten points, name this vice president under Thomas Jefferson who shot and killed Alexander Hamilton.

Aaron Burr Jr.=

(9) The last person to receive this award was Hayley Mills for her performance in the 1960 film Pollyanna. This award was established after Jackie Cooper's performance in the film Skippy lost to Lionel Barrymore. Bob Hope called this award the "Oscarette" when presenting it to Margaret O'Brien. First won by Shirley Temple in 1934, for ten points, what now-discontinued award recognized child actors and actresses for their performances in film?

Academy Juvenile Award (accept Juvenile Oscar; accept Juvenile Academy Award; accept Oscarette before mentioned)

(8) Concerning the French Third Republic, name the...1904 affair in which it was exposed that General Louis André was hampering the careers of Catholic and royalist officers.

Affair of the Casseroles (accept Affair of the Cards; or Affaire des Fiches)

8) The tide of a war on this continent was turned by Bocchus [[BOH-kus]] switching sides and betraying Jugurtha to Sulla. Cato the Younger killed himself on this continent, where Masinissa [[mahs-sih-NEES-uh]] united the kingdom of Numidia. Syphax [[SYE-fahx]] allied with Hasdrubal on this continent, where a decisive battle at Zama ended the Second Punic War. Scipio acquired an agnomen by defeating Hannibal on, for ten points, what continent, home to the city of Carthage and the Roman provinces of Mauretania and Egypt?

Africa BONUS: This Byzantine general and servant of Justinian reclaimed Ad Decimum and Tricamarum for the Eastern Roman Empire during a 530s war with the Vandal king Gelimer. ANSWER: Flavius Belisarius=

(2) King Pyrrhus of Epirus used the excuse of enrolling his heirs in this program to justify an invasion of the Peloponesse. A trip to Crete inspired the semi-mythical figure Lycurgus [[lye-KUR-guss]] to introduce this system, including the use of a common mess hall and a restriction on bathing. This system, which was often led by more experienced men known as paidonomoi, was chronicled by the Athenian Xenophon, who put his own sons into this program while serving as a mercenary. The youth of Sparta were subjected to, for ten points, what twenty year program of militaristic training?

Agoge [[ah-GOH-gay]] (or Agōgā)

(1)Concerning the Prohibition Era in the U.S., name the... Bootlegger known as "Scarface" whose henchman perpetrated the St. Valentine's Day Massacre.

Al Capone (or Alphonse Gabriel Capone)

(6)Concerning the New York political machine called Tammany Hall, name the... First major Catholic presidential candidate who lost the 1928 election to Hoover.

Al Smith (or Alfred Emanual Smith)

(8) This writer was inspired by a 1934 coal miner uprising led by Belarmino Tomás to pen the play Révolte dans les Asturies. Jean-Paul Sartre and this writer contributed to the paper "Combat," which (+) served as counter-propaganda to Nazi disinformation in occupied France. The Daniel Defoe account Journal of a Plague Year inspired the tale of Dr. Bernard Rieux [[ROO]], who tries to cure the title pestilence in this author's The Plague. Ethnic tensions in his homeland of (*) Algeria inspired, for ten points, which author's The Stranger?

Albert Camus [[kah-MOO]]

(6)Concerning the Years of Lead, name the... Christian Democrat and prime minister who was assassinated following his 1978 kidnapping.

Aldo Moro (or Aldo Romeo Luigi Moro)

8) This author described his time living in Vermont in the memoir The Grain Between the Millstones. Another book by this man discusses events such as the Kengir Uprising and the process of segregating zeks. This frequent subject of the samizdat circulation process depicted the director Caesar and the Baptist Alyosha in a novel based on his own time as an Article 58 violator arrested by SMERSH. For ten points, name this Soviet author of The Gulag Archipelago and One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovitch.

Aleksandr

3) The ascetic Saint Simeon sat on a pillar near this settlement for nearly four decades. This western terminus of the Silk Road once served as the capital of the Ayyubid Dynasty until its sacking by the Mongols. A four-year battle between Kurdish militia called the YPG and the independent FSA dislodged pro-Assad forces from this city in 2016. For ten points, name this second-largest city in Syria, which Libertarian Gary Johnson was curiously unaware of during the 2016 presidential election.

Aleppo

4) After this man broke with other Southern congressmen to oppose the Clayton Compromise, he was stabbed during a fight with state supreme court justice Francis Cone at an Atlanta hotel in 1848. This "sage of Liberty Hall" spent most of the Civil War writing both anonymous and signed letters denouncing Jefferson Davis's policy of conscription before leading the Confederate delegation at the Hampton Roads peace conference. For ten points, name this vice-president of the Confederacy.

Alexander Stephens

*) Puritan roots of one nation. For ten points, name this liberal French thinker who wrote Democracy in America.

Alexis de Tocqueville

(2) Bayezid II claimed that this edict was foolish since it "[gave him the] national treasure" of one country. This edict gave rise to a "crypto" group that continued the practice it sought to ban by July 31st of the year it was ordered. A campaign conducted a century prior by Ferrand Martinez aimed to accomplish the same result as this edict, which sought to curb its non-converso population. Preceded by a number of pogroms against the Sephardi, for ten points, what was this edict which expelled the Jews from Spain?

Alhambra Decree (accept Edict of Granada; accept Decreto de la Alhambra; accept word forms for Edict of Explusion of Jews from Spain; prompt on partial answers) BONUS: The Alhambra Decree was issued in this year, during which Granada fell and Europeans landed on an island briefly dubbed "San Salvador." 1492

*) Kentucky Resolutions. For ten points, name this set of laws that made it harder to become a U.S. citizen and criminalized "false statements critical of the federal government."

Alien and Sedition Acts

2) This man piloted a Gonzalo Coelho [[koo-EL-hoh]] voyage to Brazil which encountered its discoverer, Pedro Cabral. This Florentine worked for merchant Gianotto Berardi, who was an early investor in the 1492 Columbus expedition. The cartographer Martin Waldseemüller [[VAHLD-zee-MEW-luh]] was influenced by the Soderini letter to name a landmass for this explorer. For ten points, what Italian navigator, who is credited with coining the term "New World, is the namesake of two continents in the western hemisphere?

Amerigo Vespucci=

10) This figure incorporated a band he managed, Lou Reed's Velvet Underground, into his multimedia art show, the Exploding Plastic Inevitable. This man was shot after the author of the radical feminist work, the SCUM Manifesto, Valerie Solanas, claimed he had too much control over her life. Silkscreen ink was used by this artist to depict the preeminent Communist leader Mao Zedong. 32 Campbell's Soup Cans and the Marilyn Diptych were created by, for ten points, which American Pop artist?

Andy Warhol

34) This woman lost her sibling Jimmie at the Tewksbury Almshouse after their father Thomas abandoned them to move west. One woman detailed her early childhood spent with her parent and this figure in the autobiography Story of My Life, which was dedicated to Alexander Graham Bell. This woman adapted a system of spelling words on the palm of a hand in an effort to teach the concept of language to one student. For the point, name this teacher and lifelong companion of Helen Keller.

Anne Sullivan Macy=

9) John Boehner [[BAY-ner]] attempted to draw this man into being the running mate of Bob Dole in the 1996 election, resulting in him saying, "the possibility is too remote to comment upon, given my position." This man interpreted the term "militia" in the Second Amendment to mean "a body of citizens" in his majority decision in District of Columbia v. Heller. The media widely reported on this Reagan nominee's shared friendship with his left leaning colleague, Ruth Bader Ginsburg. For ten points, name this originalist and textualist U.S. Supreme Court judge who died in 2016.

Antonin Scalia

(3) Concerning the Mexican War of Independence, name the...President and general who fought in the war before ordering mass executions at the Alamo.

Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna (or Antonio de Padua María Severino López de Santa Anna y Pérez de Lebrón)

27) Work done directly for this series of missions led to the invention of "Development Before the Fact" programming and the Universal Systems Language. Electrical engineer Judith Love Cohen contributed to these missions while giving birth. Margaret Hamilton's MIT Instrumentation Laboratory created the key software for these missions, whose ill-fated 1970 entry's emergency return path was calculated by Katherine Johnson. For the point, name this series of missions whose eleventh instance landed the first astronauts on the Moon.

Apollo program

(1) One holder of this position was allegedly able to summon a butterfly from his palm by opening and closing it, a power supposedly given to Peter de Roches [[dehROHSH]] by King Arthur. Following the death of one of these people named Hubert Walter, (+) a dispute arose as to the succession of that position of this type in 1205. Stephen Langton struggled to seek a position of this type, leading to King John's excommunication by (*) Innocent III. For ten points, name this religious position, a particularly powerful holder of whom was based in Canterbury.

Archbishopric (accept Archbishop of Canterbury; accept Bishop of Winchester; accept word forms) BONUS: What American political party of Henry Clay nominated both William Henry Harrison and Zachary Taylor? Whig party (or Whigs)

(4) On March 17, 1992, the Israeli embassy in this country was bombed by the Islamic Jihad Organization. That bombing occurred two years prior to a bombing in this country's capital of a Jewish Community Center called AMIA. This country's president, Carlos Saul Menem, ordered the release of files relating to this country's role in protecting Nazi war criminals, including Adolf Eichmann. For ten points, name this South American country, where Jewish journalist Jacobo Timerman wrote about the Dirty War.

Argentina (accept Argentine Republic; accept Republica Argentina)

(7) Concerning the Mexican War of Independence, name the...Army that battled Royalist forces which identified as protecting "religion, independence, and unity."

Army of the Three Guarantees (accept Ejército de las Tres Garantías; accept Trigarante Army)

(6) In Jeremiah, a kingdom that shares its name with this person was "called" along with Ararat and Minni. John V [[the Fifth]] the Historian claimed that this man's namesake army was subjugated by a brother who founded the House of Togarmah. This eldest son of Gomer was first associated with a region of Scythia before lending his name to a "kingdom" that encompassed the Rhineland. A group named for this man traditionally lives to the east of the Iberian Sephardi community and often speaks Yiddish. For ten points, give this namesake of a group of German Jews.

Ashkenaz (accept Ashkenazi; accept Ashkenazi Jews; accept Ashkenazaic Jews; accept Ashkenazim) BONUSVia Japheth, Ashkenaz was the grandson of this other biblical figure. This man once possessed an object that provided a relic to Jacob of Nisibis after a trip to Mount Qardu. Noah (accept Noah's Ark)

4) In a failed attempt to prevent this event, a route along Appel Quay was decided upon by Oskar Potiorek. A false turn by Leopold Lojka [[LOY-kuh]] resulted in this event, which was preceded by a failed attack with a hand grenade. An FN Model 1910 was used to carry out this attack, which also resulted in the death of its central target's wife, Sophie. The Black Hand helped organize this event, which was perpetrated by the Bosnian Serb Gavrilo Princip. For ten points, name this 1914 attack that killed the heir presumptive of Austria-Hungary.

Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

8) A victim of one of these attacks attempted to fold one thousand origami cranes to rid herself of a perpetual illness caused by one of these events, the orders for which were transmitted by General Thomas T. Handy. The Flying Fortress Enola Gay dropped a payload known as the "Little Boy" during the first of these events. For ten points, name these attacks by the United States on Japan, the only recorded nuclear bombings in history.

Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

32) This location appears in the title of a Stephen Vincent Benet story in which the protagonist searches a ruined New York City. A Jorge Luis Borges story partly titled for this location describes the rewards and punishments of its "lottery." Another story partly named for this city features an alcoholic protagonist named Charlie Wales who travels to Paris to regain custody of his daughter. For the point, what ancient city is "Revisited" in a short story by F. Scott Fitzgerald?

Babylon

*) of Scotland introduced, for ten points, which woodwind instrument?

Bagpipes=

(1) This occupation, which began under the Medicis in the 16th century, includes Janet Collins, who refused to work for a company in Monte Carlo since she would have had to paint her face and skin white. A group of five Native American women in this profession, including Myra Yvonne (+) Chouteau and Rosella Hightower, were named the Five Moons. The short-term wife of George Balanchine, (*) Maria Tallchief, held this profession. For ten points, name this profession of Misty Copeland, who became the first African-American principal of ABT after performing in works like Tchaikovsky's The Sleeping Beauty.

Ballerina (accept Prima Ballerina; accept Ballet dancer; prompt on "dancer" or "choreographer")

7) Description acceptable. Jimmy Claxton was perhaps the first person to successfully breach this regulation despite being promptly fired a week later. After speculation that Armando Marsans and Rafael Almeida broke this regulation, managers assured the public that "they were as pure white as Castile soap." Branch Rickey and Bill Veeck both attempted to break this regulation, which was successfully broken when both Larry Doby and another player appeared on rosters. Jackie Robinson was the first player to break, for ten points, what regulation in Major League Baseball?

Baseball color line

4) David III Bagrat reinforced a rebellion against this man's rule perpetrated by the general Bardas Phokas [[FOH-kas]]. This "purple-born" emperor likely had his co-ruler, John, poisoned upon his return from a campaign against the Abbasids. The conversion of the Rus occurred after this man offered his sister, Anna, in marriage to Vladimir the Great. The blinding of the majority of Tsar Samuel's army led to, for the point, which Byzantine emperor earning the epithet "Bulgar-slayer?"

Basil the Bulgar Slayer

(2) Historian T.S. Burns challenged Charles Oman's theory that this battle led to the rise of the medieval knight. Alatheus [[ah-lah-THEH-ooss]] assisted one leader during this battle, in which one side was bolstered by the Greutungs [[GROY-tungs]]. Taking place near (+) Edirne, in modern Turkey, this battle was a victory for Fritigern, a Tervingi chieftain, who took up arms against an emperor killed in action, (*) Valens. For ten points, name this 378 victory for the Goths over the Roman Empire at a city named for one of "Five Good Emperors."

Battle of Adrianople (accept Battle of Hadrianopolis)

3) An axe blow to the head nearly knocked out a king at this battle while he attempted to shield his brother, the wounded Duke of Gloucester [[GLAH-ster]]. According to one account, skirmishers at this battle used war hammers known as "mauls" to drive stakes into the ground. In the aftermath of this battle, the Burgundians marched on Paris and Charles VI [[the Sixth]] signed the Treaty of Troyes [[TWAH]]. The English longbowmen of Henry V triumphed over the French at, for the point, what 1415 battle during the Hundred Years' War?

Battle of Agincourt

(2) Two years prior to this battle, its victor defeated Murza Begich at the Vorzha River. A number of nobles from Ryazan were possibly killed at this battle, to which Oleg II was crucially late. The kingmaker Mamai led the losing side at this battle and was later killed by Tokhtamysh [[tohk-tah-MISH]]. The victor of this battle was given the epithet "Donskoy" in reference to a river near this battlefield. For ten points, what 1380 battle was a decisive victory for Dmitri, Prince of Moscow over the Golden Horde?

Battle of Kulikovo (prompt on Battle of "Mamaev" or Battle of the "Don")

(4) Concerning the Seventeenth-century leader Oliver Cromwell, name the...1645 battle, the site of the final decisive defeat of Royalist forces.

Battle of Naseby

*) lost his life in this battle after a Spartan warrior smashed his skull with a rock. For ten points, name this final land battle during the second Persian invasion of Greece, which ended with a decisive Greek victory.

Battle of Plataea=

(6)Concerning the Basque region of Spain and France, name the... Semi-mythological battle at which Roland prevented an ambush by Saracens in a French chanson.

Battle of Roncevaux Pass

1) The Soviet Union boycotted this event in favor of their own Spartakiad to be hosted in Barcelona the following year. The reporters of Der Stürmer [[SHTIR-muh]] were banned from the host city during this procession. Prior to this event, Adidas founder Adolf Dassler convinced Jesse Owens to wear his shoes prior to the Long Jump competition. For ten points, name this 1936 athletic event hosted by the government of Adolf Hitler in the German capital.

Berlin Olympics

(6) This territory is home to a namesake petrel, also known as the Cahow [[KAY-how]], which was thought to have been extinct for three hundred years until its rediscovery in 1951. While en route to Jamestown, George Somers's shipwrecked fleet used smaller boats to colonize this island. During the English Civil War, this island's governor, William Sayle, moved its anti-royalist inhabitants to the Bahamas. For ten points, identify this overseas British dependency that names a "Triangle" known for odd disappearances.

Bermuda (accept Bermuda Triangle)

(4) Two years prior to this conflict, its parties signed a "seven-point agreement" which prohibited one side from searching civilian vehicles. Wasfi Tal was assassinated following this conflict, in which one side was allied with Pakistan's Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq. A strip of land near Zarqa was the site of a hijacking during this conflict involving the fedayeen of a group who relocated following Israel's acquisition of the West Bank. The forces of King Hussein won this year-long conflict against the PLO. For ten points, name this civil war primarily fought in Jordan.

Black September (accept Aylul Al-Aswad; accept Jordanian Civil War before "Jordan" is mentioned and prompt after) BONUS King Hussein was a monarch from what royal family of Jordan that formerly ruled Hejaz, Syria, and Iraq? This family of Mecca revolted against the Ottomans with the assistance of Lawrence of Arabia. House of Hashim (or al-Hashimiyun; accept Hashemites)

7) Despite playing for the Browns, Joe Gedeon earned a lifetime ban for knowledge of this event. Former federal judge Kenesaw Mountain Landis ignored an acquittal of eight men during a faulty trial concerning this event and banned the defendants from one sport. Despite having a .375 batting average and committing zero errors, "Shoeless Joe" Jackson was banned for his alleged involvement in this event. Owner Charles Comiskey's poor wages led to, for ten points, which baseball scandal where a team threw the 1919 World Series in exchange for money?

Black Sox Scandal

10) Due to his father's exhausting work on calculating taxes, this scientist developed a working calculator at age nineteen, though it was primarily used as a toy for aristocrats. This man attacked casuistry [[KAZ-yoo-is-tree]] in a series of letters that were ordered to be burnt by King Louis XIV [[the Fourteenth]], and were eventually published as the Provincial Letters. Developing a notable "Wager" over the possibility of God's existence, for ten points, who was this French polymath of the early seventeenth century?

Blaise Pascal

(8) A composer with this surname, who died of tuberculosis at 24, was the first female winner of the Prix de Rome for composition, for her cantata Faust et Helene. A musician with this surname reportedly memorized the entirety of Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier at just 10 years old. Aaron Copland wrote his Symphony for Organ and Orchestra for a music teacher with this surname who taught over 600 students at the American Conservatory in Fontainebleau. For ten points, give this surname of composer Lili and her sister, Nadia.

Boulanger (accept Marie-Juliette Olga "Lili" Boulanger; accept Juliette Nadia Boulanger) BONUS It is likely that Lili Boulanger composed a setting for one of these texts in reaction to World War One. Igor Stravinsky wrote a choral symphony to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the Boston Symphony Orchestra titled for these texts, known in Hebrew as Tehillim. Book of Psalms (accept Psalter; accept Symphony of Psalms; accept "Psalm 130"

6) Albert the Bear served as margrave of this state, then known as the Northern March, after successfully crusading against the Wendish people in the 12th century. A World War Two-era "Conference" named for this state's capital involved Harry Truman, Clement Atlee and Joseph Stalin planning how to administer occupied Germany. Frederick III united a joint realm between this state and Prussia into a kingdom. The state of Berlin is entirely surrounded by, for the point, what formerly-Soviet occupied German state governed from Potsdam?

Brandenburg

or Donau; accept Donaj; accept Duna; accept Istros) BONUS: The Danube also runs through this city, formerly known as Pressburg, which is now the capital of Slovakia.

Bratislava

(6)Concerning the Early Roman Republic, name the... Gallic chief who stated "Woe to the Conquered" while extracting tribute from Rome in 390 BC.

Brennus

(2) A poster widely circulated as part of this effort depicts a suited cartoon figure next to the words "the Children's best friend." Nearly one million cats and dogs were slaughtered in preparation for this effort, during which the slogan "Mend and Make Do" was widely used. Material for tarpaulin was reduced due to this effort, and unused margarine coupons were sometimes exchanged for clothing during it. Beginning in 1939 in anticipation of a "total war", for ten points, what was this austerity effort in a country led by Winston Churchill?

British Rationing in World War Two (accept Rationing in Great Britain; accept United Kingdom or England in place of Great Britain; prompt on "ration[ing]") BONUS: The British government encouraged its populace to "dig for" what concept, "gardens" of which were developed to supplement rations with home-grown vegetables? Victory (accept "Dig for Victory"; accept Victory Garden(s); prompt on "war garden(s)" or "food gardens for defense")

(5) Allen Walton founded a company in Hummelstown that was centered around this material. In the late 19th century, a popular variant of this material made Basswood Island in Wisconsin famous. The Clinton Hill and Park Slope (+) Historic Districts are notable for the prevalence of this material. The ease with which it was carved led to the popularity of this material in the late-Victorian era in Brooklyn, (*) Harlem, and on the Upper West Side of Manhattan. For ten points, townhouses across New York are known for their use of what Jurassic sandstone?

Brownstone (accept Hummelstown Brownstone; accept Bass Island Brownstone Company)

4) This port was temporarily blockaded during a 1918 British operation under John Jellicoe which sank obsolete battleships in this city's harbor. William Caxton created the first English language book using the newly created printing press in this European city. The massacre of a French garrison during this Belgian city's namesake "Matins" [[mah-TEEN]] led to the Battle of the Golden Spurs in the Franco-Flemish war. The World War One Battle of Courtrai liberated, for the point, what North Sea port in West Flanders?

Bruges

8) This man failed to pay a 500 lira bet with Duke Caetani [[cah-eh-TAH-nee]] after losing a sporting event against butteri Augusto Imperiali while on tour in Italy. This man and an organization named for him were denied entry into the 1893 World's Fair, so he set up his show directly outside the fairgrounds. This man's show included reenactments of bison hunts, the Battle of Little Bighorn, and the charge up San Juan Hill. For ten points, name this figure, the owner of a "Wild West" show which included figures like Sitting Bull and Annie Oakley.

Buffalo Bill

(8) Members of this group were selected to suppress the Coeur d'Alene [[koor dah-LEEN]] mining disputes of 1892 and 1899 to increase hostility. A man who served 28 years with this group, and named a giant sequoia after Booker T. Washington, was named Charles (+) Young. This group was discriminated against by white residents in the Brownsville affair. Due to his work with a branch of this group called the 10th Cavalry Regiment, John Pershing (*) earned the nickname "Black Jack." For ten points, give this unofficial nickname of African-American regiments that often fought against Native Americans.

Buffalo Soldiers (accept 10th Cavalry Regiment before mentioned)

*) blinded. For ten points, name this Balkan people whose army was destroyed by Byzantine emperor Basil II, who became known as the "slayer" of them.

Bulgars

(9) General Gilbert Diendéré led a failed 2015 coup in this country, where Christophe Dabiré [[dah-bee-REH]] resigned as prime minister in December 2021. After January 2022, this country was led by members of the Patriotic Movement for Safeguard and Restoration, whose actions led to this country being suspended from ECOWAS. For ten points, name this West African country where President Roch Kaboré of the People's Movement for Progress was ousted in a coup led by Colonel Paul-Henri Damiba in Ouagadougou.

Burkina Faso

6) An ancient Indo-European example of these systems from the Vučedol [[VOO-chehdol]] culture in Croatia was based on Orion. According to a popular myth, the institution of one of these systems by Chesterfield's Act in 1750 resulted in riots around London. Examples of these systems in Europe are named for Julius Caesar and Pope Gregory XIII [[the thirteenth]]. For ten points, name these systems used to organize time into lunar months.

Calendar

18) This emperor established the new 15th and 22nd legions or Primigeniae [[PREE-meeGEN-ee-"eye"]] and ordered the construction of a new lighthouse at Boulougne [[boo-LOAN]] as part of a campaign he designed after receiving the fugitive Adminius. This emperor ordered the collection of musculi [[MOO-skoo-lee]], which may have been components of siege-engines but are often translated as "seashells," in a story about his failed campaign. For the point, name this Roman emperor whose thwarted 40 AD invasion of Britain inspired a successful conquest by his successor, Claudius.

Caligula

both underlined portions required; accept JFK; prompt on "Kennedy") BONUS: The name of this mythical castle of Arthurian legend was used to evoke the general positive feelings of the American public toward the Kennedy family during their time in the White House.

Camelot

(9) Civilians opposed to this conflict created the "Cadets of the Cross" and killed 52 people in the village of Brenoux [[breh-NOO]]. A group of people under Elie Marion, who surrendered during this conflict, emigrated to London and were scorned as "French Prophets." (+) This revolt was led by Roland Laporte and Jean Cavalier, the latter of whom surrendered in the Cevennes [[seh-VEHN]] region. Following Louis XIV's [[the Fourteenth's]] revocation of the Edict of Nantes [[NAHNT]], (*) this revolt's namesake group rebelled against continued persecution. For ten points, name this early 1700s Huguenot rebellion, named for a type of smock.

Camisard revolt (or War of the Camisards; accept Cévennes War until "Cevennes" is mentioned; prompt on "Huguenot revolt")

(8) As a youth, one man told this figure that he would be "a capable minister in peaceful times and an unscrupulous hero in chaotic times." In one portrayal, this man presented the Seven (+) Gems Sword as a gift to another after a failed assassination attempt. This man lost what may have been the largest naval battle in history, after which he fled along the Dongting Lake. A lack of support among the populace of Jing province contributed to this man's defeat at Red (*) Cliffs against the army of Liu Bei. The state of Wei was led by, for ten points, what warlord of the Three Kingdoms era?

Cao Cao [[ts'ow ts'ow]] (generously accept differing pronunciations like [[KOW KOW]]; accept Mengde)

2) This geographic point was supposedly first explored by the Greek Eudoxus [[yooDOX-us]] around 130 BC. This geographic point was believed to be home to the Flying Dutchman, a pirate ship that haunted sailors, and is located in present-day Table Mountain National Park. The man who named this entity gives his name to a beach located on it. For ten points, name this cape in South Africa discovered by Bartolomeu Dias that was considered a safe haven for early sailors.

Cape of Good Hope

(3) An inscription found at Sant' Agata dei Goti suggests that this man built a temple to Serapis on the Quirinal Hill. The dediticii [[ded-ee-tee-KEE-ee]] who surrendered in combat were an exception to this man's edict greatly extending Roman citizenship. A set of palaestras were found in a building named for this man containing a frigidarium. Following the Praetorian Guard's assassination of his brother, Geta, this man became the sole ruler of Rome before himself being killed in 219. For ten points, name this eldest son of Septimius Severus and namesake of a large complex of Roman baths.

Caracalla (or Marcus Aurelius Antoninus "Caracalla"; accept Baths of Caracalla; or Terme di Caracalla)

(1) Concerning the wives and mistresses of the King Henry VIII of England, name the...First wife, the daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella.

Catherine of Aragon (prompt on "Catherine")

32) This monarch commissioned the "Frog Service" from Josiah Wedgewood. The Yaik Cossacks rebelled against this monarch under the leadership of Yemelyan Pugachev [[yehmehl-YAHN poo-gah-CHOFF]]. This monarch signed the Treaty of Jassy [[YAH-see]] with the Ottoman Empire, which was negotiated by the founder of Sevastopol and the Black Sea Fleet, Grigori Potemkin. This widow of Peter III corresponded with Denis Diderot as an "enlightened despot." For the point, name this empress of Russia from 1762 to 1796.

Catherine the Great

(4) Person and body part required. This body part is described as being "gaily frilled" in a depiction that shows its owner next to a portrayal of a donkey. The owner of this body part was stationed at Naples prior to a battle in which it was hit by an arquebus shot. The loss of functionality in this body part was said to "bring greater glory" to its right counterpart following its injury at a 1571 victory for Don John of Austria and the Holy League. That injury led this body part's owner to be labelled the "Cripple of Lepanto." For ten points, name this body part belonging to the author of Don Quixote.

Cervantes' Arm (or Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra's left arm; accept equivalents; prompt on partial answers)

(8) Who or what from the history of Turkey was the...1922 standoff over control of the Dardanelles that nearly caused a war with the UK?

Chanak Crisis (or Çanakkale Krizi)

(2) Concerning the Seventeenth-century leader Oliver Cromwell, name the...King who was finally defeated, deposed, and executed under his auspices in 1649.

Charles I of England

(3) The idea for this speech came from another given by Franklin Roosevelt about "Fala." This speech's orator flew to Los Angeles to give this address on television, and in this speech, he encouraged listeners to voice their support for him by calling the Republican National Committee. This speech was named after a cocker spaniel given as a gift to its speaker's children. For ten points, identify this speech given by California senator Richard Nixon regarding accusations of improper financial reimbursement.

Checkers Speech BONUS: Nixon gave the "Checkers Speech" in the leadup to which presidential election, in which Nixon was named Dwight D. Eisenhower's running mate for the first time? United States Presidential Election of 1952

*) was considered a "battle" of the Cold War. For ten points, name this "Game of Kings" which boomed in popularity thanks to the Netflix hit The Queen's Gambit.

Chess

1) In 1908, this commander's ship, the USS Decatur, ran aground, leading to this man being found guilty of dereliction of duty. This man served as the signing representative of the U.S. aboard the Missouri during the unconditional surrender of another country. In 1945, this man succeeded his superior Ernest King as Chief of Naval Operations after commanding forces against Japan. For ten points, name this U.S. fleet admiral who was the commanderin-chief of the Unites States' Pacific Fleet during World War Two.

Chester W

(4) During an 1877 pogrom against people of this ethnicity in California, Mayor Andrew Jackson Bryant created a Committee of Safety to counter attacks on businesses like Mission Woolen Mills. After rumors that people of this ethnicity "were killing whites wholesale," a (+) mob killed 500 people of this ethnicity in Los Angeles in what some historians consider the largest mass lynching in American history. At least 28 miners of this ethnicity were killed in the Wyoming town of Rock (*) Springs. For ten points, name this ethnicity, members of which were the subject of a namesake "Exclusion Act."

Chinese-Americans (accept Han Chinese; accept People from China and similar answers; prompt on "Asian" or "East Asian")

(2) An opinion from this case asks if one group is "to enjoy the high priviledge of acting thus eminently wrong." William Cushing and John Blair wrote opinions in this case, which asked if a certain type of defendant "is amenable to the jurisdiction (+) of the Supreme Court." The question of sovereign immunity was central to this case, which dealt with whether a private citizen of one state could sue a (*) different state in federal court. For ten points, name this suit, often considered the first significant case in Supreme Court history.

Chisholm v. Georgia (accept Alexander Chisholm, Executors v. Georgia; prompt on "Georgia")

(5) Edward Trumbull designed a mural on the ceiling of this building's interior that celebrates "human endeavor." Another building's designer, John J. Raskob, suspected that a spire might have been hidden to provide this building with extra height. In 1961, an effort was made to polish the steel portions of this building, including the ornamental, Gothicinspired gargoyles on its exterior. For ten points, name this building, briefly the tallest in the world, an Art Deco skyscraper named for a car manufacturer.

Chrysler Building

6) This island attempted to secede from one country after the "Grito de Lares" [[GREEtoh deh LAH-rehs]]. This non-Cuban island was controlled by the Spanish since the defeat of the native Taíno [[tah-EE-noh]] by Juan Ponce de León, who became this island's first governor. This island became a "Commonwealth" in 1952, and movements for full integration and independence have competed since then. For ten points, name this Caribbean territory of the United States, a potential 51st state.

Commonwealth of Puerto Rico

31) This man defeated Licinius at the Battle of Chrysopolis [[kry-SAH-poh-lis]], and his eldest son, Crispus, won the Battle of the Hellespont. According to Eusebius of Caesarea, this man had a vision of the sign of the Chi-Rho [[KY-ROH]] before a battle in which he defeated Maxentius. That battle marked this man's possible conversion to Christianity and was fought on the Milvian Bridge. For the point, identify this Roman emperor who established a namesake capital at the site of Byzantium.

Constantine I

4) A crossbowmen who may have practiced this discipline shot and killed Richard the Lionheart during a siege of Chalus in France. Caelius Apicius [[ah-PIH-kee-us]] wrote a work in this field in Vulgar Latin which opens with the chapter Epimeles, or "The Careful Housekeeper." Gervase Markham wrote a work in this discipline named The English Housewife, including a chapter titled "Banqueting Stuff." De re culinaria is a pamphlet on, for ten points, what discipline which involves preparing food?

Cooking

(7) An 1828 poem about one of these people focuses on his relationship with Maria and the revenge of her father, Kochubei. In a novel, one of these people falls in love with Aksinia, who is killed by a stray bullet. The lifestyles of these people in a valley by the title river are depicted in the novel And Quiet Flows the Don. A Tolstoy novel, published in The Russian Messenger, outlines the protagonist's relationship with one of these people named Eroshka who clashes with the Chechens. For ten points, name these people of the Ukrainian steppes, one of whom titles Lord Byron's Mazeppa.

Cossacks (accept Don Cossack; accept Kozak; prompt on "Zaporizhian" or "Ukrainian" or "Russian")

3) The first engagement in this war began in Wallachia at the Battle of Oltenita. This war's Danubian phase ended when Omar Pasha defeated Prince Gorchakov at Silistria. In one battle in this war, only the ship Taif [[TAH-eef]] escaped an attack by Pavel Nakhimov at Sinope [[SIH-noh-pee]]. This war included battles at Malakoff redoubt and the Great Redan by French and British forces as part of the Siege of Sevastopol, an effort to capture the Tsar's Black Sea Fleet. For ten points, name this 1853 to 1856 war between Russia and an OttomanEuropean coalition.

Crimean War=

(9) On this island, a free black carpenter used a book of images of Haitian leaders to inspire support for his failed slave uprising, the Aponte Revolt. This island's capital was occupied after a 1762 siege where British troops captured the Morro fort, which broke the (+) asiento monopoly on this island's slave trade. This island's production of one cash crop boomed in response to the Haitian Revolution, from which many refugees fled across the Windward Passage to this island and settled around Baracoa, its first colonial settlement. (*) Sugar planters led the Ten Years War for independence from Spain in, for ten points, what Caribbean island, whose capital is Havana?

Cuba

(1) 220 members of this ethnicity were killed in a disaster involving a ship departing from Cicero. A founder of the Chicago Bears, nicknamed "Papa Bear," was a member of this ethnicity who was originally thought to have been among the dead on the aforementioned SS Eastland. A mayor of Chicago of this ethnicity was killed during a 1933 attempt on the life of FDR. Members of this ethnic group organized a large rally in Chicago Stadium as the Munich Crisis was unfolding. For ten points, Anton Cermak belonged to what ethnic group, many of whose members came from Bohemia?

Czech-Americans (accept Czechoslovakians; accept natives of the Czech Republic or Czechia; accept Bohemian Americans before "Bohemia" is mentioned; prompt on "Moravian") BONUS The earlier mentioned "Papa Bear" is what man, whose experiences coaching, playing, and owning a team led him to also be nicknamed "Mr. Everything?" George Halas (or George Stanley Halas Sr.)

(7) In an article titled "The Russian Menace," this person argued that the U.S. military posed a threat to Russian citizens. Ian McLellan Hunter received writing credit on behalf of this person for Roman Holiday. A statue installed at Grand Junction depicts this person writing in a bathtub. This scriptwriter of Spartacus was blacklisted after refusing to testify before the House Un-American Activities Committee. For ten points, what screenwriter was a part of the Hollywood Ten and inspired a film starring Bryan Cranston?

Dalton Trumbo (or James Dalton Trumbo) BONUS: Trumbo wrote the screenplay for Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo a film about what retaliatory 1942 airstrike by U.S. forces? Doolittle Raid (prompt on "Tokyo Raid")

(8) The Lorenzen Group fought against this movement, which included members of the Churchill Club. This movement opposed a government that referred to its central country as "the Cream Front" due to the abundance of dairy products there. BOPA and Holger were among the groups that made up this movement, described in Lois Lowry's book Number the Stars. Christian X [[the tenth]] was seen as a symbol of this movement, perhaps due to his short reply to a telegram sent by Hitler. For ten points, name this insurgent movement against the Nazis in cities like Copenhagen.

Danish Resistance (accept Den danske modstandsbevægelse; accept descriptive answers indicating resistance against Germany or the Nazis in Denmark)

4) This river contains Margaret Island, formerly a base for the Knights of Saint John. The mouth of this river, which was known as Okeanos Potamos in antiquity, contains Apollo's sacred island of Alba. This river's basin was the site of the Vinča [[VEEN-tsuh]] culture, and was crossed by Darius the Great in order to invade the Scythian [[SKIHTH-yen]] realm. The Dacians were separated from the Roman Empire by, for ten points, what river that now runs through European capitals like Budapest and Vienna?

Danube River

(7)Concerning the Years of Lead, name the... Playwright who fictionalized a terrorist incident in Accidental Death of an Anarchist.

Dario Fo (or Dario Luigi Angelo Fo)

(5) This politician was depicted as the "after" photo in a cover by the Private Eye with the headline, "World's First Face Transplant A Success.'" This politician was heavily criticized after labeling another party as "fruitcakes, loonies, and closet racists." The decision for the United Kingdom to opt out of the European Union led to this politician's resignation in 2016. For ten points, what Conservative politician preceded Theresa May as prime minister of the United Kingdom?

David Cameron (or David William Donald Cameron)

9) This piece of legislation was amended by the Curtis Act of 1898, which applied to the five groups originally exempt from this law. The Burke Act allowed the Secretary of the Interior to grant U.S. citizenship to the groups represented by this legislation. During the New Deal, this act was replaced with the Indian Reorganization Act. Named after a senator from Massachusetts, for the point, what act was meant to subdivide Native American communal lands into specified allotments?

Dawes Act of 1887

*) Pennsylvania. For ten points, name this state which saw a British occupation of its largest city, Wilmington.

Delaware=

accept Psychics; or Mediums; or Oracles; accept descriptions of people with precognition or the ability to see the future; prompt on "Witches") BONUS: The Pythia served as the head of an Oracle in which Phocian city considered the center of the Earth by the Ancient Greeks?

Delphi

(1)Concerning the late 19th and early 20th century politician William Jennings Bryan, name the... Party which he represented in the presidential elections of 1896, 1900, and 1908.

Democratic Party (or Democrats)

19) A 2008 riot in this nation occurred after football fans of the team Socozaki claimed the rival goalkeeper cast a spell on the field. In this nation, child-soldiers known as kadogos hatched a successful plot known as Operation Mbongo Zero to kill President Laurent-Désiré Kabila. That president was succeeded by his son, Joseph, who led this nation during and after the "Great African War" between this nation and neighboring militia from Rwanda, Burundi and Uganda. Men like Patrice Lumumba and Mobutu Sese-Seko once led, for the point, which Central African state governed from Kinshasa?

Democratic Republic of the Congo

(8)Concerning Sassanid Persia, name the... Royal standard of Persia used until the end of the dynasty.

Derafsh Kaviani (accept Standard of Jamshid; or Drafš-ī Jamshid; accept Standard of Fereydun; or Drafš-ī Freydun; accept Drafš-ī Kayi; Editor's Note: Derafsh Kaviania and Drafš-ī Kayi translate to "Royal Standard")

(8) This explorer's son of the same name led a failed rebellion against his killers and was nicknamed "El Mozo," or "the Lad." Juan de Saavedra was sent on a reconnaissance mission by this explorer to modern Valparaiso, Chile. Nicknamed "El Adelantado," (+) this man was defeated by the brothers Hernando and Gonzalo at the Battle of Las Salinas. This man provided reinforcements after the Battle of Cajamarca to a man with whom he later entered into a dispute over control of (*) Cuzco. For ten points, name this Spanish conquistador who fought the Inca with, and later opposed, Francisco Pizarro.

Diego de Almagro I (prompt on "El Viejo"; prompt on "El Adelantado" before mentioned)

(5) This man's forces were ordered to club the party of Piet [[PEET]] Retief's delegation to death and plunder his laagers in an 1838 massacre. This man executed his chief advisor, Ndlela, by slow strangulation with a cow hide garment. Following (+) mass desertion at the Battle of Maqongqo [[mah-KOHNG-koh]], this ruler was overthrown by his Boer-backed brother, Mpande [[mah-PAHN-deh]]. Losing the Battle of Blood (*) River, for ten points, who was this Zulu king who assassinated his half-brother, Shaka?

Dingane (or Dingane ka Senzangakhona Zulu; accept Dingaan)

34) In this film, after several members of the Highlanders Regiment seek refuge in a beached trawler, they are almost drowned when an enemy uses the vessel for target practice. The Moonstone rescues several people from a sunken minesweeper in this film, as well as the pilot Collins, played by Jack Lowden. Tom Hardy's character sets fire to his Spitfire before being captured by the Germans at the end of this film, which depicts Operation Dynamo. For the point, name this 2017 Christopher Nolan about the Allied evacuation from a namesake French port during World War Two.

Dunkirk=

(9) One leader of this empire donated a cloak, which had allegedly belonged to Muhammad, to the Kirka Sharif. This empire acquired land north of the Sutlej River after defeating Sadashiv Rao Bhau at the Third Battle of Panipat. A loya jirga coronated the founder of this empire, Ahmed Shah. This state conquered Mashad from the Afsharid Dynasty and sacked Mughal-era Delhi before withdrawing to the western side of the Indus. For ten points, name this eighteenth-century Middle Eastern power, ruled by the namesake Afghan dynasty.

Durrani Empire (or Durrani Dynasty; accept Sadozai Kingdom; accept Afghan Empire before "Afghan") BONUSThe earlier Second Battle of Panipat was a victory for which Mughal emperor over Hemu Khan? Akbar the Great (accept [Abu'l-Fath] Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar; accept Akbar I)

(8) This researcher studied the cultures he labelled "Totemic societies," including the Australian Aborigines and the Pueblo, in his work The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life. This man considered the trial of Socrates a "necessary release of social tensions" and "a useful prelude to reforms" in Athens in The Rules of the Sociological Method. The concept of anomie is used to illustrate reasons one may commit the title action in, for ten points, which French sociologist's work Suicide?

Emile Durkheim (or David Emile Durkheim)

5) The lack of convictions surrounding this figure's death led to its site being dubbed "The Freestate of Tallahatchie" by the Chicago Defender. Married white woman Carolyn Bryant likely lied that this Black teenager whistled at her. This figure names a 2008 "Act" sponsored by John Lewis which aimed to attempt to solve cold cases of violence against Black victims prior to the 1970s. A mid-1950s mob in Mississippi murdered, for ten points, which 14 year old Black teen, whose death galvanized the Civil Rights movement?

Emmett Till

(4) Concerning the U.S. presidential election of 1984, name the...Amendment planning to end legal distinctions between men and women which the Democratic candidate claimed he would pass if elected.

Equal Rights Amendment (accept ERA)

(6) In one work, this man wrote of studying an "in-between" period of one figure's life after that figure's experiences in South Africa. That work by this author is subtitled On the Origins of Militant Nonviolence. A work by this author, originally planned as a chapter about "emotional crises in late adolescence," tries to explain an exclamation given at a choir practice in Germany. For ten points, name this psychologist and author of Gandhi's Truth and Young Man Luther who is best known for coining the phrase "identity crisis."

Erik Erikson (or Erik Homburger Erikson; accept Erik Salomonsen)

19) This man survived two separate plane crashes in 1954 and was not found for 24 hours until rescuers discovered him with a bottle of gin in his hand. While an ambulance driver on the Italian front, this man nearly died from an Austro-Hungarian mortar shell. This journalist, who lived in the Finca Vigia in Cuba, reported on the last stand of Republican forces at the Ebro River, inspiring his work For Whom the Bell Tolls. For the point, name this Nobel laureate who drew from real-life experiences to write A Farewell to Arms and The Sun also Rises.

Ernest Hemingway

(5) In one speech, this man asked "What is the mood of America and of the world toward America today?" A campaign to go "Clean For [this man]" involved the mass-shaving of beards among his supporters. Due to his anti-Vietnam War stance, this politician surged in the polls following the 1968 Tet Offensive. Like the eventual nominee from his party in that year, this man hailed from Minnesota. For ten points, name this Democrat who lost out to LBJ's preferred candidate, Hubert Humphrey, in the contentious 1968 Democratic National Convention.

Eugene McCarthy (or Eugene Joseph "Gene" McCarthy; prompt on "Go Clean for Gene") BONUS: McCarthy was a plaintiff in this 1976 Supreme Court case that found election spending limits to be a Constitutional violation. Buckley v. Valeo (accept James L. Buckley, et al. v. Francis R. Valeo, Secretary of the United States Senate, et al; prompt on "Valeo")

*) spouse in the 1952 elections. For ten points, name this actress turned First Lady of Argentina during the mid 20th century known affectionally as "Evita."

Eva Perón

(4) Daniel E. Nijensohn did an analysis of this person's skull x-rays and suggested that she was given a pre-frontal lobotomy months before her death. Thousands of people were injured when this person's body was transported to the Ministry of Labour Building. This person's corpse was found in a crypt in Milan, Italy under the name "María Maggi" after being lost for sixteen years following her husband's overthrow in the Revolución Libertadora. For ten points, name this wildly popular first lady of Argentina during the late 1940s and early 1950s.

Eva Perón (or María Eva Duarte de Perón; or María Eva Duarte; accept Evita Perón; prompt on "Evita") BONUS: What former president of Argentina and leading politician of the Peronist Justicialist Party said that she was inspired by Eva due to "her example of passion and combativeness." ANSWER: Cristina Fernández de Kirchner (or Cristina Elisabet Fernández de Kirchner; accept CFK; do not accept or prompt on "Nestor Kirchner")

(4) Concerning the Mexican War of Independence, name the...Priest who died in 1811 and was an early father of Mexican independence.

Father Hidalgo (or Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla)

(7) Concerning Emperor Marcus Aurelius, name the...Wife of his who may have encouraged General Avidius Cassius to make a bid for the throne in 175.

Faustina the Younger (or Faustina Minor; accept Annia Galeria Faustina the Younger; accept Annia Galeria Faustina Augusta Minor)

(3) Clarence Thomas once claimed that this text did not prefer a "repressive cure" for certain entities. Charles Beard argued that this text demonstrates one man's belief that "the first and elemental concern of every government is economic." Those "united and actuated by some common impulse of passion" are referred to in this work, which was seen as an attack on both direct democracy and the formation of political parties. For ten points, name this essay which questions how to safeguard against factions, part of a larger work written by James Madison, John Jay, and Alexander Hamilton.

Federalist Paper Number 10 (prompt on "Federalist Papers") BONUSEvery writer of the various Federalist Papers published under what pseudonym? Publius

2) The abolition of this country's monarchy occurred during an economic crisis named for the act of mounting a horse, the Encilhamento [[EN-cil-ha-men-to]]. This country's purchase of three dreadnoughts began a naval arms race with the two other members of the 'ABC powers.' Cattle and coffee barons controlled this country's politics during its "coffee with milk" period. Slavery in this country was abolished in the 1888 Golden Law. For the point, name this South American country ruled by the Emperor Pedro II.

Federative Republic of Brazil

(10) One event in this country led to a nineteen-year prison sentence being given to the CEO of Odebrecht, a company that is now known as Novonor. A billionaire born in this country later moved to Singapore, possibly to avoid taxes. While at Harvard, that man from this country, Eduardo Saverin [[SAV-uh-rin]], co-founded Facebook. Corruption amongst dealers associated with this country's state-owned oil company contributed to the impeachment of Dilma Rousseff. Operation Car Wash affected Petrobras in, for ten points, what large South American country?

Federative Republic of Brazil (accept Republica Federativa do Brasil) Dilma Rousseff succeeded what Workers' Party president who was arrested under money laundering charges that were later dropped? This man's administration attempted to eradicate hunger and poverty in Brazil through the "Fome Zero" [[FAH-mee ZEH-roo]] program. Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (accept either underlined portion)

8) This Westerner reintroduced the works Alban Berg and Arnold Schoenberg, which had been repressed during the Socialist Realist period, while on a 1950s tour of the Soviet Union. While conducting Brahms Piano Concerto No. 1 in D minor for this man, Leonard Bernstein told the audience he assumed "no responsibility for what they were about to hear." This soloist, who was known for eccentricities such as humming and foot-tapping while playing, began his recording career with a set of 30 contrapuntal variations Bach's Goldberg Variations. For ten points, name this Canadian pianist of the 20th century.

Glenn Gould

8) This man publicly protested segregation by sharing a small pool with an AfricanAmerican character, Officer Clemmons, in a 1969 episode of his namesake series. This man quoted that show by saying "What Do You Do with the Mad that You Feel?" in an argument to save funding for PBS while testifying in front of the Senate Subcommittee of Communications in 1969. The opening theme "Won't You Be My Neighbor?" was written by, for ten points, which host of a long-running children's TV show about [this man's] Neighborhood?

Fred Rogers

accept William Frederick Cody) BONUS: Buffalo Bill was a member of what secretive fraternal order which derived its rules from medieval guild laws? Its members included George Washington and Benjamin Franklin.

Freemasons

*) wrestling occur during, for ten points, what type of event held after the death of Patroclus?

Funeral Games

prompt on "United Kingdom" or "U.K."; do not accept or prompt on "Great Britain" or "England") BONUS: The Irish hero Finn MacCool legendarily built what series of submerged interlocking basalt pillars connecting Ireland's County Antrim to the coast of Scotland?

Giant's Causeway=

7) This man escaped from prison with the help of Justus Erich Bollman, an agent hired by John Barker Church and Angelica Schuyler Church, after a warrant for his arrest was put out following the Brunswick Manifesto. Before his arrest, this man was nearly assassinated by a crowd of Cordeliers at the Champs de Mars Massacre. With the assistance of Thomas Jefferson, this man wrote the Declaration of Rights of Man and of the Citizen. For the point, name this French military officer who commanded troops at the Battle of Yorktown.

Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette

(8) Plutarch pairs this historical figure with the orator and general Alcibiades [[alsih-BYE-ah-dees]] in his work, Parallel Lives. The first speech given by this man was a wordless display of his battle scars to the Roman public. This man was put to death by his enemy-turned-ally-turned-enemy again, Attius (+) Tullius, after this man's mother, Veturia, begged him not to sack his hometown. A (*) Shakespearian tragedy is named for, for ten points, what semi-legendary hero of the Early Roman Republic who was exiled from Rome following his defeat of the Volsci [[VOHL-skee]]?

Gnaeus Marcius Coriolanus

(5) Concerning the West African Ashanti Empire, name the...Ultimate symbol of power for their kings, a divine throne made of a precious metal.

Golden Stool (or Sika Dwa Kofi; full translation: Golden Stool born on a Friday)

*) Xinjiang internment camps. For ten points, give this collective name for a series of legislation enforced by the People's Republic of China to regulate the domestic Internet.

Great Firewall

7) This candidate was dubiously endorsed by British ambassador Lionel SackvilleWest in the Murchison Letter, which resulted in this man losing New York. Four years earlier, this man benefitted from another swing in Irish votes when Samuel Burchard denounced him as the candidate of "rum, Romanism, and rebellion." This candidate defeated James G. Blaine before splitting two elections with Benjamin Harrison. For ten points, name this only Democratic president of the Gilded Age, who served two nonconsecutive terms.

Grover Cleveland

(4) American missionary Daniel Vrooman created a 19th century map of this city which included an accurate depiction of its mercantile ghetto, the Thirteen Factories. Members of a nationalist student organization led by Huang (+) Xing [[ZHING]] were massacred during this city's Yellow Flower Mound Uprising, a part of the larger Xinhai [[ZHIHN-HYE]] Revolution. This city names a "System" instituted by Qing [[CHING]] China which forced all western trade to be concentrated along the Pearl River. (*) Canton is an alternative name for, for ten points, what capital of Guangdong?

Guangzhou (accept Canton before mentioned)

(8) A copy of this painting was covered by a blue curtain during a Colin Powell press conference at the United Nations. 45 studies of this painting throughout its creation were photographed by the artist's wife, Dora Maar. Dagger-like tongues appear in the mouths of a screaming horse and a mother with her dead child in this painting, which was defaced with the anti-Vietnam War message "KILL LIES ALL." Created following the destruction of a Basque town, for ten points, what Pablo Picasso painting is set during the Spanish Civil War?

Guernica

13) Rulers of this empire temporarily reversed its collapse after expelling the marauding archon Mihirakula [[mee-hee-rah-KOO-lah]], the son of a Hephthalite king. The playwright Kalidasa was a court poet for a ruler of this empire, which vied for supremacy on the Deccan plateau with the Vakataka kingdom. This empire's exploits are recorded on the Allahabad Pillar, detailing which frontier kingdoms paid tribute to them. Vikramaditya [[vee-krahm-ahDEEHT-yah]] was a king of, for the point, which Indian empire that was destroyed by the "White Huns"?

Gupta Empire=

6) An emperor of this dynasty established the Four Commanderies in Korea, the only successful Chinese occupation of the peninsula. This dynasty's dominance of Vietnam was temporarily undermined by the Trung Sisters' rebellion. This dynasty was briefly interrupted by the Xin [[SHIN]] Dynasty of Wang Mang. This dynasty's collapse led to the Three Kingdoms period. For ten points, name this ancient Chinese dynasty that shares its name with the country's majority ethnic group.

Han Dynasty

(1)Concerning the state of Missouri, name the... Senator who guided the U.S. as president through the end of the Second World War.

Harry S. Truman

13) The provision of this good was studied by the Romanow commission, whose recommendations included several upgrades to the Infoway system that digitizes aspects of this good. In 1964, the Hall Commission advocated that all provinces adopt the model for delivering this good that was implemented in Saskatchewan under Tommy Douglas's government. For the point, name this service which, since a 1968 bill, has been provided in Canada on a provincial single-payer basis.

Healthcare

(7) This deity's cult center at Lagina, in the Anatolian region of Caria, was confused for a cult of Diana by Tacitus in a mistaken interpretation of the nickname "Trivia." The Deipnon [[DEEP-nohn]] offering, in which a meal was served on an altar once a lunar month, honored this goddess. The kleidos agoge [[KLAY-dohss ah-GOH-geh]] was a ritual performed at festivals honoring this deity, involving a young girl carrying a key on a road leading to the city Stratonikea [[strah-toh-nee-KEH-ah]]. Regarded as a protector of homes, for ten points, who was this Greek goddess of magic?

Hecate [[HEH-kah-teh]] (or Hekate; accept phonetic pronunciations)

33) This man's capture at the Battle of Shiloh led to his "conversion" by Camp Douglas commander James A. Mulligan into a "Galvanized Yankee." Prototypes of the Maxim Gun proved vital in this leader's attempt to relieve the besieged forces of Emin Pasha from the Mahdists in an 1886 relief expedition. This explorer attempted to find the source of the Nile, instead tracing the Lualaba to the Congo River, which he assisted the Belgians in colonizing. The phrase "Dr. Livingstone, I presume?" was uttered by, for the point, what Welsh-American explorer?

Henry Morton Stanley

(10) This man allegedly bullied Philip the Handsome of Burgundy into a trade agreement so favorable to his country it was dubbed the "Evil Agreement" by the Dutch. Francis Lovell and Humphrey Stafford led a revolt against this monarch, but they were stopped due to the intervention of the knight John Savage. This man ruled through a group of counselors and judges known as the Star Chamber. After a consequential battle, this man married Elizabeth of York to cement his control over England. The victor of the Battle of Bosworth Field was, for ten points, what first Tudor king of England?

Henry VII (prompt on "Henry Tudor")

1) Court painter Daniel Maclise depicted this monarch meeting a noblewoman At Hampton Court in one painting. This monarch appears on the bottom left approaching the royal party of Francis I in the landscape painting Field of the Cloth of Gold. This man employed foreigner Hans Holbein the Younger, who depicted this king in a portrait situated next to one of Jane Seymour and this man's father Henry VII [[the Seventh]]. For ten points, name this English king who is depicted in several portraits with his six wives.

Henry VIII [[the Eighth]]=

20) Philosopher Jürgen [[YUHR-gehn]] Habermas served as a member of this organization at the behest of his conservative father in the early 20th century. Artur Axmann led this organization, whose ranks filled out several armies during the battles of Seelow Heights. Hitler's last act outside of the Führerbunker was awarding Iron Crosses to 16 year old members of this organization. The League of German Girls acted as the female equivalent of, for the point, which Nazi organized children's organization?

Hitler Youth

(4) In 1665, public celebrations of this observance were banned under the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb. Guru Gobind Singh extended this observance for Sikhs, adding a threeday-long festival which traditionally includes martial arts demonstrations. In 2016, Pakistan controversially gave localities the power to declare this festival a public holiday. For ten points, name this Hindu "Festival of Love" that celebrates the arrival of spring and which is often celebrated by people throwing brightly colored powders.

Holi (accept Holika Dahan; or Rangwali Holi; or Dol Purnima; or Dhuleti; or Dhulandi; or Ukuli; or Manjal Kuli; or Yaosang; or Shigmo; or Phagwah; or Jajiri; prompt on "Festival of Spring", "Festival of Love", or "Festival of Colors" before "For ten points")

1) This law's namesake representative introduced the Kinkaid Act to modify it, aiming to settle the Nebraska Sandhills. Grover Cleveland's last speech to Congress requested that this act be amended to allow the Indian Territory, now in modern Oklahoma, to be opened to prospective settlers. George Henry Evans supported the passage of this act by using the phrase "Vote Yourself a Farm." 160 free acres of government land were offered to U.S. citizens by, for ten points, which 1862 act during the Lincoln administration?

Homestead Act of 1862 BONUS: An early bill meant to encourage Homesteading was proposed by this New York Tribune editor who lost the 1872 general election to Ulysses S. Grant. ANSWER: Horace Greeley=

(7)Concerning the colonies of Portugal, name the... Island in the Persian Gulf conquered by General Afonso de Albuquerque to control trade in a namesake strait.

Hormuz (or Ormuz; accept Strait of Hormuz)

*) Norse is most-closely related to, for ten points, what Germanic language spoken in Reykjavík?

Icelandic

2) The Cataldo Mission, constructed by the Jesuit missionary Pierre-Jean De Smet, is the oldest building in this U.S. state. In 1905, Frank Steunenberg [[stew-NEHN-burg]], former governor of this state, was assassinated by a disgruntled member of the Western Federation of Miners. In 1992, this state was the site of a standoff between the government and white separatist Randy Weaver at the Ruby Ridge compound, situated near this state's Canadian and Washington border. For ten points, name this state which, during the Civil War, saw a chaotic transfer of its capital from Lewiston to Boise.

Idaho=

(7) Concerning the Seventeenth-century leader Oliver Cromwell, name the...1653 John Lambert-authored document which outlined how the Commonwealth was to be ruled.

Instrument of Government

(7) In 2021, this island used commemorative coins to celebrate its 140th anniversary of giving some women the right to vote in 1881. This island was ceded by Magnus VI [[the Sixth]] of Norway to Alexander III of (+) Scotland under the Treaty of Perth in 1266. This island's legislature, the Tynwald [[TIN-wahld]], claims to be the "oldest continuous parliament" in the world, celebrating its millennium in (*) 1979. Known in recent history for its tax-haven status and money-laundering controversies, for ten points, what is this island crown dependency located between Great Britain and Ireland?

Isle of Man (or Mannin; or Ellan Vannin)

or the First World War; accept the Great War; or Weltkrieg) BONUS: During the war, this man was appointed head of the War Emergency Division to deport supposed disloyal foreigners. He later served as the first Director of the FBI from 1924 to 1972.

J

(1) This man depicted a mass grave for tenement residents in his The Trench in Potter's Field. This activist documented street gangs in photos such as Bandit's Roost, collected in a popular book. A member of the "Good Movement" named Lawrence Veiller worked with this man to promote "model tenements." Mulberry Street was a common setting for the bestknown works of this man, who used cartridges and flash powder as part of a New York City muckracking effort. For ten points, name this photojournalist of How the Other Half Lives.

Jacob (August) Riis BONU A similar book documenting "Poverty in America," The Other America was written by what social activist and founding member of the Democratic Socialists of America? Michael Harrington (or Edward Michael Harrington Jr.)

(8) Concerning the Suez Crisis, name the...French General during the Suez Crisis who later launched a pro-De Gaulle and antiFourth Republic coup on Corsica

Jacques Massu

11) One king of this name died fighting the Battle of Sauchieburn [[soh-CHEE-burn]] against his son, another king of this name. The massive cannon Mons Meg was given as a gift to the second king of this name. A king of this name died while trying to invade a southern neighbor at the Battle of Flodden Field, and the last independent king of this name succeeded to the English throne on the death of Queen Elizabeth. For the point, give this name of six kings of Scotland and the first Stuart king of England.

James

(5) As the head of Charles University, this man affirmed his nation's neutrality in the Western Schism. This man is credited with developing a dot above a diacritic which later became the háček [[HAH-chek]] for a language he helped to codify in his Orthographia bohemica. While he believed in transubstantiation, this man was heavily influenced by John Wycliffe and was condemned as a heretic at the Council of Constance. For ten points, name this Bohemian theologian who was burned at the stake and names a series of wars with the Holy Roman Empire fought after his death.

Jan Hus (or John Huss; or John Hus; accept Hussite; or Hussite Wars)

21) One of the oldest of these edifices in Maruoka [[[[mah-ROO-oh-KAH]] was subject to hitobashira, or human sacrifices by its foundation. Intentionally built a day's march apart, a network of these buildings existed between Busan and Seoul during the Chongyu War. The outbreak of the Ōnin War between competing daimyos accelerated the pace of construction of these military buildings. Shiro is the Japanese word for, for the point, what type of stone fortress also common in Medieval Europe?

Japanese castles

8) When this group began to overrun the FANK, the U.S. initiated Operation Eagle Pull to evacuate personnel. This regime closed most schools as part of its campaign against the "New People" and used a former high school building as "Security Prison 21." This party's government killed over a quarter of its country's population at sites known as "Killing Fields." For ten points, name this Communist party led by Pol Pot that controlled Cambodia in the late 1970s.

Khmer Rouge=

14) American civil engineer Charles S. Storrow left a lengthy journal of this event while he was completing his thesis at the École des ponts. The attempted passage of the Ordinances of Saint-Cloud led to this violent period. The sacking of the Tuileries Palace occurred on the final day of this event's "Three Glorious Days," which led to the widespread exile of "Legitimists" in favor of "Bourbonists." The abdication of the Charles X [["the Tenth"]] occurred due to, for the point, which 1830 French Revolution that culminated in the coronation of Louis Philippe in a namesake summer month?

July Revolution

(8)Concerning the Years of Lead, name the... Former fascist commander who led an aborted ultranationalist coup during the Feast of the Immaculate Conception.

Junio Valerio Borghese (or Junio Valerio Scipione Ghezzo Marcantonio Maria Borghese; prompt on the "Black Prince")

8) In his treatise, Thoughts on Government, this man wrote that "Politics is the Science of human happiness." As a member of the Second Continental Congress, this man predicted that American independence would be celebrated on July 2nd. As a lawyer, this man successfully defended Thomas Preston and the other British soldiers who perpetrated the Boston Massacre. For ten points, name this Massachusetts statesman who also served as the first vice president and second president of the United States.

John Adams

accept the 600s) BONUS: A Byzantine emperor of this name persecuted the Manichaeans [[mah-neh-KAYans]] in the 7th century. A "Great" emperor of this name reconquered much of the Western Empire with help from his strategos, Belisarius.

Justinian

26) This politician, who paid off George Floyd's daughter's college tuition, received an endorsement from a man who'd previously endorsed Andrew Yang. Elon Musk endorsed this politician, who alleged that the Democratic Party was intentionally giving the Black community the birth control "Plan B" to suppress their votes. This politician, who ran alongside Wyoming preacher Michelle Tidball, represented the "Birthday Party." For the point, name this 2020 Presidential candidate and rapper whose campaign advisors included his then wife, Kim Kardashian.

Kanye West

4) This man earned the ire of the internet after a tweet resurfaced of him saying, "Nothing sadder than a hot person in a wheelchair" in reference to disability activist Rebecca Cokely. After a streak of early 2000s television appearances, this man was approached by Harry Reid and Chuck Schumer to run for the U.S. Senate from Utah. This man defeated both Brad Rutter and James Holzhauer in a special tournament dubbed "The Greatest of All Time." The longest streak in Jeopardy! history is held by, for ten points, which game show contestant?

Ken Jennings

(4) The first generation of the mujahideen accompanied this general in his campaign to root out apostasy during the Ridda Wars, which was led by tribal leader Musaylima. Under Umar, this general defeated a relief force at the Battle of Uqab Pass sent by (+) Emperor Heraclius to relieve the besieged Byzantine garrison in Damascus. The unification of the Arabian (*) peninsula was facilitated by the victories of, for ten points, what Rashidun general and "Sword of God" who won the Battle of Yarmouk?

Khalid ibn al-Walid (accept either underlined portion; or Khalid ibn al-Walid ibn al-Mughira al-Makhzumi; accept Sayf Allah or Sword of God before "Sword" is mentioned)

(7) An attempt to establish quotas to raise 140,000 troops in this country was part of a policy called the Union of Arms. The county of Rousillon [[roo-see-YOHN]] was in the Northeastern March of this country in the late-15th century. Italian Ambrogio Spinola conquered Breda while leading the army of this country, whose forces were devastated by the French at Rocroi [[roh-KWAH]], ending the dominance of this country's Tercios. For ten points, name this Great Power of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, once ruled by Philip II.

Kingdom of Spain (accept Reino de España)

3) A member of this family wrote the book On the Art of the Cinema and ordered the kidnapping of film director Shin Sang-ok. Members of this family promote the ideology of "military first" or "Songun" and a quasi-religion called "Juche" [[JOO-cheh]]. A member of this family met with Dennis Rodman in 2013 and was rumored to be transferring power to his sister Yo-jong due to health issues in 2020. Dictators Il-sung, Jong-il, and Jong-un belong to, for ten points, what family that controls North Korea?

Kim family

6) The southern portion of this historical kingdom was ceded to the British in the Simla Accords. The warlord Ma Bufang held a future leader of this kingdom hostage until a ransom of Silver Dragon coins was paid. The Seventeen Points Agreement was negotiated between this kingdom's leader, Tenzin Gyatso, and the government of Mao Zedong. The Dalai Lama [[DAH-lee LAH-muh]] leads the government-in-exile of, for ten points, what historical kingdom currently controlled by China?

Kingdom of Tibet

(6) Jacob Le Maire was among the first Europeans to visit this country's Traitor's Island. An Englishman, named William Mariner, wrote an account of his time living in this country, which was often visited by whaling vessels like the Albatross. The film The Other Side of Heaven (+) chronicles Mormon missionary efforts in this country. Former Bank of America employee Jesse Bogdonoff served as an advisor and court jester to a king of this country, Tāufaʻāhau (*) Tupou IV [[toh-fah-AH-how TOO-poh the Fourth]]. For ten points, name this Polynesian country, a former British protectorate.

Kingdom of Tonga (accept Puleʻanga Fakatuʻi ʻo Tonga)

6) The killing of a sacred beast begins this nation's king-making ceremony, the Incwala, which coincides with the summer solstice. This nation's head of state was censured by Amnesty International after seizing 18-year-old schoolgirl Zena Mahlangu from her home. This nation's King Sobhuza II designed its flag, which depicts a black and white shield with multiple spears protruding from its side. For ten points, name this tiny kingdom between South Africa and Mozambique, ruled since 1986 by Mswati III.

Kingdom of eSwatini

7) Following a loss to Napoleon, a large contingent of this group was granted residency in Russia by Emperor Paul I, while others from this group rejected a Swedish offer of sovereignty over Gotland. After the fall of the County of Tripoli, this group moved to Rhodes, before an Ottoman invasion forced them to relocate to Malta, where they won the last major victory for a group of knights in 1565. For the point, name this order of knights whose name derives from their role as guardians of a medical center for Christian pilgrims in Jerusalem.

Knights Hospitaller

(4)Concerning the Andean nation of Colombia, name the... Asian minority whose "Town" was destroyed due, in part, to the killing of Latasha Harlins.

Koreans (accept Korean-American)

(5) Concerning the Early Roman Republic, name the...Early foundation of Republican law, initially unwritten, which stated the rights and requirements of citizens.

Laws of the Twelve Tables

7) A statue of this man was commissioned in the United States for the thousandth anniversary of the Althing. The tale of the lost merchant Bjarni Herjólfsson [[BYAR-nee hare-YOHLF-son]] inspired this man to travel west. This explorer encountered the Skraelings [[SKRAY-lings]], who killed his brother Thorvald in a skirmish outside of L'Anse aux Meadows [[LAHN see MEH-doh]]. The region of Vinland was discovered by, for ten points, which Norse explorer and son of Erik the Red?

Leif Erikson

*) Trudeau both served as leaders of, for ten points, which Canadian political party, the traditional opponents of the Conservatives?

Liberal Party of Canada

8) This ruler's armies forced the Truce of Ratisbon, which ceded Luxembourg to his country and concluded the War of the Reunions. This monarch survived the Fronde [["FROND"]] Rebellion in his youth and employed the engineer Vauban [[VOH-BAHN]] to create star forts along his country's frontier. This king ordered his nobles to inhabit the massive Palace at Versailles. For ten points, name this "Sun King" of France, a long-lived absolutist monarch.

Louis XIV [[the fourteenth[/a]

(1) This event began the day after a group of Greek immigrants celebrated Orthodox Easter. Cripple Creek veteran John Chase commanded one group of armed men during this event. Camp leader Louis Tikas was violently beaten during this event by Karl Linderfelt before being shot in the back and left near the train tracks for three days. Mother Jones organized the United Mine Workers strike against John D. Rockefeller, Jr.'s Colorado Fuel and Iron Company that precipitated, for ten points, what 1914 massacre of coal miners?

Ludlow Massacre BONUS: What detective agency, also responsible for the Battle of Blair Mountain, operated a machine gun-laden car called the "death special" during the Colorado Coalfield War? Baldwin-Felts Detective Agency

(6) This man once infamously pointed a poker at Karl Popper's face, prompting the latter to describe that as breaking a "moral rule." This thinker negated his own early work, and the entire Vienna Circle School, by developing the concept of "language games" (+) in his second book, Philosophical Investigations. This man never returned to his native Austria following the Anschluss (*) due to his Jewish ancestry. For ten points, name this student of Bertrand Russell, a transformative Analytic philosopher who wrote Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus.

Ludwig Wittgenstein (or Ludwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein)

(6) The Buddhist state of Ma-i-may have either been based on this island's city of Bay, or on a neighboring island to the southwest. In the early twentieth century, the U.S. military established bases near Angeles City and Subic Bay on this island. The USS Ommaney Bay sunk during a battle named for this island. Invaded by the Imperial Japanese Army in 1942, approximately 75,000 troops were forced to make a 65-mile march to prison camps on this island that same year. The Bataan Death March and the Battle of Manila occurred on, for ten points, what largest island in the Philippines?

Luzon (accept Battle of Luzon; prompt on the "Philippines" before mentioned)

(7)Concerning the French Third Republic, name the... French Socialist prime minister immediately before and after World War Two.

Léon Blum (or André Léon Blum)

(6) This ambassador made a formal petition to Boutros Boutros-Ghali to not run for a second term as UN Secretary-General, instead offering him a foundation to run, which he declined. In a controversial 60 Minutes interview, this politician said that half a million Iraqi children dying due to sanctions was "worth it," though that number was later determined to have been fabricated. For ten points, name this first female Secretary of State who served under the second Clinton administration and died in March 2022.

Madeleine Albright (or Madeleine Jana Korbel; or Marie Jana Korbelová) BONUS: One of the last written works by Madeleine Albright was a book titled for what extreme ideology, whose American examples include the German American Bund and the Silver Legion of America? Fascism (accept Fascists; accept Fascism: A Warning; prompt on "Nazi" or "Nazism")

(4) This singer's popularity in Utrecht led her to say, "I thought I was the Beatles!" During the Depression, this singer eschewed steady work to become a self-proclaimed "fish and bread singer." A cover of this singer's "Move On Up A Little Higher" (+) was recorded by Marian Anderson. Invited to perform "The Star Spangled Banner" at the inaugural ball for John F. Kennedy, this Chicago native performed a rendition of Clara Ward's "How I Got Over" in front of more than 250,000 people during the 1963 (*) March on Washington. For ten points, name this prominent gospel singer and Civil Rights activist.

Mahalia [[ma-HAY-lee-uh]] Jackson (accept Mahala Jackson)

1) Under the tutelage of this site's music director, Lou Frizell, Mary Nomura's live performances earned her the nickname "Songbird of [this site]". At this site, the beating of JACL leader Fred Tayama by masked men led to a group of kibei [["KEY"-bay]]-instigating riots which killed two residents here. This camp, which was built on land leased from the city of Los Angeles, originally held 5,000 issei [[EE-say]] men in the immediate aftermath of the Pearl Harbor attacks. The Owens Valley was the site of, for the point, what largest concentration camp for Japanese-Americans during World War Two?

Manzanar Internment Camp=

*) Savannah. For ten points, name this 1864 campaign of destruction that William Tecumseh Sherman committed in Georgia, en route to the Atlantic Ocean.

March to the Sea

(1) Concerning the medieval order of Assassins, name the...Traveler to Yuan China who coined the term "Old Man of the Mountain" for their leader.

Marco Polo (or Marco Emilio Polo)

(6) Concerning Emperor Marcus Aurelius, name the...Bloody wars against a namesake Trans-Danubian tribe alongside the Quadi and Sarmatians.

Marcomannic Wars (accept Bellum Germanicum et Sarmaticum; prompt on "German and Sarmatian War")

(1) Much of what is today this state was ceded after General Lewis Cass presided over the negotiations of the Treaty with the Chippewa. A Potawatomi [[pah-tah-WAHtoh-mee]] militia massacred frontiersmen in this modern state in the Battle of St. Joseph (+) during the larger Pontiac's War. In exchange for halting the Toledo War with neighboring Ohio, this state was given the (*) Upper Peninsula by the Jackson administration. Antoine Cadillac founded, for ten points, what Midwest state's city of Detroit?

Michigan BONUS: Which woman, known as the "lady of the lamp," revolutionized the field of nursing during the Crimean War? Florence Nightingale

(5) This character once convinced a Benedictine priest to steal a set of vessels to finance a supposed escape to a new life elsewhere. The surnames Clarick and Backson are part of aliases taken by this character whose son, Mordaunt, is employed by Oliver Cromwell in the novel Twenty Years After. This character is tasked with seducing a lover of Queen Anne, the Duke of Buckingham. Serving as a spy for Cardinal Richelieu [[reesh-LOO]], this character is later revealed to be the wife of Athos, the companion of Porthos and Aramis. For ten points, name this woman who appears in The Three Musketeers.

Milady de Winter (accept either underlined portion) BONUS Milady de Winter may have been inspired by a lady-in-waiting for what queen consort of England, the wife of the executed Charles I? Henrietta Maria (accept Henriette Marie; prompt on partial answer)

(4)Concerning the Years of Lead, name the... Lombard capital city whose Piazza Fontana was bombed by terrorists in 1969.

Milan (or Milano)

7) Many performers in these productions, which had a second-act olio, cribbed material from a New Orleans vendor named Old Corn Meal. Fixed roles in these productions included Mr. Tambo, Mr. Bones, and the interlocutor. A popular group that staged these productions was named for Edwin Pearce Christy and incorporated the music of Stephen Foster. For ten points, name this genre of racially charged 19th-century live variety shows in which performers often wore blackface.

Minstrel shows

*) writing system was invented by a man in this position named Sejong the Great. For ten points, name this regal position held for five centuries by the Joseon Dynasty.

Monarch of Korea

15) A blue-grey wolf and a fallow doe legendarily birthed these people's first ancestor, Batachiqan [[bah-TAH-chee-CAHN]], along the Onan River. A princess of these people named Khutulun [[KOO-tah-loon]] supposedly earned over 10,000 horses from her suitors after defeating them in wrestling competitions, inspiring the myth of Turandot [[too-rahn-DOH]]. These people syncretized the Turkic sky god Tengri with Buddhist beliefs into a type of shamanism. For the point, name these people of the Asian steppes who included Kublai and Genghis Khan.

Mongolians

(2) Roger of Torre Maggiore wrote a "Sorrowful Lament" focusing on this military campaign, during which one side annihilated the crossbowmen under Count Simon. A preemptive bridge attack during this campaign was partly overseen by a Duke of Slavonia named Coloman. (+) Gunpowder may have been employed during this campaign, in which Esztergom was besieged following the defeat of Bela IV. The Battle of Mohi was fought during this campaign, in which one side was led by (*) Batu. For ten points, name this campaign in which a Central Asian empire expanded into Magyar territory.

Mongolic invasion of the Kingdom of Hungary (accept clear knowledge equivalents in place of "invasion"; accept First or Second Mongol invasion of Hungary; prompt on "Mongol invasion of Europe")

19) FDR's attorney-general-elect Thomas J. Walsh represented this state, as did a politician who introduced the eventual nineteenth amendment into Congress. That politician once stated "I cannot vote for war." The pacifist Jeanette Rankin hailed from this state as did a man who became Senator Majority Leader following Lyndon B. Johnson's ascent to the vice presidency. Mike Mansfield hails from, for the point, what state, governed from Helena?

Montana=

10) By the time of his accession to his highest position, this figure had earned the titles "Lord of Men" and "Person from the House of Darts." This monarch widened the divide between commoners and the pipiltin noble class, resulting in his eventual abandonment and death by stoning. This ruler was succeeded by the brief reign of Cuitláhuac [[kweet-LAHhwak]], and all his sons were killed by the inhabitants of Tenochtitlan. Spanish forces under Hernan Cortes captured, for ten points, which last Emperor of the Aztecs?

Montezuma II

3) Fray Francisco de Aguilar records how, along with Huitlacoche [[weet-lah-KOHcheh]], this man consumed the flesh of humans to appease his war deity. A shower of darts and stones by his countrymen led to this figure's death after his replacement by his brother, Cuitláhuac [[kweet-LAH-hwak]]. The fall of Tenochtitlan [[teh-noh-CHEET-lahn]] to Spanish forces under Hernan Cortes led to the downfall of, for ten points, which final emperor of the Aztecs?

Montezuma II

(3) One member of this family wrote Geography Made Easy, which became one of the most influential geography textbooks in the early United States. A son of this family's aforementioned member named Jedediah received guidance from Leonard Gale that allowed for his realization of a regular relay system to accomplish one task. The question "What hath God wrought?" was asked by a member of this family who developed the singlewire variant of a communications system. For ten points, what family included the telegraphy pioneer Samuel?

Morse (accept Jedediah Morse; accept Samuel F(inley) B(reese) Morse) BONUS: A minister who trained with Jonathan Edwards, Jedediah Morse gave three sermons promoting John Robison's book Proof of a Conspiracy which claimed what mysterious group was behind the French Revolution? ANSWER: Illuminati (accept Bavarian Illuminati)

accept Nigerian Civil War before mentioned) BONUS: Which Israeli intelligence agency that captured Adolf Eichmann secretly sold arms to the Biafrans through neutral Switzerland?

Mossad

*) Kolkata. For ten points, name this Nobel Peace Prize winner and canonized nun of the 20th century.

Mother Teresa

5) This group intentionally sparked the Regina [[ruh-JY-nah]] Riots in an attempt to crush a mass protest of unemployed men. This group was able to successfully infiltrate the Communist Party of its nation, and one of this group's most notable accomplishments was capturing stagecoach robber Bill Miner. The nickname of this group derives from their nowdefunct standard of riding horses. For ten points, name this police force that is responsible for civil control in Canada.

Mounties

6) Nelson Bunker Hunt's shares of oil were nationalized under this man's orders. The U.S. launched Operation El Dorado Canyon against this leader. This non-Chinese leader's Cultural Revolution created the "State of the masses," and he outlined his Third International Theory in the Little Green Book. In 1969, this man coordinated the al-Fateh Revolution to defeated the Senussis and King Idris. For the point, name this Brotherly Leader who served as de facto head of the Libyan government until his murder in 2011.

Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi=

15) Napoleonic veteran Joseph Seve [[SEV]] converted to Islam and joined this ruler's retinue to develop a new soldiers' school in Aswan. This man, who lost the battle of Navarino with his son Ibrahim, later went to war with his former overlord after they refused to cede Syria to him. Following a French withdrawal from one region, this Albanian and his European mercenaries decimated the Mamlukes in a massacre at Cairo Citadel. 19th century Egypt was reformed by, for the point, what "Pasha" and general under the Ottomans?

Muhammad Ali Pasha

(1) Who or what from the history of Turkey was the...First president of the modern republic, who championed a secularist ideology?

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (or Mustafa Kemal)

(2) Concerning the French Third Republic, name the...Emperor whose government collapsed following the Franco-Prussian War, leading to the formation of the Third Republic.

Napoleon III (accept Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte; prompt on "Napoleon" or "Bonaparte"; do not accept or prompt on "Napoleon Bonaparte")

(7)Concerning the U.S. during World War One, name the... State in which an Imperial German agent set fire to a munitions factory in Lyndhurst.

New Jersey

(5)Concerning the United States under the Articles of Confederation, name the... 1783 conspiracy by disgruntled soldiers after the Congress gave them underfunded pensions.

Newburgh Conspiracy

(3) This man's regime launched the Agroville program, which aimed to move demobilized soldiers and ethnic minorities to remote areas of his nation in an effort to dissuade communist infiltration. Using an underground passage to the Cha Tam Catholic Church, this man temporarily evaded a coup launched by generals of the ARVN supported by the CIA. Monk Thích Quảng Đức [[THIK KWAHN DOOK]] lit himself on fire in protest of this man's regime having persecuted the Buddhist faith. The politics of South Vietnam were dominated by, for ten points, which dictator, overthrown in a 1963 coup?

Ngo Dinh Diem [[NGOH-DEEN-YEERM]] (accept Ngo or Ngo Dinh; be very lenient on pronunciation, including accepting clearly phonetically correct pronunciations) BONUSAccords named for which Swiss city partitioned French Indochina, including the creation of South and North Vietnam? Geneva (accept Geneva Accords; accept Genève; or Genf)

(7) Michael Brodhead's "A West, Nasty Job" focuses on this project, which was inspired by a recommendation by Orville Childs. Joint rights regarding this project were initially called for by a treaty, partly negotiated by Sir Henry Bulwer, but were eschewed after negotiations with Adolfo Diaz's government and the signing of the Bryan-Chamorro Treaty. The Mosquito Coast was to serve as the endpoint of this project, opposed by Augusto Sandinho. For ten points, name this proposed "Canal" that aimed to establish a path through a lake in a Central American country.

Nicaragua Canal (or Canal de Nicaragua; accept Nicaraguan Canal and Development Project; accept Nicaragua Grand Canal; accept Grand Interoceanic Canal)

(7) A list of 116 victims of this event was included in a "White Book" written by emigres in France. A couple weeks before this event, Franz von Papen gave a speech calling for a "second revolution" to students in Marburg. One victim of this event, Gustav von Kahr, had previously helped to put down the Beer Hall Putsch. Ernst Röhm was personally arrested during this event, alongside the SA, or "Brownshirts." For ten points, name this mass purge ordered by Hitler.

Night of the Long Knives (or Nacht der Langen Messer; accept Operation Hummingbird; or Unternehmen Kolibri; accept Röhm Putsch before "Röhm" is mentioned) What ideological branch of Nazism, which was crushed during the Night of the Long Knives, was named for two German brothers and advocated for an "antisemitic economy," contrasting with Hitler's willingness to accept capitalists into his government? Strasserism (accept Gregor Strasser; or Otto Strasser; accept Strasser brothers)

(7) While representing this state, Nonpartisan League leader Lynn Frazier became the first state governor to be recalled from office. Another governor of this state, "Wild Bill" Langer, was convicted of defrauding the federal government by ordering state employees to donate to his party. When signing the papers to approve this state's statehood, James G. Blaine shuffled the papers with those of this state's southern neighbor. For ten points, name this Great Plains state, whose city of West Fargo hosts a recreational Old West town called Bonanzaville, USA.

North Dakota

*) "South Carolina Exposition and Protest" by sitting-vice president John C. Calhoun. For ten points, name this constitutional crisis during the Andrew Jackson administration in which states attempted to block federal law.

Nullification Crisis=

*) Katharina who once was in this occupation. For ten points, name this monastic profession in the Catholic church held exclusively by women.

Nuns

(4) Concerning the Andean nation of Ecuador, name the..."Organization" named for a natural resource and primarily comprised of Middle Eastern nations which Ecuador left in 2020.

OPEC (accept Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries)

or Kenneth Wayne Jennings III) BONUS: What computer system developed by IBM defeated both Rutter and Jennings in a special series of Jeopardy!, winning the million dollar prize?

Watson=

(3) In a poem in this language, three cowardly brothers flee from a battle, one riding on his own lord's horse. That poem has been the subject of translation controversies of the word "ofermode," meaning "pride" or "arrogance." Historical (+) texts in this language, including one that describes the sea as a "whale-road," feature compound metaphors called "kennings." A 1731 fire partially destroyed the Nowell Codex, which contains a poem in this language about a prince of the Geats. (*) For ten points, name this language of the poems "The Battle of Maldon" and Beowulf.

Old English (accept Anglo-Saxon; prompt on "English")

6) In "The Contagiousness of Puerperal Fever," this man correctly concluded that physicians not washing their hands was causing postpartum infections in their pregnant patients. While corresponding with William T. G. Morton, this American coined the term "anesthesia." A poem by this man describes a vessel "once red with heroes' blood," and contributed to the decision not to decommission the USS Constitution. The poem "Old Ironsides" was written by, for ten points, which fireside poet?

Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.

(7) In 2021, prison sentences handed out during this "Operation" were the subject of a called-for nullification by Judge Edson Fachin [[fah-KEEN]] due to presiding judge Sérgio Moro's bias during proceedings. This "Operation," which takes its name from the service (+) station where it was first uncovered, led to the tanking of President Dilma Rousseff's popularity due to her being on the board of the namesake oil company. A money laundering scheme within (*) Petrobras was revealed in, for ten points, what "Operation" that led to the rise of Jair Bolsonaro?

Operation Car Wash (accept Operação Lava Jato; prompt on answers like "Petrobras scandal" before "Petrobras" is mentioned)

(7) Concerning the Suez Crisis, name the...Partially executed Anglo-French operation to seize the Suez Canal zone while Israel invaded the Sinai peninsula

Operation Muskateer (accept Operation Muskateer Revised)

(2) This man served as the chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster as a member of the Labour Party. This man came into conflict with communist counter-protestors under Phil Piratin and Metropolitan Police officers led by Philip Game during a "battle" that led to the passage of the 1936 Public Order Act. That act outlawed the wearing of political uniforms in public demonstrations and responded to this non-Italian man's "Blackshirts." For ten points, name this leader of the British Union of Fascists who led a march that culminated in the Battle of Cable Street.

Oswald Mosley (or Sir Oswald Ernald Mosley, 6th Baronet) BONUS: In 1924, Mosley came within 100 votes of defeating this MP from Birmingham Ladywood, who went on to succeed Stanley Baldwin as prime minister. Neville Chamberlain (or Arthur Neville Chamberlain)

26) A Serbian king of this name came to power in the May Coup after officers assassinated the sitting royals of the Obrenović [[oh-BREH-noh-vich]] dynasty in 1903. Another man of this name led Christians in the Rhineland Massacres, which targeted Jews during the "People's Crusade." An emperor of this name undertook a "Grand Embassy of Europe," working jobs such as shipbuilding in the Netherlands in an attempt to modernize Russia. The first pope of the Catholic Church had, for the point, what name, shared by a "Great" Russian ruler?

Peter

1) The chief religious role of these people was dispelling chaos, or isfet, and maintaining harmony, or ma'at. These people wore the pschent crown, representing the northern and southern portions of their kingdom. One of these people established a monotheistic religion centered on the sun disk, Aten. These rulers were believed to be human incarnations of the gods Osiris and Ra. For ten points, name these kings who ruled Ancient Egypt.

Pharaoh

(8) This historian asked "Why were patricians not permitted to live on the Capitoline?" as the ninety-first in a series of Questions in one of his works. A set of "Sayings of Spartans" was collected by this one-time priest at the Temple of (+) Delphi in a work which also contains an often-cited account of Egyptian burial rites, the Moralia [[moh-RAH-lyah]]. This author is best known for a work containing 48 biographies which are grouped into (*) pairs featuring one Greek and one Roman. For ten points, name this Roman historian who wrote Parallel Lives.

Plutarch (or Ploutarchos; accept Plutarch's Lives)

accept Princes' Crusade; prompt on "Crusade" or "the Crusades"; do not accept "The People's Crusade") BONUS: The First Crusade was initiated by this Frenchman who reigned as Pope from 1088 to 1099. He is best known for possibly being the source of the rallying cry "Deus Vult!" or "God wills it!"

Pope Urban II

accept Dōngběi or Manchukuo, prompt on Liaoning, Jilin, or Heilongjiang) BONUS: The Kwantung Army was originally named for its role guarding which naval base in southern Manchuria? A sneak attack at the beginning of the Russo-Japanese War destroyed most of the Russian Pacific Fleet here.

Port Arthur

(6)Concerning the United States under the Articles of Confederation, name the... 1780s Company, co-founded by George Washington, which aimed to improve the navigability of the title Mid-Atlantic river.

Potomac Company

(6)Concerning the state of Missouri, name the... Massacre of pro-slavery Kansas settlers by a Missouri militia led by John Brown.

Pottawatomie Creek Massacre

(8) Know-Nothing Anson Burlingame was challenged by this man to a duel on the Canadian side of Niagara Falls, but this politician dropped out due to Burlingame's reputation as a marksman. J.L. Magee depicts this man as a villain in a political cartoon with the words "Southern Chivalry Argument (+) versus Clubs." This man was angered by a speech which attacked his first cousin once removed, Senator Andrew Butler, who was compared to Don Quixote for supporting (*) slavery. An anti-slavery speech by Charles Sumner led to, for ten points, which U.S. representative caning him on the Senate floor?

Preston Brooks (or Preston Smith Brooks)

1) Earl Grey tea is named for one holder of this position, while another names the capital of the Australian state of Victoria. A Canadian, Andrew Bonar Law, held this position for 211 days between 1922 and 1923. As a result of the Brexit controversy, Theresa May resigned from this position in July 2019. For ten points, name this position, held since 2019 by Boris Johnson from 10 Downing Street, the head of the British government.

Prime Minister of the United Kingdom

(5) A legend from the Mi'kmaq states that this island was created by the "Great Spirit" when he placed dark red clay in a crescent shape on pink water. Two privateers, Nicholson Broughton and John Selman, raided this island during the American (+) Revolution. Opened in 1997, the Confederation Bridge connects this province to New Brunswick. The novel Anne of (*) Green Gables is set in, for ten points, what Canadian island province once part of Acadia?

Prince Edward Island (or PEI; or Île-du-Prince-Édouard; accept Minegoo; or Epekwitk; accept St. John's Island or Île Saint-Jean; prompt on "Acadia" before mentioned)

15) A man with this name, likely deriving from the minor deity Pummay, built early settlements on Sardinia as described in the Nora Stone. That king with this name orchestrated the killing of his sister's husband and fellow royal Acerbas, prompting his wife Dido to flee Phoenicia to found the city of Carthage. An artist with this name prayed to Aphrodite to bring his statue of Galatea to life. A George Bernard Shaw play derives its name from, for the point, what Cypriot sculptor of Greek myth?

Pygmalion=

(3)Concerning the Early Roman Republic, name the... King of Epirus who won a costly victory after he invaded the Italian mainland.

Pyrrhus of Epirus (accept Pyrrhic Victory)

1) This country's second president, Robert Kocharyan, has been accused of plotting a 1999 shooting that killed its then-Prime Minister Vazgen Sargsyan. Kocharyan served as the leader of a neighboring unrecognized state, known as Artsakh, that this country took control of in a post-Soviet war against a neighbor whose capital is Baku. This country would lose much of Artsakh in a second war shortly after its 2018 Revolution to Azerbaijan. For ten points, name this Caucasian nation and ally of Nagorno-Karabakh.

Republic of Armenia

3) In this nation, Paul Schäfer [[SHAY-fer]] led an agrarian community known as Dignity Colony that doubled as a post-war refuge for Nazis. The economic policy of a regime in this nation was influenced by the El Ladrillo [[lah-DREE-yoh]] study, first published by the "Chicago Boys." A left-wing leader likely killed himself while defending this nation's Moneda [[moh-NEH-dah]] Palace. Augusto Pinochet [[pee-noh-SHEH]] took power in a 1973 coup in, for ten points, what South American nation?

Republic of Chile

10) Though Milton Obote [[oh-BOH-teh]] was restored to this country's presidency after a brief war with Tanzania, he did not restore its traditional kingdoms such as Ankole [[ahnKOH-leh]]. Obote's predecessor proclaimed himself Conqueror of the British Empire and expelled this country's Asian population while declaring himself King of Scotland. During that dictator's rule, Israel rescued over 100 hostages from this country in Operation Entebbe [[en-TEH-beh]]. For ten points, name this country, once ruled by Idi Amin.

Republic of Uganda=

*) Lithuania and Latvia, this country achieved a non-violent independence during the Singing Revolution. For ten points, name this Baltic state that was once the target of the Livonian Crusade.

Republic of Estonia

12) In this city, a 16th-century priest put a statue of the Virgin Mary on trial for witchcraft and later burned it at the stake. The Imperial Russian army safely retreated from this city during the Battle of Jugla [[YOOG-luh]] after losing control of the Daugava waterway to the German Empire. This city, a historical archbishopric allied to the Livonian Order, was led by the first independent government in half a century by Ivars Godmanis. The Singing Revolution began in protest of Soviet construction in, for the point, what Latvian capital city?

Riga=

(3) Until 1997, this president's cabinet included a man nicknamed "Nothing Wrong Norman," who formerly headed the Commercial Farmers' Union and repeatedly denied racial divisions under this man's regime. This man's government imprisoned rival Canaan Banana on sodomy charges and launched the "drive out the trash" movement to destroy slums. In 2017, Emmerson Mnangagwa [[meh-nahn-GAH-gwah]] overthrew this president. Presiding in a time of hyperinflation in the 2000s, for ten points, who was this longtime dictator of Zimbabwe?

Robert Mugabe (or Robert Gabriel Mugabe) BONUS: Mugabe was a member of what ethnic group, whose ancestors built Great Zimbabwe in the Middle Ages? ANSWER: Shona (prompt on "Bantu")

*) by Bolshevik soldiers. For ten points, name this long-time ruling house of the Russian empire.

Romanov

(2) Concerning the Years of Lead, name the...Capital city where the Victor Emmanuel II Monument was bombed.

Rome (or Roma)

(6) Concerning the wives and mistresses of the King Henry VIII of England, name the...Lover of Catherine Howard and friend of Henry's whose purported affair led to their executions.

Thomas Culpeper

7) Diodorus of Sicily borrowed this unit's name to refer to white shield-bearing noble infantrymen in the ranks of Carthaginian armies. Under the general Pelopidas, this unit's performance during the Battle of Leuctra shattered the concept of Spartan hegemony following the Peloponnesian War. This hoplite unit was massacred by Phillip II of Macedon during the Battle of Chaeronea [[kay-roh-NAY-uh]]. 150 pairs of same-sex lovers made up, for the point, which elite infantry of Thebes?

Sacred Band of Thebes

(4) The penultimate ruler of this dynasty abdicated the throne to his infant son after a disastrous campaign in the Caucasus. This dynasty's founder wrote many poems under the name Khataʾi and was defeated at the Battle of Chaldiran. Another ruler from this dynasty, Tahmasp, signed the Peace of Amasya in 1555. This dynasty established the Twelver School of Shia Islam as the state religion for their empire. For ten points, name this Persian royal dynasty which ruled from 1501 to 1736 and formed a namesake gunpowder empire.

Safavid Dynasty (accept Safavids; accept Safavid Iran; accept Safavid Persia; accept Safavid Empire) Under Abbas the Great, which city became the Safavid capital? This city's Safavid buildings include the Ali Qapu, the Shah Mosque, and the Naqsh-e Jahan Square. Isfahan (or Esfahān)

(2) Finno-Swedish officer Adam Laxman was one of the first people to circumvent this policy after returning a castaway to the Matsumae Family. This policy's strictest implementation came after Christian peasants revolted in the (+) Shimabara Rebellion. Due in part to a yearly tribute to the shogun, the Dutch (*) East India Company circumvented this policy by trading through the port of Dejima in modern Nagasaki. The Perry Expedition ended, for ten points, what period of Japanese self-isolation between the 17th and 19th century?

Sakoku (accept Locked Country; accept Japanese Isolation before "Japanese"; prompt on "Isolation"; prompt on answers like "Edo Period" or "Tokugawa Shogunate" despite not being a policy) BONUS Jean-Lambert Tallien and Bertrand Barère were key leaders in this coup which led to the Directory, executed Louis Saint-Juste, and invented the idea of the Reign of Terror. The Thermidorian Reaction (or Réaction thermidorienne)

*) Happiness." For ten points, name this primary author of the Declaration of Independence, the third president of the United States.

Thomas Jefferson BONUS: FDR claimed December 7th would "live in infamy" after the Japanese surprise attack on this Hawaiian naval base. ANSWER: Pearl Harbor

6) A holder of this position became the highest-ranking U.S. official to visit Antarctica in 2016, staying overnight at McMurdo Station. One of these people claimed the U.S. went to Afghanistan to "deal with the folks who attacked us on 9/11 and we have succeeded in that mission" in response to comparisons of the fall of Kabul with the capture of Saigon. Antony Blinken and John Kerry are recent Democrats to hold this office. For ten points, name this position, the primary foreign minister of the United States.

Secretary of State

8) During the second of these wars, public opinion was outraged by rumors that bloodhounds imported from Cuba were being used to mutilate opponents. Wiley Thompson attempted to depose several chiefs, including Micanopy [[me-kah-NOH-pee]], during these wars. The first of these wars was ended by the Treaty of Moultrie Creek, and the third was ignited in 1855 by Billy Bowlegs. The physical copy of the Treaty of Payne's Landing was stabbed by Osceola at the start of one of these wars. For ten points, name this series of three wars in which all but 500 of the namesake Native Americans were removed from Florida.

Seminole Wars

(2) Before this event, one group involved in it visited the Cattaraugus Reservation to gain insight into a particular group's societal position. During the second day of this event, Thomas McClintock read portions of Blackstone's Commentaries on the Laws. During this event, (+) Frederick Douglass advocated for the "ninth resolution." Many of this event's organizers went to the World Anti-Slavery Convention with William Lloyd Garrison. The Declaration of (*) Sentiments was drafted as a result of this event. For ten points, Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton organized what event to advocate for women's rights?

Seneca Falls Convention (prompt on "Women's Rights Convention" and similar answers before mentioned)

3) The "phantom time hypothesis" claims that in this century, Pope Sylvester II and Otto III made up three centuries of European history to legitimize Otto's claim to the Holy Roman Empire. In this century, Callinicus [[kah-lee-NYE-kuss]] of Heliopolis created the incendiary "Greek Fire" weapon. Byzantine Emperor Heraclius lost the possessions of Roman Syria and Egypt to the Rashidun Caliphate in this century. Islam emerged during, for ten points, what early medieval century?

Seventhth Century

1) Quebec Governor Lord Dorchester was approached for assistance by one side during this event. A leader of this rebellion previously took part in the Groton Riots and was arrested near the Nashua River. Besides Job Shattuck, another leader of this rebellion worked with Luke Day, though William Shepard stopped them from taking Springfield Courthouse. Courts in Worcester were shut down by regulators during this event. For ten points, name this 1786 to 1787 rebellion in Massachusetts against tax collection by Revolutionary War Veterans.

Shays' Rebellion

2) An ultranationalist group named for blue examples of these objects supported Chiang Kai-Shek's New Life Movement. The Expedition of the Thousand was conducted by the Red [these objects], who followed Giuseppe Garibaldi. A 1922 March on Rome was led by Benito Mussolini and his followers, nicknamed for black [objects of this type]. For ten points, name this article of clothing whose "Brown" types were worn by the SA [[ESS-AY]].

Shirts [accept Blue Shirts; accept Red Shirts; accept Black Shirts; accept Brown Shirts; prompt on synonyms like "tunics" or "blouses")=

10) This man was able to flee Nazi Germany after his consultation and analysis of the royal Princess Marie Bonaparte led to a lifelong friendship between the two. The heiress to Tiffany & Co., Dorothy Burlingham, was in a relationship with this man's daughter and fellow psychoanalyst, Anna. This man developed the idea of the id, ego, and superego, which were founding ideas of psychoanalysis. For ten points, name this Austrian psychologist who wrote The Interpretation of Dreams.

Sigmund Freud

) (4) H.F. van Emden and David Peakall wrote a 1996 follow-up to this work titled: Beyond [this book]. This book was inspired by a letter appearing in The Boston Herald and credits declining bird populations to thin eggshells that broke prematurely. Al Gore credited this work with starting his interest in environmental issues, and this work was instrumental in the EPA's eventual ban on DDT for agricultural use. For ten points, name this best-selling 1962 environmental science book by Rachel Carson.

Silent Spring

(6) Jesus was once labelled the "Crucified" member of this philosophical tradition by Lucian in his work Peregrinus. While in a debate with Pericles, one member of this philosophical school asked, "Who is to blame if an athlete is killed by javelin?" (+) wondering if one "blames the javelin, the thrower, or the host of the games." A dialogue supposedly exposing this tradition's flaws, Gorgias, is named for an early figure in this movement known as "The Nihilist." Protagoras [[proh-tah-GOH-rahs]] was (*) an early figure in, for ten points, which Pre-Socratic school whom Plato depicted as charlatans?

Sophists (or Sophistic; prompt on "Nihilism" before "Nihilist"; accept the Second Sophists; accept Crucified Sophist)

(7) Eric Nilles and Anil Menon conducted a 2020 study of thousands of employees at this company, revealing that COVID-19 infection rates were lower in those who already contracted the disease. The Technical University of Munich's engineering team won all four iterations of the Hyperloop competition hosted by this company. Amateur astronomer Bill Gray revealed that, in early 2022, the remnants of this company's Falcon 9 were slated to collide with the moon. The colonization of Mars is the end goal held by, for ten points, what extra-terrestrial exploration company founded by Elon Musk?

SpaceX (or Space Exploration Technologies Corporation)

30) A popular inspirational tale arising from this war follows Andrew Rowan's attempt to deliver a message to a pro-U.S. general. Carter Johnson led buffalo soldiers at this war's Battle of Tayacoba. U.S. foreign policy towards a country that became independent as a result of this war was governed by the Teller and Platt Amendments and included a perpetual lease on Guantanamo Bay. For the point, name this war in which the U.S. gained control of Puerto Rico and the Philippines, as well as securing Cuban independence.

Spanish-American War

10) This city was governed by a constitution known as the Great Rhetra, written by Lycurgus. Children in this city ate "black soup" and were forced into the Agoge [[ah-GOGgeh]] training system from the age of seven. Elected officials known as Ephors governed this city, which was ruled by two kings. Ritual killings of the Helot underclass occurred in, for ten points, what militaristic ancient city state which rivaled Athens?

Sparta

accept the Movie Industry; accept Motion Pictures) BONUS: One of Stanley Kubrick's early films revolves around this ancient Roman gladiatorturned leader of a slave rebellion. In an often-parodied climactic scene, this man's allies refuse to identify him, instead claiming "I'm [this man]!"

Spartacus

(2) Concerning the Prohibition Era in the U.S., name the...General term for underground bars and clubs that served alcohol during the era.

Speakeasy (accept "Blind Pig")

(5) In 2004, the Badeschiff [[BAH-deh-shiff]] floating swimming pool was opened on this body of water. At Eisenhüttenstadt [["EYE"-zen-HOO-ten-shtaht]], formerly known as Stalinstadt, this river's Dahme [[DAH-meh]] tributary is linked to the Oder via a canal. One building along this river housed the Volkskammer (+) and was torn down in 2006. That building was the Palace of the Republic which was on this river's Museum Island (*) along with the Bode [[BOH-deh]] Museum. For ten points, name this tributary of the Havel river that runs through Berlin.

Spree River [[SHPRAY]] (or Sprjewja; or Spréva; be lenient on pronunciation)

4) The first president of this university wrote a "A Study of the Decay of Races Through the Survival of the Unfit." The founder of this university supported an effort planned by Theodore Judah. Originally founded as an agricultural institute, this university was created by a "robber baron" who controlled the Central and Southern Pacific railroads. A member of the "Big Four," this school was damaged by a 1906 earthquake. Located in Palo Alto, for ten points, what private research university is located just outside of Silicon Valley?

Stanford University BONUS: While attending Stanford University, Larry Page met this Russian-born student with whom he founded Google. ANSWER: Sergey Brin

(6) A replication of one of this psychologist's experiments used emails to study attitudes towards presidential candidate Ross Perot [[PEH-roh]]. The University of London replicated this psychologist's experiment on altruism by leaving 300 letters on sidewalks. This psychologist asked, "Could it be that Eichmann and his million accomplices in the Holocaust were just following orders?" in a noted namesake experiment. For ten points, what psychologist tested obedience to authority through the administering of fake electric shocks?

Stanley Milgram (accept Milgram experiment(s)) BONUS: What Milgram-led experiment studied the average path-length for social networks in the United States? Though Milgram never used the term, this experiment led to the phrase "Six Degrees of Separation." Small-World Experiment

accept JFK; prompt on "Kennedy") BONUS: This French author accompanied Napoleon on his Italian campaign and later described the fallout from the French Revolutionary Wars in his novels The Red and the Black and The Charterhouse of Parma.

Stendahl

1) A state named for this body of water was founded at the site where a mouse deer was seen outwitting a dog by Parameswara [[pah-rah-mes-WAH-rah]], and employed the Orang Laut people as a militia. Afonso de Albuquerque built the A Famosa fortress to establish Portuguese rule over this waterway, whose narrowing at the Phillip Channel may be relieved by a canal through the Isthmus of Kra. A spike in piracy in the early 2000s plagued, for ten points, what strait through which cargo ships pass between the Indian and Pacific Oceans?

Strait

23) Early Protestant reformer John Wycliff used this term while describing the residence of the Biblical Levite tribe in his work Trialogus. Levitt & Sons built one of the first examples of these communities in Long Island, New York to service World War Two veterans returning from service. First coined by Cicero to describe large villas on the outskirt of Rome, for the point, what term describes developed commercial and residential areas immediately outside of a city?

Suburbs

(4) Wei Zheng wrote the Book of [this dynasty], which included his own participation in Li Mi's Rebellion. During this dynasty, imperial architect Yuwen Kai [[KYE]] built Daxing [[DAH-SHING]] as an expansion of the Han capital of Xi'an [[ZHEAHN]]. (+) A period known as "The Southern and Northern Dynasties" was ended after this dynasty's founder, Wen, conquered the Chen Dynasty south of the Yangtze. The (*) Tang Dynasty succeeded, for ten points, what short-lived imperial dynasty which reunited China in the late 6th century?

Sui Dynasty (or Suí cháo)

6) A group indigenous to this island plays a grouped kettle gong instrument called the talempong and performs a form of theater called randai. The lava dome of Sinabung collapsed and emitted a five-kilometer ash plume on this island in 2021. The Minangkabau originate from this island, whose Deli Serdang area surrounds the large city of Medan. The northern portion of this island, home to an intermittent insurgency against central government rule, is Aceh [[AH-chay]]. The Srivijaya Empire was ruled from Palembang on, for the point, what western Indonesian island?

Sumatra=

(6) A deity popularly worshipped in Palmyra who represented this thing was Malakbel. A Lithuanian feast worshiping this thing, under the name Saule, was converted into St. Jonas's Festival. The Quran chastises the subjects of the Queen of Sheba for worshipping this entity, one representation of which was given elevated status under Aurelian's reign. A barge was used every night by an Egyptian deity representing this entity. The title "Invictus" was given to a god representing this object in Rome. For ten points, Ra represented what heavenly entity?

Sun (accept Sol before "solar" is mentioned) BONUSWhat Roman emperor and priest of a namesake sun deity was lambasted by ancient sources for marrying a Vestal Virgin and completely disregarding issues of state. Elagabalus (or Heliogabalus; prompt on "Marcus Aurelius Antoninus" since it's the same name as the Emperor commonly known as "Marcus Aurelius")

(8) In this city in 1962, a tank tragically ran over onlookers at a military parade in a covered-up incident. This city was the construction site of the pre-dreadnought battleship Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse. A 1630 treaty named for this city justified Gustavus Adolphus's occupation (+) of its entire region. Winston Churchill noted that one boundary stretched from "Trieste in the Adriatic" (*) to this Baltic city in his "Iron Curtain" Speech. Formerly the capital of the Duchy of Pomerania, for ten points, what is this seaport which was given to Poland by the Potsdam Agreement?

Szczecin (or Stettin; accept Treaty of Stettin)

(7) In a novel by this man, a group known as "the Quality" holds power, while a character whose power of "conduction" is an asset to a network of the Underground Railroad. This author of The Water Dancer analyzed family (+) structures in "the Age of Mass Incarceration" and penned an essay that cites housing discrimination as one of a number of reasons for adopting the central (*) policy. For ten points, name this African-American writer for the Atlantic who is an advocate of reparations.

Ta-Nehisi Coates (or Ta-Nehisi Paul Coates)

9) This man's only wound during a war was a bayonet to the posterior while investigating a trench he constructed during the Siege of Ninety-Six. This man emigrated to the U.S. following his capture at the Battle of Maciejowice [[mah-cheh-yoh-WIT-seh]] and the subsequent partition of his homeland. This man, who strengthened the defenses of West Point, served as an advisor to Nathaniel Greene during his Southern campaign. For ten points, name this military engineer who led the 1794 Polish rebellion and also served as a fortifications expert during the American Revolution.

Tadeusz Kościuszko

or Mughals; prompt on "India" before mentioned) BONUS: Shah Jahan constructed what palatial complex for his diseased wife, Mumtaz [[MOOM-tahz]]?

Taj Mahal=

prompt on "Editorial Cartoon"; prompt on partial answer) BONUS: Thomas Nast, perhaps America's most well-known political cartoonist, gained notoriety for his criticism of "Boss" Tweed, the leader of what New York political machine that was infamous for its corruption?

Tammany Hall

(9) The artist of this work took fourteen years to complete a full-size replica of it while in exile. Louis-Léopold Boilly [[bwah-YEE]] painted a work focusing on a public viewing of this painting, which features an Ottoman representative named Halet Efendi. (+) The central figure's mother, Marie, is present in this painting and is notably given a prominent position. A gallery of onlookers in the background of this painting looks down on a scene in which Pope Pius VII faces a man lifting a golden (*) crown toward his own head. Set in Notre-Dame de Paris, for ten points, what is this JacquesLouis David painting?

The Coronation of Napoleon (or Le Sacre de Napoleon)

(9) This book's author was present for a scene in this book, where she witnessed the pursuit of the Goeben and Breslau at age two. This book's author cited Thomas Mann, to depict the desires of Germany, in the section "Flames of Louvain." Opening with the funeral of Edward VII [[the Seventh]], this book observes, "On history's clock it was sunset, and the sun of the old world was setting in a dying blaze of splendor never to be seen again." Consisting of the sections "Plans," "Outbreak," and "Battle," for ten points, what Barbara Tuchman book detailed the events of the first month of World War One?

The Guns of August

29) A Magonid royal with this epithet supposedly encountered a hairy tribe of savage men known as the Gorillai, who lend their name to the modern ape. That man with this nickname, Hanno, may have reached as far south as Gabon on a voyage that departed from Carthaginian territory in Iberia. Another man with this epithet funded the construction of a fleet of caravels, which led to the colonization of the Madeiras and the Azores. For the point, give this nickname held by a Prince of Portugal named Henry who encouraged 15th-century Portuguese exploration.

The Navigator

(5) This work notes that the arrival of refugees in Europe led to a "great shock." "Reflections on the Hungarian Revolution" are included in the fourteenth chapter of this work, which is divided into essays including "Imperialism" and "Antisemitism." The central concept of this work is contrasted with despotism and tyranny in that the aforementioned systems limit terror to political dissidents only. For ten points, name this first major book by Hannah Arendt, which examines a form of government associated with Nazism and Stalinism.

The Origins of Totalitarianism

(8) Karen Wilkin claimed that this painting depicted "the bungling malfeasance" of one government. The British cession of Senegal was the intended goal of the central group depicted in this painting while en route to Port Louis. Fifteen members of the central group in this painting died, with survivors resorting to cannibalism. After drifting a hundred miles off course, the namesake ship from this painting ran aground off the coast of Mauritania. Also known as Shipwreck Scene, for ten points, what is this historical painting by Theodore Gericault [[zheh-ree-KOH]]?

The Raft of the Medusa (or Le Radeau de la Meduse; accept Scene de Naufrage or Shipwreck Scene before mentioned) BONUS: Which other contemporary painter of works such as The Massacre at Chios and The Death of Sardanapalus posed for Gericault as one of the subjects for The Raft of the Medusa? Eugène Delacroix

*) Cave. Socrates speaks on the ideal "philosopher-king" who rules the state in, for ten points, what dialogue on government by Plato?

The Republic

21) Partially inspired by his presence at the Council of Trent, this man executed his Annunciation for the Church of San Salvador. This man's nephew and apprentice Marco Vecellio [[veh-cheh-LEE-oh]] painted this artist's former patron, the Habsburg Emperor Charles V, meeting with Pope Clement VII [[the seventh]]. In a A Tramp Abroad, Mark Twain said "the obscenest picture the world possesses" is this artist's Venus of Urbino. For the point, name this Renaissance artist of Sacred and Profane Love.

Titian

(6) The first volume of a work by this man was accidentally burned by a maid employed by John Stuart Mill, forcing this man to rewrite it entirely. The lines "he is epic" were used by this man to praise Oliver Cromwell in a work that exemplifies his belief that a certain group were "the modellers [and] creators of whatsoever the general mass...contrived to do." The concept of the "Great Man" in history was outlined by this theorist, who wrote a threevolume history of an event beginning in 1789. For ten points, name this Scottish historian who wrote The French Revolution: A History.

Thomas Carlyle BONUS: Thomas Carlyle derogatorily referred to economics as what kind of science in contrast to writing, which was the "gay science"? Dismal (accept Dismal science)

1) During this period, the development of hanafuda playing cards resulted from the ban of Portuguese cards and gambling generally. The Satsuma Rebellion motivated the government during this period to pass the Keiō [[keh-EE-oh]] Reforms, a set of westernization policies which failed to prevent the Meiji Restoration. The term "Edo Period" is sometimes used to describe, for the point, which period of isolationism in Japan from the 17th to the 19th century?

Tokugawa Shogunate

(3) A "struggle" for one field between this thinker and Karl Popper was analyzed by Steve Fuller. In his book The Essential Tension, this man analyzed several "Concepts of Cause in the Development of Physics." This man is best-known for a work that notes how the process of "puzzle-solving" (+) is an integral portion of the "normal" part of one field's development, which is punctuated by events like the Copernican Revolution. That book by this man put forth the idea of the (*) "paradigm shift." For ten points, name this U.S. philosopher who wrote The Structure of Scientific Revolutions.

Thomas Kuhn (or Thomas Samuel Kuhn; accept Kuhn vs. Popper: The Struggle for the Soul of Science)

30) This thinker criticized his contemporary Adam Smith in a chapter that also compares the wealth of late 18th-century British society to that of the standard Qing [[CHING]] Chinese citizen. This man created an ominous model in which exponential human population outstripped the arithmetic growth of agricultural output, eventually leading to catastrophic societal collapse. For the point, name this British economist who published An Essay on the Principle of Population.

Thomas Robert Malthus

6) This was the most popular service restricted by India following a conflict near Ladakh. Along with WeChat, this service was the subject of an executive order giving it forty-five days to divest its U.S. holdings or be purchased by an American company. In 2018, this service's parent company, ByteDance, merged it with Musical.ly, a similar Chinese social media service. For ten points, name this popular video-sharing social networking service, known in China as Douyin.

TikTok

(9) This conflict's immediate cause was the stabbing of a sheriff by Two Stickney. A 24- year old governor named Stevens Mason led one side during this conflict. A task that William Harris was given by Edward Tiffin was a key precursor to this conflict, during which a compromise was reached via the Frostbitten Convention. Desire for access to premium soil was a key cause of this conflict, in which a nearly 500-square mile strip of land and the Upper Peninsula were given to the respective parties. For ten points, name this conflict between Ohio and Michigan.

Toledo War (accept Michigan-Ohio War before mentioned; accept synonyms for "War" such as "Conflict" or "Dispute"; accept states in either order) The Toledo War was fought during the presidency of this man, whose wife and Cabinet were involved in the Petticoat Affair. Andrew Jackson (prompt on "Old Hickory")

*) Hideyori from the position of "Chancellor of the Realm" after winning the Battle of Sekigahara. For ten points, name this "Second Great Unifier of Japan," the successor of Oda Nobunaga.

Toyotomi Hideyoshi BONUS: Which frequent Green Party candidate advocated for several landmark consumer protection laws, coming to prominence with the publication of his critique of auto manufacturer's hesitance to invest in vehicle safety measures, Unsafe at Any Speed? ANSWER: Ralph Nader=

(6) In a Supreme Court case, this treaty was deemed "useless" by Chief Justice James Pendergast. The similar Batman's Treaty was signed in a nearby country five years before this treaty, in which over 500 representatives of one side were presented with a nonEnglish version. In addition to working on its central country's Declaration of Independence, James Busby helped draft this treaty with William Hobson. Negotiated in 1840 in a country containing Mount Cook, for ten points, what was this treaty through which lands were ceded by the Maori?

Treaty of Waitangi [[wye-TAHN-gee]] (or Te Tiriti o Waitangi)

(1)Concerning the Basque region of Spain and France, name the... Treaty named for a mountain range which split the region.

Treaty of the Pyrenees (accept Tratado de los Pirineos)

(2) During this event, one figure claimed, "All day long, I will never cease to settle here, there, and everywhere" and claimed that material wealth was reserved for the righteous. Lots were used to pick the dikasts during this event, in which the concept of asebeia [[ah-seh-BEEah]] was central. An inner daimon allegedly prevented the unethical activity of a figure in this event who compared himself to a gadfly. Following this event, its central figure drank hemlock. For ten points, name this event in which charges of "corrupting the youth" were leveled against a Greek philosopher.

Trial of Socrates (accept descriptive answers that also include information of the charges levelled against Socrates; do not accept or prompt on "death of Socrates")) BONUS What Platonic dialogue involves Socrates's discussion of the nature of justice with a namesake native of Alopece [[ah-loh-PEH-kay]] while Socrates waits in prison? CritO

(8) One holder of this position introduced the Mind Your Own Business Act, and another holder of this position was staunch Vietnam War opponent Wayne Morse. The only woman to hold this position was Maurine Neuberger. In 2021, the senior holder of this position, who first took his seat from Bob Packwood, became chair of a certain Congressional Finance Committee. For ten points, name this Congressional position from a Pacific Northwest state which has been held by people including Mark Hatfield and Ron Wyden.

United States Senator from Oregon What Republican senator from Oregon was the Senate Minority Leader from 1933 to 1944 and ran for vice president in 1940 under the Wendell Wilkie ticket? Charles L(inza) McNary

3) The Black Panthers inspired a party composed and named for this group which led a renaissance of Maharashtra-based literature and fine arts in the 1970s. The term Harijan, which translates to "Children of God," was used to refer to this group of people in the early 20th century. Under the influence of Rajiv Gandhi, one parliament passed the Prevention of Atrocities Act in an attempt to halt discrimination against this class of people. Mohandas Gandhi was an advocate for, for ten points, which ostracized class of the Indian caste system?

Untouchables

3) The explosion of a water tank in Mayak led to a nuclear disaster in the southern portion of this range, irradiating nearby Lake Karachay. A city nestled in this range named Magnitogorsk became an industrial hub in the 1930s due to a mountain there being made up of fifty-five percent iron ore. The Council for Evacuation, or GKO, moved over 1500 factories beyond this mountain range in the midst of Operation Barbarossa. For ten points, name this mountain range that historically divided the European and Asian portions of Russia.

Ural Mountains

or Patagonian Desert; accept Patagonian Steppe) BONUS: Patagonia forms the tip of the Southern Cone, a region consisting of South America's three wealthiest countries: Chile, Argentina, and this small country which gained independence following the 1820s Cisplatine War.

Uruguay

(10) This state's Nutty Putty Cave was permanently filled in with concrete after John Jones became fatally stuck upside down in a narrow passageway in 2009. 19th century French fur trapper Étienne Provost inspired the name of a city in this state after he followed the Green River to discover this state's largest body of water. One National Park in this state was first homesteaded by Ebenezer Bryce. For ten points, name this western state where in 1928, Bryce Canyon National Park was established, one year before Arches National Park came into being.

Utah

*) refugees from Norman England. For ten points, name this elite guard of the Byzantine Empire originally made up of Norsemen.

Varangian Guard

(5) One hoax involving this event was the made-up shooting of Martin Šmíd [[SHMEED]] by police. Protesters during this event jingled keys to signify the unlocking of doors when Miloš Jakeš [[MEE-lohsh YAH-kehsh]] resigned as General Secretary. This event began on International Students' Day and ended when Gustáv Husák resigned and was replaced with the leader of the Charter 77 movement, Václav Havel. For ten points, name this revolution in 1989 that culminated with the ending of Communist rule in Czechoslovakia.

Velvet Revolution (or Gentle Revolution; or Sametová revoluce; or Nežná revolúcia)

1) An impending munitions delivery from the SS Ypiranga [[ee-pee-RAHN-gah]] led to an attack in this city, which was then under a six-month occupation by one country following the Tampico Affair, which in turn led to the downfall of Victoriano Huerta. Half a century earlier, this city was the subject of the first amphibious assault in U.S. military history. Winfield Scott led an invasion of central Mexico through, for ten points, what Mexican port city?

Veracruz BONUS: This man participated in the Siege of Veracruz after having his ship, the USS Mississippi repaired due to damage during the capture of Tampico. This man later led warships against Japan, leading to the Convention of Kanagawa. ANSWER: Matthew C. Perry

*) Alesia. For ten points, name this leader of the confederation that was defeated by Julius Caesar during the Roman conquest of Gaul.

Vercingetorix [[vehr-sin-GEH-toh-riks]]=

2) A representative from this U.S. state spit tobacco juice in the face of Connecticut politician Roger Griswold. This home-state of Matthew Lyon was primarily led during its time as an independent republic by Thomas Chittenden. This was the first state outside of the Thirteen Colonies to ratify the U.S. Constitution and was home to Ethan Allen and the Green Mountain Boys. For ten points, name this New England state once claimed by New Hampshire.

Vermont

*) Coliseum. The victor of the Year of Four Emperors was, for ten points, which Roman Emperor and founder of the Flavian dynasty?

Vespasian

(4) The sacred fire in this non-Greek deity's temple was extinguished by Theodosius I in 394 AD. In a festival celebrating this deity, a donkey was dressed in a garland of flowers as it was believed that the same animal saved the deity from the god Priapus [[pry-AY-pus]]. (+) Offerings to this deity often included a sacred bread called the "mola salsa." At this deity's temple, mothers (*) arrived barefoot and left offerings in exchange for blessings. For ten points, name this Ancient Roman goddess of the hearth who was attended to by namesake "Virgin" priestesses.

Vesta (accept Vestal Virgins)

9) During this war, one participant revoked their ambassador in Sweden for openly harboring deserters. Mark Satin wrote a "Manual" which taught men how to integrate into Canadian society during this war, and Arlo Guthrie recounts traveling to Whitehall Street in New York and intentionally acting mentally ill in the protest song "Alice's Restaurant Massacree." Men like Bill Clinton and Dick Cheney faced accusations of dodging, for ten points, what 1960s and 1970s conflict in Southeast Asia?

Vietnam War

(9) This composer wrote the music for The Plow That Broke the Plains for the U.S. government's Resettlement Administration. This rival of Aaron Copland chronicled the life of Susan B. Anthony and the women's suffrage movement in his opera The Mother of Us All. This music critic for the New York Herald Tribune drew from the lives of Ignatius of Loyola and Teresa of Avila for an operatic collaboration with Gertrude Stein. For ten points, name this American composer who wrote Four Saints in Three Acts.

Virgil Thomson

3) This man's most significant expeditions were completed with assistance from his countryman Martin Spangberg. Dockyards in Okhotsk built the Fortune, a ship used by this explorer to undertake the First Kamchatka Expedition with support from Peter the Great. The Siberian coast was mapped by this explorer, who was temporarily shipwrecked off the Aleutian coast during a 1741 expedition. A strait separating Alaska from the Far East region of Russia is named for, for ten points, which Danish explorer?

Vitus Bering

(2)Concerning the late 19th and early 20th century politician William Jennings Bryan, name the... Ohio politician who defeated him in the general election twice using the "Front Porch" strategy.

William McKinley

(2) In response to an invasion along the Danube by this ruler, Mehmet II raised an army "second in size only" to the one that he used to conquer Constantinople. This ruler was captured by John Jiskra of Brandys under orders from Matthias Corvinus after this ruler disrespected the Ottomans by killing their messengers. This man's brother, Mircea, was killed by the forces of John Hunyadi. The title of Voivode was held by this man, who ruled over Wallachia and was known for his use of stakes in dealing with enemies. For ten points, name this Romanian ruler who inspired a similarly named literary vampire.

Vlad the Impaler (or Vlad Tepes; or Vlad III; accept Vlad Dracula; accept Vlad Drăculea; prompt on "Vlad"; prompt on "Dracula"; do not accept or prompt on "Vlad Dracul") BONUS: The Wallachian nobles of this Slavic name were purged by Vlad the Impaler. In Russia, Peter the Great completely curtailed the power of nobles of this name. ANSWER: Boyars (or Bolyars; or Boyarin)

5) This man's spouse Nadezhda [[nah-des-DAH]] edited the newspaper Iskra and fronted the Central Committee while in exile in France. This man, who at one point used the pseudonym "A Reader," was allowed to return from Switzerland after the February Revolution. With worker support, this man ousted the Provisional Government of Alexander Kerensky from Petrograd after seizing the Winter Palace while supported by his Bolshevik militia. For the point, name this leader of the October Revolution, the first leader of the Soviet Union.

Vladimir Lenin

(2) Concerning the U.S. presidential election of 1984, name the...Former vice-president from Minnesota who won only his home state and D.C.

Walter "Fritz" Mondale (or Walter Frederick "Fritz" Mondale)

(8) In a triptych named for this concept, the artist painted himself as a grayish figure helping a wounded man to the right of a figure floating above the scene. Figures such as Alekto, Pestilence, and Venus appear in a commentary painting by Peter Paul Rubens titled for the Consequences of [this concept]. In Vasily Vereshchagin's painting titled for The Apotheosis of [this concept], a pile of skulls sits outside the walls of a Central Asian city. For ten points, name this concept, depicted in a 1924 painting by Otto Dix inspired by his experiences in the trenches.

War (accept The War; accept The Apotheosis of War; accept Consequences of War) BONUS: This artist painted a disembodied face whose mouth and eye sockets are filled with identical faces in The Face of War. He represented the horrors of the Spanish Civil War in Soft Construction with Boiled Beans. Salvador Dali (or Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dali i Domenech; or 1st Marquis of Dalí de Pubol)

5) One side in this war was destabilized when Mariano Ignacio Prado traveled to buy armaments in Panama, willingly giving up power to his vice president, who was promptly overthrown. A five day conference on the USS Lackawanna off the port of Arica attempted to resolve this conflict. The occupation of Antofagasta began this war, and it is sometimes named for a source of fertilizer, saltpeter. Bolivia lost its coastline on the title ocean in, for ten points, which 19th century war fought by Chile and Peru?

War of the Pacific

8) During this war, Sébastien Rale [[RAH-leh]] had a price put on his head by Massachusetts governor Joseph Dudley, who wrongly assumed he had led a raid in Maine. The expulsion of residents who were later dubbed "Cajuns" occurred during this war's American theater, known as "Queen Anne's War." The death of the childless Charles II, a member of the Habsburg family, led to this multi-continental war. The Treaty of Utrecht ended, for ten points, what early 18th century war which led to the rise of the Bourbon monarchy in Iberia?

War of the Spanish Succession

12) A commander in this war brought troops across the Pikysyry [[pee-KEE-see-REE]] River during a series of three victories at Ytororó [[ee-toh-ROH-roh]], Avay, and Lomas Valentinas that comprised the "Deed of December." This was the last war in which the Duke of Caxias [[kah-SHEE-us]] commanded troops in battle. During this war's climactic Battle of Cerro Corá, the dictator Francisco Solano López was killed. Up to 90% of the losing country's male population died in this war. For the point, name this late 1860s war in which Paraguay lost to Uruguay, Argentina, and Brazil.

War of the Triple Alliance

(5) Concerning the short-lived Qin Dynasty, name the...Chaotic period of Chinese history ended by the Qin reunification.

Warring States (or Zhànguó Shídài)

(4) One man with this surname started a magazine originally known as One Man's Opinion. Another man with this surname challenged Roy Cohn to produce a list of 130 names "before sundown." William F. Buckley insisted an organization founded by a man with this surname should be ousted to the fringes of conservatism. After Joseph McCarthy publicly named Fred Fisher, a lawyer with this surname asked him, "Have you no sense of decency?" For ten points, give this surname of lawyer Joseph N. and the right-wing founder of the John Birch Society, Robert.

Welch (accept Robert Henry Winborne Welch [Jr.]; or Joseph Nye Welch) BONUS: Among the founding members of the John Birch Society was the founder of what Wichita-based oil refinery-turned conglomerate which, by 2015, was the second-largest company in the U.S. under the leadership of his sons? Koch Industries, Inc. (accept Koch brothers; accept Fred C. Koch; accept Charles Koch; or David Koch)

5) A program named for this color in Australia supposedly helped end gambling dens in Pakapoo, later ending after the passing of the Migration Act. The Vestal Virgins wore robes of this color, which nicknames a period of political repression by the Taiwanese Kuomintang from 1947 until the 1990s. Though they criticized a movement named for this color, the Black Hundreds were part of that movement with liberals and Kerenskyites in Russia. The Red Bolsheviks were opposed by a faction named for, for ten points, what color?

White

1) News of this event was first reported by Jeff Gerth of the New York Times. A year later, documents pertaining to this event were removed by Bernard Nussbaum [[NUSS-bowm]] and given to Maggie Williams to place in a safe on the third floor of the White House. The first public investigation into this event was conducted by Kenneth Starr, who broadened the investigation to include the Monica Lewinsky affair. For the point, name this political controversy involving Arkansas real estate investments by Bill Clinton.

Whitewater controversy

(6) Concerning the late 19th and early 20th century politician William Jennings Bryan, name the...Midwestern author who followed him on the 1896 campaign trail while working for the Lincoln Courier.

Willa Cather (accept Wilella Sibert Cather)

(5) Concerning the Printing Press, name the...Merchant who introduced it to early modern England after moving from Bruges [[BROOZH]] to London.

William Caxton

8) This prime minister ordered British forces to bombard Alexandria in response to the 'Urabi [[oo-RAH-bee]] revolt. The Hawarden [[HAR-den]] Kite was an infamous news scoop that suggested this man supported Irish Home Rule. This leader attacked a prominent political rival over their response to the "Bulgarian Horrors" in his Midlothian campaign. For ten points, name this four-time Liberal British prime minister during the nineteenth century and rival of Benjamin Disraeli.

William Ewart Gladstone=

(7) This Justice wrote that the Constitution "did not enact Myrrdahl's American Dilemma" to argue that the Court should stay out of segregation cases. This Justice presided over state sodomy law cases, including Romer v. Evans, in which he typically issued (+) dissenting opinions. This Justice challenged Congressional extensions of the Commerce Clause in U.S. v. Lopez, breaking from his predecessor (*) Warren Burger. For ten points, name this Conservative Chief Justice who was appointed by Ronald Reagan and succeeded by John Roberts.

William Rehnquist (or William Hubbs Rehnquist)

9) This man's skillful turning maneuvers resulted in a decisive victory at Kennesaw Mountain, which Liddell Hart cited in calling this man the first "modern general." While leading the Division of the Mississippi, this man's Special Field Orders No. 15 resulted in the phrase "forty acres and a mule." In the wake of the Battle of Atlanta, this man's forces undertook the "March to the Sea" to the Confederate port of Savannah. The "scorched earth tactic" was utilized by, for ten points, which Union general during the Civil War?

William Tecumseh Sherman=

6) The conditions for the spread of this disease and a related protozoan infection were created by the establishment of sugar plantations according to J.R. McNeill's environmental history Mosquito Empires. Over five thousand people died of this disease during a 1793 outbreak in Philadelphia. William Gorgas's work in Cuba was extended by Walter Reed to treat this disease in the Panama Canal zone. For ten points, identify this tropical disease whose common name derives from the effect on skin pigment that it causes by inducing jaundice.

Yellow Fever

5) In this ecosystem, deaths attributed to the mountain pine beetle created ladder fuels that resulted in a 1988 wildfire. Drawings and paintings from the Hayden Expedition and the photographs of William Henry Jackson helped make the case for this place's status. The 4900 bison which live here comprise a namesake herd that is the largest in the United States. In March 1872, the first national park status was granted to, for ten points, what Wyoming-centered home of Old Faithful?

Yellowstone National Park=

*) Zheng He [[ZHEHNG HUH]], who extorted tribute from various Indian Ocean states. For ten points, name this Ming Emperor who moved the imperial capital to Beijing.

Yongle Emperor

(9) This author wrote essays on subjects like the "Glory Days of Medora" and "The American Adventure of Louis Agassiz" in his collection Brave Companions. This writer gained fame for his 1968 chronicle of the Johnstown Flood. An illustrated edition of a book by this man includes a recreation of a letter that George Washington penned to Martha about his commission. That book, a companion to his earlier biography of John Adams, focuses on the events at the start of the American Revolution. For ten points, name this historian who wrote 1776.

David McCullough (or David Gaub McCullough)

accept Queen Anne's War before mentioned) BONUS: In the European theatre of the war, the Duke of Marlborough was partnered with which French-born Austrian general who secured a major victory in the Siege of Turin?

Eugene of Savoy

10) A passive walkout-turned-uprising in one of these places in Vorkuta [[vor-KOO-tah]] occurred in response to a mass influx of Ukrainians and the arrest of the repressive NKVD head Lavrentiy Beria [[law-REN-tee BEH-ree-ah]]. The Khrushchev Thaw led to the rehabilitation of many prisoners held in these camps first created by Lenin during the Russian Civil War. Many of the political opponents of the Great Purge were sent to, for ten points, what Soviet forced labor camps prominent in the Stalinist period?

Gulags

6) This figure held 1960s jazz concerts in his backyard, including acts like Dave Brubeck and Dizzy Gillespie, to raise funds for the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. This founder of the Black-owned Freedom National Bank was defended by teammate Pee-Wee Reese by saying "You can hate a man for many reasons. Color is not one of them." The first Black man to break the color barrier in Major League Baseball was, for ten points, which Brooklyn Dodgers baseball player?

Jackie Robinson

2) This country's first president was Grégoire Kayibanda, who persecuted an ethnic group known for its cattle-herding. Under his successor, the RTLM radio station and Kangura magazine incited hatred towards that group in this country, referring to them as "tall trees" to be cut down. After its president's plane was shot down in 1994, this country suffered a series of massacres until Paul Kagame's [[kah-GAH-mehs]] "Patriotic Front" seized control of the government. For ten points, name this country where a genocide occurred against the Tutsi people.

Republic of Rwanda

(1) A leader of this organization once allegedly said, "We are not at war with the administration...just do the work." One CEO of this organization, who has chaired the Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation, is Fred Ryan. (+) During an interview with David Rubenstein, a leader of this organization spoke of the importance of scrutinizing public figures. After his work at The Boston Globe, Marty Baron became editor of this publication, which was purchased for $250 million by Jeff (*) Bezos of Amazon. For ten points, name this daily newspaper serving the D.C. metropolitan area.

The Washington Post (accept "WaPo"; prompt on the "Post")