History Chapter 15

All of the following were policies of Peter the Great except

isolating Russia from the ways and customs of western Europe.

Luther's reforms included all of the following except

clerical celibacy.

John Calvin's Protestant faith accepted the concept of

predestination

Bones or other objects intimately associated with the saints were called

relics

The final decrees of the Council of Trent included the statement that

salvation is by faith and works

Queen Elizabeth I

successfully survived the Spanish armada.

predestination

the belief, associated with Calvinism, that God, as a consequence of his foreknowledge of all events, has predetermined those who will be saved (the elect) and those who will be damned.

relics

the bones of Christian saints or objects intimately associated with saints that were considered worthy of veneration.

All of the following are correct about "mercantilism" except

the government should not be involved in economic activities.

new monarchies

the governments of France, England, and Spain at the end of the fifteenth century, where the rulers were successful in reestablishing or extending centralized royal authority, suppressing the nobility, controlling the church, and insisting upon the loyalty of all peoples living in their territories.

Arranged marriages were unique to Europe during early modern times.

False

Reformation

16th century, religious renaissance

the clergy

First Estate, whose preeminence was grounded in the belief that people should be guided to spiritual ends;

The artistic movement that sought to reconcile the classical ideals of Renaissance art with the spiritual feelings of the sixteenth-century religious revival was the

Baroque

Desiderius Erasmus

(1466-1536), formulated and popularized the reform program of Christian humanism. He called his conception of religion "the philosophy of Christ," by which he meant that Christianity should be a guiding philosophy for the direction of daily life rather than the system of dogmatic beliefs and practices that the medieval church seemed to stress. -"Erasmus laid the egg that Luther hatched."

Louis XIV's Palace of Versailles served which of the following functions?

-The location of the French government. -The personal residence of the king and the location of the French government. -The personal residence of the king. -Where nobles assembled, in part so that the king could keep watch over them and prevent challenges to his rule.

absolutism

-absolute monarchy a form of government where the sovereign power or ultimate authority rested in the hands of a monarch who claimed to rule by divine right and was therefore responsible only to God. -most evident in France during the flamboyant reign of Louis XIV -SEARCH FOR ORDER

Renaissance monarchs

-concentrated on royal authority, attempted to suppress the nobility, wanted to control the church in their lands, desired to obtain new revenue to increase royal power and enhance the military forces at their disposal. -were often crafty men obsessed with acquisition & expansion of political power.

Printing

-made an immediate impact on European intellectual life and thought. -1445 and 1450; Johannes Gutenberg of Mainz played an important role in bringing the process to completion. Gutenberg's Bible, completed in 1455 or 1456, was the first true book produced from movable type. -allowed European civilization to compete for the first time with the civilization of China.

Protestant Reformation

-the name given to the religious reform movement that divided the western Christian church into Catholic and Protestant groups. -the western European religious reform movement in the sixteenth century that divided Christianity into Catholic and Protestant groups. -BEGAN WITH MARTIN LUTHER

The Prince

-written by Niccolo Machiavelli -one of the most influential works on political power in the Western world. -major concerns were the acquisition, maintenance, and expansion of political power as the means to restore and maintain order.

Renaissance

15th century, revival of arts and letters -helped prepare the way for the dramatic upheavals in sixteenth-century Europe. -period marks a significant expansion of centralized royal authority.

After the Turks were defeated in 1687 all of Hungary, Transylvania, Croatia, and Slovenia came under Habsburg rule, thus establishing in southeastern Europe the

Austrian Empire.

In France, the Huguenots were allowed to practice their Protestant faith under the

Edict of Nantes

Philip II of Spain lost his armada during his campaign against

England

Although John Calvin was born in ____ he spent most of his public life in ____.

France / Switzerland

As the results of Louis XIV's wars,

France's economy declined.

The Peace of Westphalia proclaimed the peoples' freedom to determine their own religion in

Germany

Machiavelli's emphasis that the ends justify the means had been expressed earlier by

India's Kautilya

The first Russian ruler who took the title of tsar, who expanded the territories of Russia to the east, and who crushed the power of the nobility

Ivan IV.

As a result of the 1555 Peace of Augsburg,

Lutheranism became established as an alternative to Roman Catholicism in Germany.

The true nature of Thirty Years' War was

Lutherans and Catholics being free to determine their religion.

the nobility

Second Estate, whose privileges rested on the principle 383384 that nobles provided security and justice for society -by 1500 dominated society -advisers to the king

Which of the following was one of the most influential works on the acquisition and administration of political power?

The Prince

Catholics versus Protestants

The resulting religious division of Europe was instrumental in beginning a series of wars that dominated much of European history from 1560 to 1650 and exacerbated the economic and social crises that were besetting the region.

Ulrich Zwingli

This is my body, this is my blood" should be taken figuratively, not literally, and refused to accept 386387 Luther's insistence on the real presence of the body and blood of Christ "in, with, and under the bread and wine." -the sacrament of Communion -1531, war erupted between the Swiss Protestant and Catholic states. Zürich's army was routed -found wounded on the battlefield, killed, cut up, burned, and scattered the ashes. *****John Calvin*******

After the Council of Trent, the Catholic Church had a clear body of doctrine under the supremacy of the pope.

True

Although world-wide trade increased in seventeenth century, local, regional, and intra-European trade still predominated.

True

During England's Commonwealth era of the 1650s, Oliver Cromwell ruled as a military dictator.

True

Elisabeth I occupied the throne of England for nearly half a century.

True

The 16th and 17th centuries were when most European witch trials were conducted.

True

joint-stock company

a company or association that raises capital by selling shares to individuals who receive dividends on their investment while a board of directors runs the company.

divine-right monarchy

a monarchy based on the belief that monarchs receive their power directly from God and are responsible to no one except God.

Martin Luther (1483-1546)

a monk and a professor at the University of Wittenberg -lectured on the Bible—the assurance of salvation—that had disturbed him since his entry into the monastery. -believed human beings, weak and powerless in the sight of an almighty God, could never do enough good works to merit salvation. -came to believe that humans are saved not through their good works but through faith in the promises of God, made possible by the sacrifice of Jesus on the cross. This doctrine of salvation, or justification by grace through faith alone, became the primary doctrine of the Protestant Reformation -Bible became for Luther, as for all other Protestants, the chief guide to religious truth. -1517 issued a stunning indictment of the abuses in the sale of indulgences, known as the Ninety-Five Theses. -the church excommunicated him in January 1521. -Pamphlets containing picturesque woodcuts were important in the spread of Luther's ideas.

Catholic Reformation

a movement for the reform of the Catholic Church in the sixteenth century.

During the witchcraft mania of the sixteenth century, the person most likely to be accused of being a witch was

a peasant woman

Baroque

a style that dominated Western painting, sculpture, architecture, and music from about 1580 to 1730, generally characterized by elaborate ornamentation and dramatic effects. Important practitioners included Bernini, Rubens, Handel, and Bach.

limited (constitutional) monarchy

a system of government in which the monarch is limited by a representative assembly and by the duty to rule in accordance with the laws of the land.

Niccolò Machiavelli 1469-1527

an Italian who wrote The Prince (1513) -among the first Western thinkers to abandon morality as the basis for the analysis of political activity. -

mercantilism

an economic theory that held that a nation's prosperity depended on its supply of gold and silver and that the total volume of trade is unchangeable; therefore, advocated that the government play an active role in the economy by encouraging exports and discouraging imports, especially through the use of tariffs.

Christian humanism (northern Renaissance humanism)

an intellectual movement in northern Europe in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries that combined the interest in the classics of the Italian Renaissance with an interest in the sources of early Christianity, including the New Testament and the writings of the church fathers.

Christian humanism or northern Renaissance humanism

an intellectual movement in northern Europe in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries that combined the interest in the classics of the Italian Renaissance with an interest in the sources of early Christianity, including the New Testament and the writings of the church fathers. -major goal was the reform of Christendom. -Christian humanists-the ability of human beings to reason and improve themselves and thought that through education in the sources of Classical/Christian, antiquity, -To change society, then, they believed they must first change the human beings who composed it. -MOST INFLUENTIAL-Desiderius Erasmus

All of the following are correct about the Jesuits except

because he was directly inspired by God, Loyola's Jesuits were independent of the papacy.

All of the following were changes that occurred during the military revolution by the seventeenth century except

bronze cast weapons

The Glorious Revolution

brought constitutional monarchy to England

During the German peasant wars of the 1520s, Martin Luther

called for the German nobility to use any force necessary to subdue the uprising.

James I alienated England's Parliament because of his advocacy of

divine right of kings

John Calvin (1509-1564)

educated inFrance, converted to Protestantism -forced to flee to the safety of Switzerland. -1536 published the first edition of the Institutes of the Christian Religion -stood very close to Luther. -also placed much emphasis on the absolute sovereignty of God -"eternal decree," meant that God had predestined some people to be saved (the elect) and others to be damned (the reprobate).

Martin Luther believed that salvation was obtained through

faith

The Council of Trent took the position that

faith and good works were required for salvation.

Peter the Great was "great" for all of the following except

his defeat of the Bourbons at the Battle of the All Nations.

Baroque artists sought to harmonize the

ideals of Renaissance art with spiritual feelings of the religious reformations.

A document that provided remission of sins after death was called a(n)

indulgence

All of the following regarding the printing press are true except

it had little impact on European intellectual life.

Institutes of the Christian Religion

masterful synthesis of Protestant thought that immediately secured his reputation as one of the new leaders of Protestantism.

During the European witch trails

most of the victims were poor.

the Third Estate

the peasants and inhabitants of the towns and cities -in the heavily urban areas of northern Italy and Flanders, peasants made up the overwhelming mass of the Third Estate—they constituted 85 to 90 percent of the total European population. -originally merchants and artisans, constituted the remainder of the Third Estate. TOP patricians, petty burghers=the shopkeepers, artisans, guildmasters, and guildsmen; propertyless workers made up 30-40% of population

justification by faith

the primary doctrine of the Protestant Reformation; taught that humans are saved not through good works, but by the grace of God, bestowed freely through the sacrifice of Jesus.

indulgences

the remission of part or all of the temporal punishment in purgatory due to sin; granted for charitable contributions and other good deeds. Indulgences became a regular practice of the Christian church in the High Middle Ages, and their abuse was instrumental in sparking Luther's reform movement in the sixteenth century.

Puritans were all of the following except that

they admired the Catholic elements in the Church of England