History // Chapter 16 Section 5
In 1697, Peter set out to learn about Western ways for himself
- He spent hours walking the streets of Europeans cities, noting the manners and homes of the people - He visited factories and art galleries, learned anatomy from a doctor, and learned how to pull teeth from dentist
The Great Northern War
- In 1700 Peter began a long war against the kingdom of Sweden, which at the time dominated the Baltic region - Sweden, a force of only 8,000 men, defeated Russian army which was five times its size - Peter rebuilt his army, modeling it after European armies - In 1709 he defeated the Swedes and won territory along the Baltic Sea
What did Peter do to control the Church and nobles?
- Peter strengthened the military, expanded Russian borders, and centralize royal power - To achieve his ends, he brought all Russian institutions under control, including the Russian Orthodox Church - He forced also the haughty boyars, or landowning nobles, to serve the state in civilian or military positions
Boyar
a landowning noble
What did peasants have to say about Catherine's
- When peasants rebelled against the harsh burdens of serfdom, Catherine took firm action to repress them. - As a result, conditions grew worse for Russian peasants. Under Catherine, even more peasants were forced into serfdom.
Peter the Great's Legacy:
- When peter died in 1725 he left a mixed legacy - He expanded Russian territory, gained ports on the Baltic Sea and created a mighty army - He had also ended Russia's long period of isolation - From the 1700s on, Russia would be increasingly involved on the affairs of Western Europe
What are similarities between Peter and Catherine?
1. Like Peter the Great, Catherine embraced Western ideas and worked to bring Russia fully into European cultural and political life. 2. Catherine was also an absolute monarch, like other European rulers of the time, and often she was among the most ruthless. 3. Like Peter the Great, Catherine was determined to expand Russia's borders.
Peter was just_______ when he took the throne in 1682
10 years old
A German princess by birth, Catherine came to Russia at the age of ___ to wed the heir to the Russian throne. She learned Russian, embraced the Russian Orthodox faith, and won the loyalty of the people.
15 years old
Warm-water port
a port that is free of ice all year
After Peters death a new monarch _____________ gain control
Catherine the Great
What did Peter build on this new land he won from the Swedes?
He built the new capital, St. Petersburg
What did Peter build that was the largest in Europe at the time?
He created the largest standing army in Europe, built a world class army from scratch and set out to extend Russian borders to the west and south
What did he force the serfs to do on this new land?
He forced tens of thousands of serfs to drain the swamps. Many thousands died, but peter's plan for the city thrived
Where was St. Petersburg located?
He located the city on the Baltic coast, along the shores of Neva RIver
What was Peter impressed by in England?
He was impressed with the English Parliament
What did Peter becoming the most autocratic of Europe's absolute monarchs mean?
It ment that he ruled with unlimited authority
What was Catherine determined to do to make Russia greater?
Like Peter the Great, Catherine was determined to expand Russia's borders.
Waging the Russo-Turkish war against the ____________ gained her a warm-water port on the Black Sea in 1774.
Ottoman Empire
What did Peter demanded that boyars do in order to be more westernized?
Peter (stipulated) demanded that boyars shave their beards and forced them to replace the old-fashioned robes with Western-style clothes
What did Peter bring back to Russia from Western Europe?
Peter brought to Russia a group of technical experts, teachers, and soldiers he had recruited in Europe
What did Peter have to do to gain control of this powerful territory?
Peter had to push through the powerful Ottoman Empire. Peter was unable to beat the Ottomans and gain his warm-water port. But later Russian monarch Catherine the Great achieved that goal before the century ended
She also took steps to seize territory from neighboring ____________.
Poland
Under Peter, Russia signed a treaty with China that recognized ________________________________
Russia's claim to lands north of China and defined the empires common border
Catherine the Great
Russian empress as of 1762 who embraced Western ideas and ruled as an absolute monarch
Why did Peter seek a new water-port?
Russian seaports along the Arctic Ocean were frozen during the winter. To increase Russia's ability to trade with the West, Peter desperately wanted a warm-water port, that would be free all year round
Catherine took part of eastern Poland, where many ___________________ lived.
Russians and Ukrainians
"German quarter"
The Moscow neighborhood where many Danish, Scottish, English, and other foreign artisans and soldiers lived
What did Catherine impose on boyars?
She granted a charter to the boyars outlining important rights, such as exemption from taxes. She also allowed them to increase their stranglehold on the peasants.
What was St. Petersburg a symbol of?
St. Petersburg became a great symbol of Peter's effort to forge a modern Russia
What benefit did Russia receive from expanding their lands?
The expansion made Russia the largest country in the world
What did Peter hear about in the "German quarter"?
There he heard of the new technology that was helping Western European monarchs forge powerful empires
Where was The nearest warm-water port?
located along the Black-Sea
The divided Polish government was ill-prepared to stand up to the increasing might of its neighbors, Russia, Prussia, and Austria To avoid fighting one another, what did the three monarchs agreed in 1772 to do?
To avoid fighting one another, the three monarchs agreed in 1772 to partition, or divide up, Poland.
In 1762, a group of Russian army officers loyal to her deposed and murdered her mentally unstable husband, _____________. Whether or not Catherine was involved in the assassination is uncertain.
Tsar Peter III
Peter hired the Danish navigator ___________ to explore what became known as the Bering Strait between Siberia and Alaska
Vitus Bering
Peter the Great
a Russian tsar who took control of the government in 1689 and used his power to modernize Russia
Catherine was also an _____________, like Peter and other European rulers
absolute monarch,
St. Petersburg
capital city and major port that Peter the Great established in 1703
Where did Russian traders and raiders expand lands?
crossed the plains and rivers of Siberia, expanding the Russian empire to the east
Partition
divide up
Peter had no mercy for any who resisted the new order. When elites palace guards revolted, Peter had _________________________________________________________________________________________________________
had more than 1000 of the rebels tortured and executed and left the corpses outside of the palace walls for months
What did Peter do to celebrate The end of the practice of secluding upper-class women in separate quarters?
he held grand parties at which women and men were expected to dance together
What did Peter do to make the Russian nobles comply with the mixing of sexes in public?
he passed a law ensuring that nobles retained control over their lands (including the serfs on those lands)
Afters Peter's death, Russian traders built outposts where?
in Alaska and northern California - Few Russians moved east of the Ural Mountains at this time
Autocratic
ruling with unlimited authority
Under his rule, what spread in Russia but died in Western Europe?
serfdom
He forced some serfs to become _________________
soldiers or to work as laborers on roads, canals, and other governments projects
Westernization
the adoption of Western ideas, technology, and culture
T/F: Were some of Peters changes symbolic?
true ex: like returning from the west
He improved _______________ developed _________________ & backed _________________
waterways and canals mining and textile manufacturing new trading companies
