History Chapter 20

What were 3 underlying causes of the war?

1. Imperialism 2. Militarism 3. Nationalism

Explain the different types of equipment used in the war.

AVIATION: Germans used zeppelins, similar to blimps, to bomb Britain, but they were slow. Airplanes were then used to bomb targets, aerial reconnaissance, and attack enemy planes. Aerial battles were called "dogfights". Led to the invention of the machine gun. 1915 they were mounted on the plane. ACES: Pilots who shot down 5 or more enemy planes. Germany's top ace: Red Baron had 80 kills

Describe the struggle of Sgt. Alvin York and how he was awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor.

After his platoon has suffered heavy casualties and 3 other noncommissioned officers had become casualties, CPL, York assumed command. Fearlessly leading 7 men, he charged with great daring a machinegun nest which was pouring deadly and incessant fire upon his platoon. In this heroic feat, the machinegun nest was taken, together with 4 officers and 128 men and several guns.

Into what two alliances were the major European countries divided? Identify them.

Allied Powers: Britain, France, Russia, Italy, and later the US Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey

Name the significant Allied commanders.

General John. J Pershing Marshall Ferdinand Foch

Name the "Big Four" at the peace conference.

Georges Clemenceau of France David Lloyd George of Britain Vittorio Orlando of Italy Wilson

Describe 2 events that led America to go ahead and enter the war.

Germans put out warnings for Americans not to travel on British vessels. Germany upped its goal to cut off British trade and resumed Unrestricted Submarine Warfare and the US cut off diplomatic relations with Germany. March 1917, German foreign minister Arthur Zimmerman sent a telegram to the German minister in Mexico. The telegram said if war broke out between Germany and US, Germany would reward Mexico for going against the Americans and Germany would help the Mexicans regain Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. Britain intercepted the telegraph and let the US know of the German plot. The Americans were outraged. April 2, 1917, Wilson asked Congress for a declaration of war.

What event almost pushed us into war with Germany?

Germany blockaded the American trade with Britain and that made American officials very angry.

Explain how the war impacted Americans.

Led many Americans to lose hope and many became quite pessimistic. Christians lost hope: many families stopped praying together, church attendance dropped, and Christian morality was rejected. Said that the ideas of Darwin and other German theologians created the "German war machine"

What was America's official policy or stand at the beginning and most of the war?

Neutral

At the beginning of the war, how prepared were we for the war?

Not really prepared because they did not have enough ammo and they barely won.

Describe the Treaty of Versailles and the American responses to it.

Placed all blame on Germany and forced Germany to pay for its actions. It had to give up it overseas empire and some of its own land and resources. It had to allow foreign troops to remain, had to pay huge reparations to Britain and France. Wilson was to get the League of Nations added in.

What even was the last straw for America?

Satania was sunken and that was it so America declared war.

Explain the different countries different tactics of war.

TRENCH WARFARE: France, Britain, and Germany From the English Channel to the Rhine River. BRITISH: Developed the TANK- armored vehicle that could shoot while moving on caterpillar tracks and over rugged land. GERMANS: Unleashed a deadly weapon. CHEMICAL WARFARE: Shells loaded with chlorine gas or other gasses that hurt the soldiers' noses, throats, and lungs. Other poisonous gasses would make the armies temporarily helpless with the enemy attacked. Mustard gas was the most popular and 2 percent who came in contact died. Gas masks were developed at this time.

What were 3 new weapons introduced or (used widely for the first time) during the war?

Tanks Blimps Mustard gasses

What event sparked the outbreak of WWI?

The assassination of the Austrian archduke, Francis Ferdinand.

Explain the American action in WWI. (What was the nickname of the American troops)

The doughboys Germans were able to get Russia out of the fight which gave them one less enemy Germans helped get Lenin back to Russia after the Russians overthrew their czar. Because Russians were tired of the war they did whatever Lenin said and followed the communists into the Russian Revolution and Lenin pulled Russia out of the war. 1918 the Central Powers launched an offensive on the western front. Germans were falling apart hard battle in Amiens, France, ended up being named the black day of the German army because it was a hard battle. More and more American troops came and Allied morale was boosted. Americans attacked at the Argonne Forest and was nicknamed the meat grinder because of the barbed wire, steel, and concrete. Allies still won. Allied troops moved across France and took back lost lands. Paul von Hindenburg knew ll was lost and on November 11 Germany signed an agreement to stop fighting (armistice) 8 million killed, 20 million wounded The hope was that this was the 'war to end all wars" and the "war" to make the world safe for democracy.

Explain how the US financed the war effort.

US spent $24 BILLION and the Allies borrow $8 MILLION ¼ of the money came from new income tax and corporate taxes. The rest from bank loans and loan drives. The government raised money 4 times during the war having a "Liberty" and "Victory" loan drive: loan chairman would go door to door asking people to buy bonds.

What German warfare violated the rights of neutrality?

Unrestricted Warfare

Describe how America increased production for the war effort.

War Industries Board: the federal group that organized industrial production. The United States Railroad Administration: set rates and schedules, established shipping priorities so war material went out first and reached the ports. Fuel Administration: conserving fuel and directing the nation's use of the fuel. Food Administration: Monday- wheatless Tuesday- meatless Thursday- porkless. Raised own "victory garden" so troops had more food. War Labor Policies Board: to keep costs and wages under control. Committee on Public Information: it informs the public about what was happening in the war. Hated all things German.

Explain the reasons for the American increase in the interest of the war.

We had ties to Britain and France so we favored the allies. Most of our businessmen traded only with Allied countries.

Explain and describe the British and German policies that violate American neutrality.

Were influenced by Allied propaganda. Germany's treatment of other countries harmed its relationship with America. Britain and Germany's violations of America's neutral rights at sea. Britain blocked the ports of the North Sea to keep others from trading with Germany.

Name Wilson's plan for European (and world) peace and the provision he considered the most important.

Wilson's Fourteen Points A set of guidelines to help build peace. Emphasized a just peace and a postwar world in which war would be less likely. Most crucial point was Point 14: created the League of Nations which is an organization of cooperating nations that could talk over problems and settle them peacefully. He spoke of "peace without victory" to try and preserve Germany

Explain how the US transported supplies to Europe.

With convoys. Groups of ships They traveled with destroyers.