History Chapter 31: New Naitons Emerge

Mosaddeq

- 1945 - Iran's monarch Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi had Western backing but faced nationlist opponents at home - opponents led by Mohammad Mosaddeq - 1951 - Mosaddeq elected prime minister - he nationalized Western-owned oil industry - 1953 - US helped the shah oust Mosaddeq - outraged many Iranians - shah returned Iran's oil industry to Western control - US support helped the shah stay in power for the next 25 years

Benigno and Corazon Aquino

- 1946 - Philippines gained freedom peacefully after almost 50 years of American rule - Filipino constitution set up a democratic gov. but a wealthy elite controlled politics and the economy - for a time, gov. battled Huks (local Communists with strong peasant support - 1965 - Ferdinand Marcos elected president 0 he abandoned democracy and became a dictator - cracked down on basic freedoms and even had Benigno Aquino - (popular rival) - assassinated - 1986 - Marcos finally held elections - voters elected Corazon Aquino - (widow of the slain Benigno) - Marcos tried to deny the results but the people of Manila held demostrations that forced him to resign during the "people power" revolution - under Aquino and her successors - fragile democracy struggled to survive - 1990s - economy grew but then slowed and poverty persisted

Bangladesh

- 1947 - Pakistan gained independence - but it was divided: Western Pakistan and East Pakistan on opposite sides of India - W. Pakistan tended to dominate the gov. even though E. Pakistan had a larger population - gov. concentrated most economic development programs in W. Pakistan while E. Pakistan remained in poverty - most E. Pakistanis were Bengalis; W. Pakistanis came from other ethnic groups - many Bengalis resented central gov.'s neglect of their region - 1971 - Bengalis declared independence for E. Pakistan under the new name Bangladesh, or "Bengali Nation" - Pakistan's military ruler ordered the army to crush the rebels - India supported rebels by attacking and defeating the Pakistani army in Bangladesh - Pakistan eventually had to recognize Bangladesh's independence -

Jawaharlal Nehru

- 1947-1964 - Jawaharlal Nehru - (India's first prime minister) ruled - one of his 1st priorities was to strengthen India's economy - but rapid population growth hurt Nehru's efforts to improve living conditions - gov. encouraged familiy planning to reduce the birthrate - 1947 - India's new constitution banned discrimination against dalits (outcasts) - Nehru's gov. also set aside jobs and places in universities for them - 1964 - died in office

Aung San Suu Kyi

- 1948 - Britain granted independence to former colony Burma - 1989 - renamed Myanmar - Burmans dominate other ethnic groups; military gov. limited foreign trade and living standards remain low - 1990 - foreign pressure led to elections - party opposed to the military rule won - led by Aung San Suu Kyi - (daughter of the man who helped Burma win independence) - military rejected the election results and jailed, killed, or exiled many opponents - Suu Kyi held under house arrest - 1995 - she won the Nobel Peace Prize for her "nonviolent struggle for democracy and human rights" - but she remained a prisoner in her own country

kibbutz

- 1948 - Jews proclaimed the independent State of Israel - Jews developed rapidly in Israel - Kibbutzim produced crops for export - kibbutz - (collective farm)

Gamal Abdel Nasser

- 1952 - Gamal Abdel Nasser seized power in Egypt - determined to modernize Egypt and stop Western domination - 1956 - nationalized the Suez Canal - Nasser's Arab nationalism made him popular in the Arab world - he led 2 unsuccessful wars against Israel - to counter US support for Israel - Egypt relied on Soviet aid

Indira Gandhi

- 1966 - Congress Party elected Nehru's daughter, Indira Gandhi, as prime minister - in India and many other countries - women traditionally faced discrimination - her rise to power marked a great advance for Indian women - Gandhi's leadership proved to world that women could hold powerful positions - 1984 - Gandhi's Sikh bodyguards assassinated her

East Timor

- 1975 - Indonesia seized East Timor - (former Portuguese colony) from Portugal - but most East Timorese wanted independence - for years - gov. battle mostly Catholic East Timorese - 2002 - East Timor finally won independence from Indonesia - very poor - struggled to meet people's needs for jobs and decent living standards

theocracy

- 1979 - massive protest finally drove the Iranian shah into exile - Khomeini returned to Iran and his supporter proclaimed an Islamic republic - the new gov. was a theocracy - (gov. ruled by religious leaders - replaced secular courts with religious ones sand abolished women's rights - also brutalized opponents just like the shah before - gov. allowed Islamists to seize US embassy in 1979 - held 52 hostages for 1 year+

founding of Israel

- Britain supported a Jewish national homeland in Palestine - horrific experience of the Holocaust added to worldwide support for a Jewish homeland - many Jews migrated to Palestine after WWII - 1947 - UN drew up a plan to divide Palestine into an Arab and a Jewish state - Jews accepted the plan but Arabs wanted all of Palestine - 1948 - Britain withdrew from Palestine - Jews then proclaimed the independent State of Israel - within a year David Ben-Gurion became prime minister - Arab states launched the first of several wars against Israel but were defeated - Israel developed rapidly - attracted Jews from Europe, US, S.U, and Africa as well from other Middle Eastern lands

Kwame Nkrumah

- British colony of Gold Coast was the 1st African nation south of the Sahara to win freedom - 1940s - Kwame Nkrumah organized a movement for independence from Britain - 1957 - Gold Coast finally won independence - took the name Ghana after the ancient West African kingdom - as president - Nkrumah advocated socialism and nationalized (placed under gov. control) many businesses - gov. built a massive dam for eletric power that created Lake Volta (world's largest artificial lake) but left Ghana with massive debts - Nkrumah's gov. gradually became more dictatorial and corrupt - 1966 - overthrown by the first of several military coups in Ghana

Mobutu Sese Seko

- Democratic Republic of Congo was a former Belgian colony - contains valuable natural resources, including diamonds and the copper of Katanga province - 1960 - Belgium declared Congo independent even though the Congolese weren't prepared for self-gov. - this enabled Belgain mining compaines to retain control of Katanga - Katanga rebelled against the Congo shortly after independence - Congo's 1st prime minister Patrice Lumuma appealed for Soviet help to fight rebels - US saw this as a Cold War challenge - so they supported Lumumba's rival, Colonel Joseph Mobutu - (later known as Mobutu Sese Seko) - Mobutu captured Lumumba and Lumumba was executed shortly after - 1963 - UN ended the Katanga rebellion - 1965 - Mobutu overthrew Congo's gov. a ruled as a military dictator - Mobutu's harsh and corrupt rule let Congo's poverty and instability fester - 1997 - he was finally driven into exile by a rebellion - civil war ravaged Congo for 6 years - 2003 - ceaseire brought uneasy peace

Sukarno

- Dutch tried to regain power in Indonesia (formerly the Dutch East Indies) after WWII - but they gave up after Indonesia declared independence in 1949 - in first years after independence - Indonesia formed a democratic, parliamentary gov. under its 1st president Sukarno - 1965 - group of army officer attempted to seize power - army general Suharto blocked them, but in following year he himself seized power from Sukarno - Suharto ruled next 3 decades as a dictator

Suez Canal

- Egypt's location is strategically important because it shares a long border with Israel and controls the Suez Canal - (links Europe with Asia and East Africa - 1956 - Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal - ended British and French domination - Britain and France responded militarily but US and S.U. forced them to withdraw

Jomo Kenyatta

- Kenya's freedom only came after an armed struggle - Kenyatta born in a small Kikuyu village - white settlers had taken over land in the fertile highlands where they displaced African farmers - most of those African farmers were Kikuyu (Kenya's largest ethnic group) - white settlers passed laws to ensure their domination - Kenyatta moved to Nairobi and became a leader in the nationalist cause - supported nonviolent methods to end oppressive laws - 1950s - more radical leaders turned to guerrilla warfare - burns farms and attacked settlers and Africans who worked with the colonial rulers - British called them the Mau Mau - Kenyatta eventually elected president of the Kenya Africa Union - 1952 - to stop the violence, British arrest Kenyatta and killed thousands and Kikuyu - 1961 - Kenyatta released - resumed leadership of the independence movement - December 1963 - Kenya finally got independence - 1964 - became Kenya 1st president - Kenyatta jailed opponents and outlawed oppostition parties - ruled 15 years - Kenya enjoyed political stability and economic advances - Oct. 20 is celebrated as Kenyatta Day for the day Kenyatta was arrested

OPEC

- Middle East commands vital oil resources - nations with the most oil reserves are Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, and the United Arab Emirates (U.A.E.) - impt. to US and other powers - nations are all members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) - OPEC founded in 1960 - 1973 - OPEC's Arab members blocked oil shipments to US to protest US support for Israel - oil embargo contributed to a worldwide recession - since 1970s - OPEC has focused on regulating price of oil rather than taking political stands

nonalignment

- by 1930s - nationalist movements start in European colonies across Africa, Asia, and the Middle East - 1955 - India and Pakistan helped organize a conference of newly independent state in Bandung, Indonesia - gathered to condemn colonialism and Cold War expansion by Western powers and the S.U. - conference marked the birth of the doctrine of nonalignment - (political and diplomatic independence from both Cold War superpowers) - 1961 - Nonaligned Movement had its 1st formal meeting in Yugoslavia - India was one of the leaders - most of members were Asian, African, and Latin American nations - rejected both the Western allies (First World) and the Soviet alliance (Second World) - Nonaligned Movement seen as the voice of a "Third World" of countries belonging to neither Cold War alliance

hejab

- conditions for women vary in the modern Middle East - most won equality before the law - some women entered professions like law and medicine - in Turkey, Syria, and Egypt, many urban women gave up hejab - (wearing the traditional Muslim headscarves and loose-fitting, ankle-length garments meant to conceal - but - religiously conservative Saudi Arabia and Iran require women to wear hejab - in Saudi Arabia - women aren't allowed to drive - in many Islamic countries - girls are less likely to attend school than boys because of a traditional belief that girls don't need an education for their expected role of wives and mothers - Muslim women have begun to challenge this belief

Kashmir

- following independence - India and Pakistan fought a war over Kashmir - (state in the Himalayas with Muslim and Hindu populations) - Hindu ruler sought to join India even though much of the state's Muslim majority wanted to be part of Pakistan - 1949 - India and Pakistan agreed to stop fighting - 1965 - Pakistand and India fought another war over Kashmir and have had several brief clashes since - Muslim Kashmiri separatists supported by Pakistani militants have fought Indian troops - Indian troops have in turn attacked Muslim Kashmiris

Sikhs

- lots of religious tension between Hindus and Muslims - Hindus and Sikhs - (members of Indian religious minority) slaughtered Muslisms fleeing into Pakistan - some Indian Sikhs wanted independence for the prosperous and largely Sikh state of Punjab - 1984 - armed Sikh separatists took dramatic action - occupied the Golden Temple - (Sikh religion's holiest shrine) - when talks failed to oust them - Indira Gandhi sent troops - hundreds of Sikhs died in the fighting and the Golden Temple complex was damaged

Ayatollah Khomeini

- to strengthen Iran and quiet unrest - the shah used oil wealth to build industries - also redistributed land from wealthy landlords and religious institutions to peasants and extended new rights to women - landowners, merchants, students, and Islamic clergy opposed the shah - the shah's secret police terrorrized critics and drove many into exile - 1970s - shah's foes rallied behind one of the exiles, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini - (a religious leader) - he condemned Western influences and accused the shah of violating Islamic law - 1979 - massive protests finally drove the shah into exile - Khomeini returned to Iran - his supporters proclaimed an Islamic republic

secular/Islamists

secular: - some Middle Eastern nations adopted Western forms of secular - (nonreligious) gov. and law - keeping religion and gov. separate - many Middle Eastern leaders also adopted Western economic models in a quest for progress - people wore Western clothes, watch US TV, and bought foreign products - but life improved little for many people Islamists: - by 1970s - some Muslim leaders calling for return to Sharia (Islamic law) - these Islamists - (conservative reformers) - blame social and economic ills on the following of Western models - Islamists argue that a renewed commitment to Islamic doctrine is the only way to solve problems - the Islamist movement appeals to many Muslims - some used violence to pursue their goals - but many Muslims opposed the extremism of Islamists