History Exam 3

When the Erie Canal was completed how much did it lower the costs of shipping a ton of wheat from Buffalo to NYC?

$100-$10

What were the two economic reasons the tariff of 1828 rankled South Carolina?

- Economically Punitive: they wanted free trade and tariffs increased the price for manufactured Imports and reduce Exports of cotton. - Enter a wedge for the later federal interference with slavery in the southern states.

Henry Clay and his supporters decided to play a political football game and proposed the Bank of the United States re-charter four years earlier, what was there reasoning? How did Henry Clay miscalculate?

- If Jackson signed it, he would lose his western supporters. If he vetoed it, he might lose presidency for forthcoming election by alienation of wealthy and influential groups in the east. - miscalculated because the presidents veto made good sense to common folk even though the elite didn't like it.

What happened at the battle of Antietam? What was the key to the battle? What did the battle serve as a spring board?

- Lee took daring move in Maryland. - the key was the North was able to get Lee's battle plans. -After North drove out South, Lincoln launched the Emancipation Proclamation ----->slaves in south were free

Explain fully the innovations in communications and journalism that took place from 1830 to 1861. How did it impact society?

- The magnetic telegraph, reduced time for communication between 2 points. -steam cylinder rotary press: made printing cheaper and quicker

What were the five reasons why the South left the Union?

- They were completely dismayed with the success of the Republican party - They believed that the North would not oppose their departure. - The political balance in the House of Representatives and the senate were tipping against them. - They believe northern manufacturing and banking, so heavily dependent on cotton and southern markets would not dare cut their own economic throats. But war, the immense debt owed to northern creditors by the should south would be repudiated, as it was later. - worldwide nationalism taking place in Italy, Germany, Poland and elsewhere. Why not the south?

What were the charges Andrew Jackson made against the Bank of the United States?

- Unconsitutional - too much power over the economy

Name the innovations created in the election of 1832

- a third party was formed called "Anti-Masons" They opposed the fearsome secrecy of Masonic order - calling of national nomination conventions to name candidates - adopted formal platforms---publicizing their positions on the issues

What happened at Bull Run? How did it effect the North? The South? Explain fully.

- badly trained Union troops went to fight a small confederate army - elite came to event - Union was winning but "Stonewall Jackson" came and Union supporters ran and so did the troops. - Confederate troops were too exhausted so didn't pursue. -North: reality check, lack of discipline South: became over confident, enlistments dropped and prep slacked.

What were the advantages of having the bordering states?

- consisted of 1/2 of the white populaltion of the South - 2x the manufactoring capacity of the South - had a large amount of mules and hourses - the strategic prize of the Ohio Rivers

What were the three reasons why toll roads were not profitable?

- dishonest gatekeepers - local people avoided them - freight carriers would not use them, the cost was extreme over great distances

Trunk Lines

- effected sectional alignments. Meant consolidating short lines into longer lines

What were the three sources of funds for the building of the Eerie Canal?

- government bonds - earmarked taxes - tolls

What advantages did the Northerners have? What were their chances?

- had huge farms - 3/4 nations wealth and railroads - controlled sea - huge manpower -concept of union fought for "will and resolution"

Name and explain some of the Yankee advantages.

- huge farms that included 3/4 of nations wealth and RR. - traded huge quanitities of grain to Europe - idea of "union

What was the major importance of the North winning at Vicksburg?

- it reopened the northern miss for trade - helped to quell northern agitation -cut off supply of goods from southern states

For all the Bank of the United States faults name some of the strengths of the bank?

- it was a sound organization - it was the only national financial institution of its time in American history - much better option than the fly by night banks - promoted economic expansion by making credit and sound currency reasonably abundant. - was the bank of the federal government

Explain some of the Confederate assets in their ability to win the war. What were their chances? What were some of their intangibles?

- needed less troops -South was large - wanted to discourage the invader and win independence! - fight for "independence and self determination" -had superior military officers - Southern men were a fighting breed Intangibles: -If the border line states seceded - If a wave of Northern defeatism demanded an armistice - If England/France were more successful in breaking the blockade.

What were the three biggest problems with early railroads?

- no universal gauge width - scheduling was erratic - wrecks/accidents

Ulysses S. Grant

- participated in the Mexican War and developed a drinking problem - had great success in Tenn. and conqured two forts New Orleans was also captured and the Missouri river was under Union control and opened up for northern trade and helped to quell Northern peach agitation - these victories lead to the invasion of Georgia - Grant was rewarded by being made general in chief

What were the three reasons why railroads increased distribution?

- provide year round service - more speed - more flexibility - even bigger loading capacity

Andrew Jackson based his veto of the recharter bill for the Bank of the United States on what grounds?

- unconstitutional and the bill was harmful to the nation. anti western - financed by the brits controlled by the elites

Who were the four candidates in the 1860 election?

-Abraham Lincoln - John Breckinridge - John Bell - Stephen Douglas

What were the five border lining states? What were the four reasons why they were extremely important?

-Maryland, Kentucky, West Virginia, Missouri and Delaware - consisted of 1/2 of the white population of South - 2x the manufacturing capacity of South - had large amount of mules and horses - the strategic prize of the Ohio River

What were the two capitals of the confederacy?

-Richmond, Virginia - Montgomery, Alabama

What other two inventions helped communication during this time?

-Steam cylinder rotary press - adoption of paper

What were the three important things the development of the Steamboat did?

-did cheapen the supply costs - carrying capacity increased - developed passenger traffic

What were the five reasons given in class for the South leaving the Union?

-dismayed by the success of the Republican party - believed that the North would not oppose their departure - the political balance in House of Representatives and the senate were tipping against them - they believed the Northern manufacturing and banking, so heavily dependent on cotton and southern markets, would not dare cut their economic throats. But should war come, the immense debt owed to northern creditors by the South would be repudiated, as it later was. - worldwide nationalism taking place in Italy, Germany, Poland and elsewhere. Why not the South?

George B. McClellan

-given command of the "Army of the Potomac" - a huge force near Washington - "dubbed young napolean" - seen plenty of fighting in the Mexican War - superb organizer/drillmaster but too cautious and would not attack - believed the enemy would always outnumber him

Name the fiver border lining states.

-maryland -kentucky - west virginia - missouri - deleware

What were the four reasons why England didn't break the Union blockade?

-oversupplied of fiber in 1861 when the fighting started. A real shortage did not exist until 18 months later. - Cotton growers of Egypt and India responded to the higher demand and prices - union armies penetrated the south, captured or brought cotton supplies and sold them to England - england suffered bad grain harvests in the same period and grain proved to be more potent than cotton. In addition, the north was blessed with good weather

What were the greatest weaknesses of the South during the Civil War?

-poor infrastructure and their economy

What was Lincoln's dilemma?

-sent troops: South Carolina would fight back! - did nothing: a sign of weakness!

The Nullification Crisis erupted because of what?

Because South Carolina wanted to nullify the tariff within their borders.

Who was the Indian leader who resisted eviction in Illinois and Wisconsin?

Black Hawk

What were the three Indian tribes President Jackson uprooted in the states of Georgia, Alabama and Mississippi?

Cherokee, Choctaw and Creek

Who were the two candidates in the 1832 election?

Clay and Jackson

Where were the first shots of the civil war fired?

Fort Sumter

What were the two major battles of the Civil War fought on Union soil?

Gettysburg and Antietam

Why did Andrew Jackson support the removal of Native Americans from the eastern states?

He declined the Cherokee autonomy and asserted state rights over Indian rights

What was the costliest Indian conflict? Who was the leader?

In Florida, Seminole Indians led by Osceola, fighting with runaway slaves for seven years in a bitter guerilla war

Who was known as the "Tippy Toe Unionist"?

James Buchanan

How did President Lincoln handle the Fort Sumter situation?

Lincoln called the states for 75,000 militiamen and volunteers came in enthusiatic numbers.

What were the three main products going east on the canal and what were the five products going west on the Canal?

Lumber Grain Wheat were all going East. Textiles, leather goods, machinery, hardware and other imported goods when West.

Who was the elite aritstocrat who ran the Bank of the United States?

Nick Biddle

How long did it take for the Erie Canal to pay for itself?

Nine years

In it's fight against the Tariff of 1828, did South Carolina receive support for the southern states?

No

Was there a clear cut winner in the Nullification Crisis?

No but did end up lowering the tariffs and South Carolinians rejoiced

During the Turnpike era, what state built the most intercity toll roads in miles?

Pennsylvania

What were some ways in which early railroads were financed?

Private: Stocks, bonds, personal finance Public: State, county,city and towns, federal government

Who had superior military officers at the start of the Civil War?

Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson

How did the South Carolina state legislature react?

SC state legislature declared the federal tariff "null and void" - Also called for military preparations and threaten to leave the union

Who invented it?

Samuel B. Morse

What was the first state to leave the Union?

South Carolina

Technology Transfer

The RR was invented in England and then transferred to the US

What was the most important innovation in the communication before the Civil War?

The magnetic telegraph

What company consolidated all the lines and became one company?

Western Union

Where did he send them?

beyond Mississippi

What was General William Sherman's style of warfare? Why did he have that style?

brutal methods, a shorter war that saved lifes

Robert E. Lee decided to invade the North through Pennsylvania. Why?

deliver a decisive blow that would strengthen the northern peace movement

What was the South's greatest weakness?

economy

What was one of the most important reasons why the North won at the battle of Antietam?

emancipation proclamation

To realize its independence, the Confederacy had to ______?

fight for independence and self determination

What happened to General McClellan after the battle at Antietam?

given a less active command

Even though the South was a large farm, why did food shortages exist all the time?

poor infrastructure and a big distribution problem

In the beginning of the Civil War, President Lincoln favored ______?

quick military action to show the folly of succession

How did it affect the relationship between the North and South?

reinforce the division between North and South because of the lines of communication mostly was in the North.

What was the first giant industry in the United States?

the RR

Who wont the battle at Bull Run? Did it help their cause?

the confederacy no the became overconfident

William Sherman

the conquest of georgia was entrusted by him

What was the result of the Confederate Victory in the Peninsula campaign?

the union turned to a strategy of total war

What mistakes did George McClellan make?

to cautious and would not attack, consistently beleiveing the enemy outnumbered him

What was the first great federal transportation project?

toll roads or turnpikes

What was the key to the battle at Antietam?

was able to get Lee's battle plan.

Northern soldiers eventually become known for their _________and _________?

will and resolution