History Final

What was the main focus of the new Republican Party?

halting the spread of slavery

Explain the motivations of the English in settling the Americas. Give three explanations from class.

1) population pressure within the British Isles. 2) Protestant and Catholic rivalries in Europe. 3)The desire to profit from commodities in the New World

How does your professor define slavery?

A condition in which one person is owned by another.

Why was Powhatan's Confederacy unique in the eastern woodlands, according to Axtell?

A native monarchy was unusual, most leaders relied upon consensus because they lacked jails, and Indians on the coast were notorious individuals who tolerated only minimalist intervention in their lives.

What was the protestant reformation?

A schism within the Roman Catholic Church between protesting clergy and the traditional papacy based in Rome.

According to McPherson, what factors made American Civil War soldiers more ideological than other soldiers in other wars?

A) American Civil War soldiers were the most literate army in history up to that time. B) Most soldiers were volunteers and citizens, rather than draftees, mercenaries, or long-term regulars. A) American soldiers came from the world's most politicized and democratic society at the time.

Cultural change in the Early Republic included which of the following?

A) Focus on wealth, (rather than birth) as marker of status. B) Celebration of equality of freemen C) Celebration of ambition and humble origins.

Douglass wrote that learning to read was the "pathway from slavery to freedom." How did his literacy help him challenge his slavery?

A) Recognizing that his master and mistress were afraid of his learning to read, Douglass dedicated himself to literacy. B) He read authors opposed to the institution of slavery that inspired him.

What was the purpose of the Declaration of Independence, according to your textbook?

A) The Continental Congress passed the Declaration in the hopes of winning support of France and Spain. B) The Continental Congress included a long list of grievances justifying colonists' independence. C) The Declaration asserted that "just" nations must be ruled by the "consent of the governed."

What were some of the changes in manufacturing brought about by the First Industrial Revolution?

A) The Master and Apprentice relationship was replaced with the Foreman and Employee relationship of industrial manufacturing. B) The Task System was replaced by the wage labor system. C) Skilled labor was replaced by non-skilled labor.

According to the filmmaker of We Shall Remain - Tecumseh's Vision, why was the outcome of the American Revolution "cataclysmic" for the Shawnee?

A) The Shawnee had fought valiantly on the side of the British without losing a battle, only to learn the British had surrendered. B) In the Treaty of Paris, the British transferred all Shawnee lands to the United States. C) The end of the Revolution began a new 30 year struggle as Indians resisted American expansion into the Old Northwest, between the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers.

How did the cotton gin influence southern agriculture

A) The cotton gin easily separated seeds from cotton fibers, making cotton agriculture more profitable. B) Slave owners purchased more slaves to grow cotton, because the cotton gin made cotton crops easier to produce for profit.

What were the fears of the Anti-Federalists concerning a national government?

A) The fear of a wealthy merchant class ruling the national government. B) The fear of a standing national army. C) The fear of too much executive authority. D) The fear of a taxing power of a national government.

What were the characteristics of the Federalists?

A) They were generally supported by merchants and farmers in and around eastern towns. B) Federalists wanted a new national infrastructure. C) Federalists generally opposed universal suffrage.

According to Madison's notes from the Constitutional Convention in 1787, what TWO reasons did delegates Roger Sherman [Conn.] and Elbridge Gerry [Mass.] give for their opposition to the popular election of representatives to a "National Legislature?"

An elected legislature would easily be corrupted by wealthy merchants who could buy votes.

Historian Gordon Wood explains that Washington's surrender of his sword to Congress in 1783 was an event that electrified the world. Why?

Because few leaders who had won a revolution and a war had ever surrendered power.

Historians typically describe American soldiers in World War II and Vietnam as less ideological, fighting in solidarity with one's comrades rater than for a cause. According to Brigadier General S. L. A. Marshall "Men do not fight for a cause but because they do not want to let their comrades down" [McPherson, 3]. McPherson argues American Civil War soldiers were different. Which of the following best explains McPherson's argument?

Civil War soldiers were intensely aware of the issues at stake in the Civil War and passionately concerned about them.

How did Confederate soldiers compare the Civil War to the American Revolution, according to McPherson?

Confederate soldiers said they were fighting for the cause of American liberty and southern freedom.

Daniel Shays of Massachusetts and his allies represented which group of Americans in 1786?

Debtors

Explain the limits of the Emancipation Proclamation.

Despite that expansive wording, the Emancipation Proclamation was limited in many ways. It applied only to states that had seceded from the Union, leaving slavery untouched in the loyal border states. It also expressly exempted parts of the Confederacy that had already come under Northern control.

What was the significance of Lord Dunmore's Proclamation.

Dunmore's Proclamation offered freedom to indentured servants and slaves of Rebels who would fight for their governor and King George III.

Why did western Europeans stop enslaving each other during the Middle Ages? Give two reasons

Enslaving other Christians was a crime and Western Europeans adopted a system of serfdom that replaced slavery.

According to your professor, what were the reasons that the Federalist Party came to an end?

Federalist victory in the election of 1800 encouraged Hamilton toward excess.

Who were the main combatants in the French and Indian War?

Great Britain and France and their Indian allies

Anderson writes "No man was harder pressed by these developments than King Philip" (618). How did conflicts over livestock threaten King Philip as Sachem of his people?

He had tried to protect his people and preserve their independence, Englishmen from 3 colonies continued to trespass and ignored King Phillips complaints, and King Phillips own role was threatened by Englishmen refusing to acknowledge his complaints.

Why is history often contentious?

Historians interpret evidence from the past to understand how people have changed over time.

In 1820s America, race replaced property qualifications as the criterion for voting rights. American democracy had a decidedly racist orientation; a white majority limited the rights of black minorities. Give some historical examples that illustrate this point.

In 1777, the New York State Constitution allowed black men to vote. In 1822, New York passed a law that "men of color" had to possess property of $250 or more to vote. New Jersey explicitly limited the right to vote to white men only. By the 1820s, New York led the rest of the states by allowing more than 80% of the white male population to vote, even as the state passed laws restricting the voting rights of "men of color." In 1814, Connecticut passes a law restricting voting to white men only

What were the motivations of President Lincoln in passing the Emancipation Proclamation?

In a display of his political genius, President Lincoln shrewdly justified the Emancipation Proclamation as a "fit and necessary war measure" in order to cripple the Confederacy's use of slaves in the war effort.

According to Virginia Anderson, how did English livestock threaten traditional American Indian life in New England?

Indians didn't have a tradition of domesticated animals so they didn't know if men or women controlled them, Indians struggled with the idea of property in animals because animals have spirits, and English livestock encroached on native lands and destroyed crops.

Explain the significance of the King's Proclamation Line of 1763?

It forbid most British settlement west of the Alps, inspiring colonists resentment towards the King o=for siding with Native Americans.

What made the eastern woodlands culture distinct?

Low density populations organized around village bonds, the region has 4 seasons, and young people celebrated a masculine culture of war.

To balance votes in the Senate, ________ was admitted to the Union as a free state at the same time that Missouri was admitted as a slave state?

Maine

What was the first colony on the British American mainland to recognize slavery as a legal institution, according to the filmmaker of Africans in America?

Massachusetts

Explain the debate over Missouri statehood that led to the Missouri Compromise?

Northern members of the House of Representatives did not want "slave" states in the south to outnumber "free" states in the north, so Representative Tallmadge (N.Y.) proposed an amendment restricting slavery in Missouri as a condition of statehood.

Axtell writes "what became the United States began in Virginia as a fierce clash of empires." What were those two Empires?

Powhatan and English

Explain three ways in which black men and women openly challenged the institution of slavery during the American Revolution.

Slaves petitioned colonial legislatures for their right to freedom, Enslaved men and women volunteered to fight for their freedom in both American Continental and British Armies, and they escaped to set up new settlements in Nova Scotia, Trinidad, and Africa.

Which European country established the first colony in the Americas with the arrival of Columbus?

Spain

In 1778, what was Britain's Ministers new "southern strategy" in the American Revolution?

The British hope to send an army to knock out the Patriot forces in the South. The British could then raise Loyalist militias to support the British cause in the colonies.

What was the Anti-Federalist's strongest complaint against the Constitution, according to the filmmaker of Liberty! The American Revolution?

The Constitution lacked a Bill of Rights, protecting the rights of individuals.

What was the significance of the Continental Army's surprise victory over the British military at Saratoga?

The Continental Army's victory convinced the French Empire to join the American colonies in an alliance, changing the Revolution to a World War.

How did the Emancipation Proclamation change the meaning of the American Civil War for northern soldiers?

The Emancipation Proclamation changed the meaning of the Civil War for northern soldiers because it proved that slavery wasn't the only reason that the northerners fought. They were fighting to also reunite the country. For example, he says "The Northern definition of liberty was the preservation of the Union"(McPherson). I think the Northern states were tired of fighting their friends or even family from the South because of a disagreement.

Virginia's George Mason argued for a popularly elected chamber of government. What were his reasons for supporting the National Legislature (which is today's House of Representatives in Congress)?

The National Legislature would better represent the small states against the larger states in a national republic.

Most of the founding leaders of the U.S. believed slavery would slowly disappear in the U.S. after ratification of the Constitution. According to your professor, why did slavery expand across the southern U.S. after the 1790s

The cotton gin and water powered mill made slavery more profitable and U.S. expansion into western territories created new demanded for slave labor.

In American history, to what does the term "Reconstruction" refer?

The period between the end of the Civil War (1865) and the inauguration of Republican Rutherford B. Hayes to President (1877), in which the national government attempted to reform and reconstruct the southern states.

What was the Reconquista?

The reconnect of Portugal and Spain by Catholic Christians overthrowing Muslim Kingdoms.

To what does the term "Restoration" refer in British Colonial History?

The restoration of Charles II to the English throne.

What is history, according to your professor?

The study of the recorded past. The study of human change and continuity over time.

What were two inventions that hastened the divergence between the northern and southern economies in the 1790s, according to your professor

The water mill and the cotton gin.

What was the most lucrative product of the Chesapeake colonies?

Tobacco

Douglass wrote that at "7 or 8" years old he was selected by his master to go live with the Auld family in Baltimore. His new mistress Sophia Auld had never owned slaves and when Douglass first saw her, "her face was made of heavenly smiles, and her voice of tranquil music." How did becoming a slave master change Mrs. Auld

Under the influence of being a slave owner, "her tender heart became a stone, and the lamblike disposition gave way to one like tiger fierceness." She watched Douglass warily for any attempt to learn to read.

What were the concerns of President Washington in his Farewell Address of 1796?

Washington warned that "factions" and the "Spirit of Party" would lead to waste, corruption, foreign influence, and empower corrupt men to take control of government.

In two or three sentences, explain the economic theory of the "Tragedy of the Commons."

When one person uses a common resource, they diminish others enjoyment of it.

What was the First Great Awakening?

a Protestant revival that emphasized emotional, experiential faith over book learning

In United States history, the "Sectional Crisis" refers to what?

a fight between northern free states and southern slave states over control of the Senate as the nation expanded westward.

What were the strengths of the Union at the opening of the Civil War?

a large population substantial industry an extensive railroad

How did the North go about mobilizing for war?

institute a military draft pass the Homestead Act print paper money

Which group saw an expansion of their voting rights in the early nineteenth century?

non-property-owning men

Under Radical Reconstruction, what were former Confederate states REQUIRED to do in order to rejoin the Union?

pass the Fourteenth Amendment revise their state constitution allow all freed men over the age of 21 to vote

To what form of government did the American revolutionaries turn after the war for independence?

republicanism

What were the strengths of the Confederacy at the opening of the Civil War?

shorter supply lines, the ability to wage a defensive war the resources of the Upper South states

What were the components of the Compromise of 1850?

the admission of Kansas as a free state

Under the Articles of Confederation, what power did the national Confederation Congress have?

the power to create land ordinances

What factors contributed to Lincoln's victory in the election of 1860?

the split between northern and southern democrats Lincoln's improved national standing after his senatorial debates with Stephen Douglas the Constitutional Union party's further splintering the vote

What were the basic goals of the Confederate States of America?

to protect slavery from any effort to abolish it, to protect the domestic slave trade to ensure that slavery would be allowed to spread into western territories

What were the three stages of Parliamentary Action against the colonies?

(1) the Boston Port Bill, which closed Boston Harbor; (2) the Massachusetts Government Act, which replaced the elective local government with an appointive one and increased the powers of the military governor; (3) the Administration of Justice Act,

The election of 1828 brought in the first presidency of which political party?

the Democrats

The House of Representatives impeached Andrew Johnson over the violation of which ACT ________

the Tenure of Office Act

What was Lincoln's primary goal immediately following the Civil War?

reunifying the country

In 1492, the Spanish forced which two religious groups to either convert or leave Spain?

Jews and Muslims

Historian John Sudgens argues Tecumseh said something remarkable to Territorial Governor William Henry Harrison that no Indian had ever said before. What was it that Tecumseh said?

The U.S. government traded manufactured goods to Indians on credit, driving Indians into debt and poverty.

What was the significance of the Wilmot Proviso of 1846?

The Wilmot Proviso proposed banning slavery in the territories taken from Mexico in the Mexican-American War (1846-1848), Though the proviso remained a proposal. Though it never became a law, it demonstrated the sectional division between North and South over the Mexican cession..