History Final

Adam Smith about Qing China (1776)

"All the remains of her [China] ancient institutions...will necessarily be lost; they will disappear in the future revolutions...[and] as she acquires nothing new, she will always be on the losing side."

Voltaire about Qing China

"They are quite content with what they have and are not ambitious of conquest. In this respect they are much different from the people of Europe, who are frequently discontent with their own governments and covetous of what others enjoy."

Burlingame-Seward Treaty

"increasing immigration of Chinese laborers to the territory of the United States, and the embarrassments consequent upon such immigration, now desires to negotiate a modification of the existing Treaties...the Government of China agrees that the Government of the United States may regulate, limit, or suspend such coming or residence, buy may not absolutely prohibit it."

Crimp

(broker)

Arthur H. Smith (American missionary in China in the late 19th, early 20th century)

In 1898 and 1899 an indigenous anti-foreign movement arose in Shandong province. One of the missionaries there, possibly Smith, named the participants, mostly farmers, the "Boxers" because of their athletic rituals. The Boxer movement rapidly spread to several provinces in northern China and, eventually, received the support of the Chinese government. Smith and his wife were attending a missionary conference in Tongzhou in May 1900 when all the missionaries in Northern China found it necessary to seek safety from the Boxers by fleeing to Beijing or Tianjin.

Foreign Miners' Law (1850)

In the absence of federal laws that discriminated against immigrants, the state of California sought to favor immigrants of European origin by enacting special taxes that targeted the state's Mexican and Chinese miners.

Industrial Revolution

Industrial revolution began in Europe with the spread of railroads in the beginning of the 19th century, America followed mid 19th , then Russia late 19th. Changed social life: at first people were farmers and work around their home which changed to work environment, family life, urbanization, population explosion, migration. During this time the US rose as a continental power house. A lot in of growth in San Francisco. The US was bicoastal due to railroads. Steamships and ironclad ships used for warfare. Panama Canal and Suez canal important to traveling the globe. Steam ships strengthened global and internal ties commercially. The chinese were instrumental for trans pacific trade by steam boats.

Denis Kearney (1847-1907)

Irish immigrant who settled in San Fransicso and fought for workers rights. He led strikes in protest of the growing number of imported Chineseworkers who worked for less than the Americans. Founded the Workingman's Party, which was later absorbed into the Granger movement. "for a cheap working slave. It rakes the slums of Asia to find the meanest slave on earth - the Chinese coolie - and imports him here to meet the free American in the Labor market, and still further widen the breach between the rich and the poor, still further to degrade white Labor."

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

It was the first significant law restricting immigration into the United States. Chinese exclusion act of 1882 still let in many Chinese if they don't take low level jobs. Only 10% who went to US left didn't stay because Chinese don't want to leave their original home. Mostly men left. Agriculture was becoming mechanized and required more labor. Most immigrants were from south canton area. Chinese indentured servants tricked (debt) to come to America called pig trade for whatever destination.(peru, Hawaii, and cuba). Sonora Chinese emigrants went mexico because of Chinese exclusion act so they can cross US border into the US.

Andrew Jackson (1767-1845)

Jackson early on established himself as a champion of the white settler against the interests of Native Americans. Western expansionist

James G. Blaine (1830-1893)

James G. Blaine (1830-1893) Politician who pushed for better communication and relationships between American nations, and who wanted to open trade throughout the continent. This led to political cooperation between nations (Such as Pan-American Conference).

Treaty of Peace and Amity (aka Treaty of Kanagawa: March 31, 1854)

Japanese were forced into this trade, and many saw it as a sign of weakness. •Opened 2 ports to American ships seeking provisions (Shimoda and Hakodate; on Honshu and Hokkaido respectively) •Guaranteed good treatment to shipwrecked American sailors •Allowed a US consul to take up residence in Shimoda - within 18 months •Contained a MFN clause

Peru

Other places 19th century movement to new world like Peru because of the industrial revolution. Facilitated by new technology the need for more labor for the new factories especially after the 1865 13th amendment no slaves. Some technologies that needed to be built were railways steamships and canals.

Pacific Mail Steamship Company (established 1848)

Pacific Mail was the backbone of trans-Pacific shipping during the 1860s and 1870s. Not only did Pacific Mail have a guaranteed contract from the U.S. government to carry mail across the seas, they were also the primary carrier of immigrant Chinese labor.

"soft gold"

Pelts. Integration of North American products and economies with global markets, requiring merchants to keep track of currencies and goods from a bewildering diversity of places.

Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936) - The White Man's Burden

Phrase was originally used in a poem written by Rudyard Kipling that called for the US to control and colonize the Philippines during the Philippine-American War. A philosophical term that refers to the white people's responsibility to govern and assimilate non-white people into their culture. Kipling poems expansionism white man to take on burden of helping other peoples and make them civilized (very responsive) euphemism of imperialism as a noble enterprise. Along with pseudoscience made whites to be the best. Also American catholic missionary groups.

"Blackbirding"

Recruiting these people through trickery or kidnapping. coercion of people through trickery and kidnapping to work as labourers. Generally, persons of European ancestry, or others being paid by them, coerced persons of non-European ancestry to work as labourers throughout the Southeast Pacific region.

Robert Gray (1755-1806; Columbia Rediviva)

Robert Gray was an American merchant sea captain who is known for his achievements in connection with two trading voyages to the northern Pacific coast of North America, between 1790 and 1793, which pioneered the American maritime fur trade in that region. Group of boston company sailed a ship by gray's to pacific by going east to north west to obtain pelts in indigenous people then to canton. Arrive in canton in 1790 and back represents first us circumnavigation of US. Launched boston center of US china trade and US fur trade.

Russian Headstart in fur trade

Russians are taking native women hostage to compel men to do trapping. 16th and 17th century eastward expansion search for furs. Sable furs. Adventures, entrepreneurs and trappers are the ones moving east.

Martime fur trade

Sea otter pelts were taken from pacific coast then brought to china to sell for $120 a 1800% profit return on cooks trade. Set off an explosion in international completion. Soft gold many people trapping in west coast of US.

C.S.S. Shenandoah

Shenandoah had remained at sea for 12 months and 17 days, traversed 58,000 miles (carrying the Confederate flag around the globe for the only time) and sank or captured 38 ships, mostly whalers, all of them American civilian merchant vessels. Wanted to control pacific basin arena for great power contentstation. Only 2 contenders 20th centuries US and Japan " into the seas and among the islands frequented by the great American whaling fleet, a source of abundant wealth to our enemies and a nursery for their seamen."

Strait of Malacca (Melaka)

Since the 17th century, the strait has been the main shipping channel between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. Different major regional powers managed the straits during different historical periods. In the early 19th century, the Dutch and British empires drew an arbitrary boundary line in the strait became today's border between Malaysia and Indonesia. The strait was one of the world's busiest shipping lanes, with Indonesia controlling the majority of the sea lane. Strait of Malacca was first owned by Portuguese then owned by Dutch. British in India are growing opium then moving it to canton. British need to move through Malacca but tariffs were high and expensive.

Why Japan and Not China

Size, government, government officials, foreign role, historical attitude, leadership, people. China fell far behind. The size of China is too large. Government in the 19th and 20th century: china had only Qing dynasty, japan changed their government to strong central one. Officials were military in Japan and were quick to see military power of west so quick to respond. China were scholars slower to respond to west. Foreign role: Japan had no western intrusion. Historically japan more receptive to outside culture. China looked to history for inspiration. Meiji leaders had foresight and the will to bring on changes. Ching china had no consensus in changes divided leadership. Japanese people under warrior rule broadly speaking more disciplined and obedient. China domestic and foreign problems were not resolved. Modernization was mixed blessing in Japan enrichment of strengthening of the nation. Burden were on the peasants to create masses resources to be exploited by japanese.

Treaty of Paris (September 3, 1783)

The significance of the Peace Treaty of Paris 1783 was that: The American Revolutionary War was formally ended. The British acknowledged the independence of the United States. The colonial empire of Great Britain was destroyed in North America. Americans in China market 1783 treaty of Paris second. Between united states and great britain recognizes US independence. The US was at first part of british economy but after treaty free of mercantile restriction. US was not allowed to us their own ships in pacific. American ships were also no longer welcome in british ports.

John L. O'Sullivan (1813-1895)

The term "manifest destiny" was first used by journalist John O'Sullivan in the New York Democratic Review in 1845.

Matthew C. Perry (1794-1858)

U.S. naval officer who headed an expedition that forced Japan in 1853-54 to enter into trade and diplomatic relations with the West after more than two centuries of isolation. Through his efforts the United States became an equal power with Britain, France, and Russia in the economic exploitation of East Asia.

Treaty of the Bogue (October 8, 1843)

Unequal treaty, in Chinese history, any of a series of treaties and agreements in which China was forced to concede many of its territorial and sovereignty rights. They were negotiated during the 19th and early 20th centuries between China and foreign imperialist powers, especially Great Britain, France, Germany, the United States, Russia, and Japan. • Extended right of extraterritoriality • Gave British right to anchor warships at open ports • Most-favored Nation clause

Workingmen's Party of California (established 1877)

Workingmen's Party of California (established 1877) The party won control of CA legislature in 1878 and then rewrote the state's constitution,[3] denying Chinese citizens voting rights in California. The most important part of the constitution included the formation of California Railroad Commission that would oversee the activities of the Central and Pacific Railroad companies that were run by Crocker, Huntington, Hopkins and Stanford.

Alfred Thayer Mahan

Wrote The Influence of Sea Power upon History, which argued that control of the sea was the key to world dominance; it stimulated the naval race among the great powers. Basing it off of Britain's success. European powers feeding frenzy making many colonies 1885 berlin conference such as in Africa. American expansionist if we don't do It will be bad for us. Economic stagnation and second class people. Economic nationalism need for goods, resources, and labor. New frontiers to conquer. Supporting role overseas: what the Europeans are doing, if we don't well be second class. Ocean going navy need for bases.

Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895)

conflict between Japan and China in 1894-95 that marked the emergence of Japan as a major world power and demonstrated the weakness of the Chinese empire. The war grew out of conflict between the two countries for supremacy in Korea. Korea had long been China's most important client state, but its strategic location opposite the Japanese islands and its natural resources of coal and iron attracted Japan's interest. In 1875 Japan, which had begun to adopt Western technology, forced Korea to open itself to foreign, especially Japanese, trade and to declare itself independent from China in its foreign relations.

Education Order of 1872 (Gakusei)

established Japan's first consolidated, modern school system. Order was accompanied by a proclamation (called the Oseidasaresho) that explained that •Education was the principal means of advancement in life; •The function of schools was to produce independent, moral, and patriotic individuals; •Schooling must be made available to all; •All Japanese must study practical arts and sciences that would benefit society and help build a modern state.

Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles (1781-1826)

founding of Singapore and the British Malaya. The colony was a bustling hub of trade and economic activity. Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles was sent to Singapore to take control established as free port.

Vitus Jonassen Bering (1681-1741)

hires him to prove that both continents are connected and find northwest passage.

Hundred Days' Reform (1898)

in Chinese history, imperial attempt at renovating the Chinese state and social system. It occurred after the Chinese defeat in the Sino-Japanese War (1894-95) and the ensuing rush for concessions in China on the part of Western imperialist powers.

"Social Darwinism"

natural selection, the most intelligent, industrious, and productive people would grow wealthy and survive while the uneducated die off. This justification of wealth accumulation by upper-class society, as well as laissez-faire policies by the government, led to the creation of powerful monopolies in 19th/20th centuries.

Second Kamchatka Expedition (1733 - 1741/2)

sees America and land on Alaska Bering strait/ Bering ocean. The goal was to find and map the eastern reaches of Siberia, and hopefully the western shores of North America. The achievements of the expedition included the European discovery of Alaska, the Aleutian Islands, the Commander Islands, Bering Island. Russian fur rush before peter monopolizes it by 1678 50 companies Aleutian islands where exploiting native population.

Kaiser Wilhelm II (1859-1941)

the Russian sociologist Jacques Novikow coined the term in the essay "Le Péril Jaune" ("The Yellow Peril", 1897); later, Kaiser Wilhelm II, German Emperor (r. 1888-1918) used Yellow Peril racism to encourage the European empires to invade, conquer, and colonize China.

National Seclusion (Sakoku; literally "locked door")

under which relations and trade between Japan and other countries were severely limited, nearly all foreign nationals were barred from entering Japan and common Japanese people were kept from leaving the country for a period of over 220 years

Manila, Philippines

1570 settlement of 150 Chinese in Manila in 1603 20,000 only 1000 Spaniards. Chinese lived in designated neighborhoods (Parian, in manilla) as a form of protection and control when outnumbered. Built on a marsh and was intentionally burned in 17th century and massacres. Seen as heathens since they were buddhist and in order to travel to new spain they needed to convert to catholicism. Similar fate in mexico causing resentment from Spanish.

Peter the Great (Peter I; 1672-1725)

1697 tsar labeled fur trade to be government monopoly all profits to tsar. 1697 russian hunters go to Kamchatka peninsula. Euroasia was convinced it was connected to north America.

America's "Golden Age"

1800-1820 fur trade and then began to slow down. Resources were depleted sable and sea otters populations gone. Change in fashion. Beaver fur now and then silk top hats.

Partial Chronology of US Westward Expansion

1803 - Louisiana Purchase 1804-1806 - Lewis & Clark Expedition 1818 - Acquisition of the Red River Valley (in Minnesota & North Dakota) 1841 - First wagon train to California 1842 - Settlement of Oregon begins via the Oregon Trail 1845 - Texas Annexation 1846 - Oregon Treaty (established the US/Canada border at the 49th parallel; Britain ceded to the US present-day Oregon, Washington, Idaho and parts of Montana and Wyoming 1848 - Mexican Cession (following the Mexican-American War, Mexico ceded to the US present-day California, Nevada, and Utah, and portions of Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Wyoming) 1848 - Start of the California Gold Rush 1867 - Alaska Purchase (from Russia) 1869 - Completion of the transcontinental railway

Acquisitions in the Pacific

1856 - Guano Islands Act (Legislation allowing the US to take possession of islands containing guano deposits; over the years, more than 100 islands, primarily in the Pacific, were claimed) 1898 - Annexation of Hawaii 1898 - Spain cedes the Philippines and Guam to the US following the Spanish-American War (Treaty of Paris) 1899 - Annexation of Wake Island and the occupation of American Samoa

Boston tea party (1773)

Boston a pacific city though so far away. Boston tea party, the tea that was split over was Chinese. Less than 10% of nations trade. Lots of capital in short time.

Unequal Trade System

British might exert monopoly on china trade by gaining access to special ports. 1844 US and China sign unequal trade system called treaty of Wanghia. Treaty of Wanghia: the first diplomatic agreement between America and China; signed in 1844; expanded trade between the two countries.

Treaty Regulating Immigration from China (aka Angell Treaty; November 17, 1880)

By placing restrictions on the number of Chinese workers permitted to immigrate to the United States, the Angell Treaty marked a turning point in the U.S.-Chinese relationship on immigration issues that paved the way for the passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, which suspended Chinese immigration for ten years.

Civilizing mission (civilization mission; mission civilisatrice)

was a rationale for intervention or colonization, purporting to contribute to the spread of civilization, and used mostly in relation to the Westernization of indigenous peoples in the 15th - 20th centuries. Colonialism is part of civilizing mission. Racial motives and social Darwinism and white man's burden. Social explanations (see slides) growing middle class seeking opportunities (none at home) so go abroad. Economic motive underlines everything pursuit of profit and raw materials. India for cotton in England. Rubber and tin British go to Malaya.

Self-Strengthening Movement

China's program of internal reform in the 1860s and 1870s, based on vigorous application of Confucian principles and limited borrowing from the West. Positives: Education, Some Industry, Some Military Improvements, Attempts at Trade Reforms, Merchants! Negatives: Didn't Work!, still too xenophobic, lack of unification, corruption in the government. China's attempt to modernize their army and encourage Western investment in factories and railways

Chinese Police Tax Law (1862)

Chinese Police Tax levied a $2.50 fee on all Chinese living in the state, with a few exceptions. (The term "police" referred to the legislative authority to regulate for the health, safety, welfare, and morals of the state.) "Chinese were "a race of people whom nature has marked as inferior"

Yan Fu (1854-1921)

Chinese scholar who translated into Chinese works by T.H. Huxley, John Stuart Mill, Herbert Spencer, Adam Smith, and others in an attempt to show that the secret to Western wealth and power did not lie in Western technological advances, such as gunmaking, but in the ideas and institutions that lay behind these techniques. "Chinese are fond of antiquity but neglect the present. The Westerners are struggling in the present in order to surpass the past." (Learning From the West)

Asiatic Exclusion League (aka Japanese Exclusion League and the Japan and Korean Exclusion League)

was an organization formed in the early twentieth century in the United States and Canada that aimed to prevent immigration of people of Asian origin.

Qianlong Emperor (reign 1735-1796)

Emperor of China, son of Kangxi expanded China's boundaries extensively. Would only rule for sixty years so as to not dishonor his grandfather. "As your Ambassador can see for himself, we possess all things. I set no value on objects strange or ingenious, and have no use for your country's manufactures... by perpetual submission to our Throne, you may secure peace and prosperity for your country hereafter."

Tokugawa Shogunate/Bakufu (1603-1868)

was the last feudal Japanese military government, which existed between 1603 and 1868

Imperial Rescript to Soldiers & Sailors (Gunjin Chokuyu; 1882)

was the official code of ethics for military personnel "We rely upon you as Our limbs and you look up to Us as your head....The soldier and sailor should consider loyalty their essential duty... duty is weightier than a mountain, while death is lighter than a feather."

Opium War (1839-1842)

Fought between the British and Qing China beginning in 1839; fought to protect British trade in opium; resulted in resounding British victory, opening of Hong Kong as British port of trade

Kanaka

workers from pacific islanders employed as indentured servants or slaves. Agricultural work or crew members. 19th-20th century. Kanakas were workers from various Pacific Islands employed in British colonies, such as British Columbia, Fiji, and Queensland in the 19th and early 20th centuries.

John Hobson (1858-1940; Imperialism, 1902)

His publications during the next few years demonstrated an exploration of the associations between imperialism and international conflict. "Everywhere appear excessive powers of production, excessive capital in search of investment."

Kamchatka Peninsula

Home to lots of furs (Russian demand high) long long way from home and know there is a big demand in china so goes there to trade. Early ching had equal treaty in treaty between china and Russia.

Japan (summary)

I. External Challenge A. Foreign desire for commercial and diplomatic relations 1.Perry "opens" Japan 2. "Unequal" treaties II. Domestic Reaction/Response A.Opposition to Shogunate B. Expressions of loyalty to the imperial throne C. Overthrow of the Tokugawa D. Establishment of a new government under the emperor

Meiji Japan 1867

A. Role of the emperor/imperial institution restoration of political power to the emperor in early 1868 removes any role in power shogunate. Meiji restoration. 1868-1912 Meiji time of transformation economically, socially, and politically. Feudal state to world power. Japan was steeped in tradition. New symbol of the emperor succeeded in authority, power and in the new government. Also manipulated japan by using emperor to implement goals of transformation. B. Common vision of leadership Emperor was 15 at the time. He was more a symbol instead of a power so advisors helped. They were samurai, meiji oligarchy. The pictures showed a change in style westernization. Using the emperor to rally the Japanese people by linking the emperor to their actions created minimal opposition. Educational system emphasis on reverence of the emperor and moral values. Military force loyalty to country was paramount. Emphasised loyalty and respect. Consensus of oligarchy modernization was the way to save japan because they saw china fall apart. Resistance to modernization resistance was futile seen with tanooki train world. C. Westernization/modernization Emperor was linked to events of the day in order to push forward transformations. Provided meiji government stability a link to past and future. Needed to modernize economically to save japan. Politically needed stronger military. Rich country strong army arose. Modernization did not equal westernization. Not certain which aspects of west had strength so they sought to emulate all of western culture, diets, clothes, music, and sports. China set bar low, west set bar high. "civilization and enlightenment" 1870s and 1880s worked to introduced western values Fukuzawa Yukichi "de-asianization" western culture and translated by him. China's emotional attachment to past was doomed to fail cannot resist (humiliation). Cannot cling to ancient manners. Some thought deasiaizion was going too far so civilization and enlightenment had declining loyalty. Transformation with a parallel of continuity of past. List of achievements on slides

Vladmir Ilyich Lenin (1870-1924)

According to his Marxist perspective, humanity would eventually reach pure communism, becoming a stateless, classless, egalitarian society of workers who were free from exploitation and alienation, controlled their own destiny, and abided by the rule "from each according to his ability, to each according to his needs". Lenin believe that industrial nations have invested as much as they could at home but still looking for profits outside of home. These countries must engage in imperialism. Worried of workers will rise up against upper class proletariat vs bourgeoisie. Imperialism provided release valve in countries. Need to launch anti imperialist notions in periphery lead to collapse of imperialist nations. The workers will then rise up. Did this in Singapore. Chinese inspired by Marxist and Leninist movements. Anti Imperialist movements in colonies first to rise up against rulers. Lenin showed path up while Wilson closed doors. "...capitalism has now singled out a handful...of exceptionally rich and powerful states which plunder the whole world...[leading to enormous profits]. Obviously, out of such enormous superprofits (since they are obtained over and above the profits which capitalists squeeze out of the workers of their 'own' country) it is possible to bribe the labor leaders and the upper stratum of the labor aristocracy." Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism (1916)

Empress of China

After the Treaty of Paris brought a formal end to the American Revolutionary War, the vessel was refitted for commercial purposes. She became the first American ship to sail from the newly independent United States to China, opening what is known today as the Old China Trade and transporting the first official representative of the American government to Canton. Free to establish direct contact with China first phase voyage merchant man ship empress of china to canton from new York.(still under canton system) Primary cargo of ginseng. 30% increase on investment. American is part of dream to trade with china but trade was one sided and dictated by chinese. Sparked a constant search for what Chinese need. List of things in slides. The problem is there is a finite amount of them so supplies were depleted.

Chinese Migration

Also beginning of migration of china was in 1867. Boxer rebellion was a reason to leave China. The direct consequence of the Boxer Rebellion of 1900 was that the ruling Chinese Qing dynasty became even weaker and foreign influence in China continued. The Chinese went to US for gold, due to overpopulation, and opium war. New jobs. Once first wave came easy to migrate there.

Josiah Strong (1847-1916)

American clergyman who preached Anglo-Saxon superiority and called for stronger U.S. missionary effort overseas. Anglo saxon race authority was justified (racist). Racial theory. Less fit races was natural "Without controversy, these are the forces ["civic liberty" and "spiritual Christianity"] which, in the past, have contributed most to the elevation of the human race"

Frederick Jackson Turner (1861-1932) and the "Frontier Thesis"

American historian who said that humanity would continue to progress as long as there was new land to move into. The frontier provided a place for homeless and solved social problems. Belief that americans were unique and destined for greatness supported by trade. American exceptionalism. Frederick Turner 1893 theis frontier argument the development of the frontier helped shape nature of people but also institution of americans. Mobility, rugged individuality, openness. "American democracy was born of no theorist's dream; it was not carried in the Sarah Constant to Virginia, nor in the Mayflower to Plymouth. It came out of the American forest, and it gained new strength each time it touched a new frontier. "

Russian Expansion into the Far East and North America 1697

Competition between global powers looking for economic resources. 1804 russians settle Hawaii get involved in politics and need supply points for storage.

A. Captain Cook's final voyage (1776-1779) and the Chinese "rage" for furs

Cook dies when canton system is still in place. Pelts were very in demand.

John Ledyard (1751-1789)

Cook's final voyage crew. John paul Jones teams up to establish fur trading companies but doesn't work out. Ledyard suggested trading furs for Chinese silk and porcelain, which could then be sold in the United States.

"pig trade" or "coolie trade"

Coolies worked and lived no better than slaves, having insufficient food, lacking promised medical care, working long hours, and suffering physical torture. The merciless coolie trade caused scandal in contemporary international media and was criticized as a new form of slavery. "His hope is always to come back rich, to die and be buried where his ancestors are buried." "When no man could leave his house even in the public thoroughfare and in open day without the danger of being hustled under false pretences of debt or delinquency and carried off a prisoner in the hands of crimps to be sold to the purveyors of coolies at some much a head, and carried off to sea never again to be heard of, the whole population of the city and adjoining districts were roused by a sense of common peril." "shut up in bamboo cages, or chained to iron posts" "On board 300 died from thirst"

Core/Periphery

Core is imperial powers (know how)/ Periphery is everybody else (resources and labor).

Imperial Rescript on Education (Kyoiku Chokugo; 1890)

Create a new citizenry that was literate, competent, loyal and obedient Embraced all ideas foreign. At the time Japan had the highest literacy rate in Asia and the emperor capitalized on this by introducing a new educational system, a conscript army and a new communications system. Establishment of heavy industry, thanks to decades of industrial development and financing in the provinces

Economic dependency and imperialism

Dependency theory periphery countries extremely dependent on core countries went hand in hand with colonization. Imperialism is policy or ideology of extending a nation's rule over foreign nations, often by military force or by gaining political and economic control of other areas. Global linkage is unequal rich get richer poor get poorer. Economic inequalities facilitated imperial dominance

Qing dynasty (1644-1911)

Manchu leaders in China, increased interaction with Europe, Opium Wars, Taiping Rebellion, fall of the empire because of a lack of modernization in China

The Pacific in the Emerging 19th Century Global Economy

Globalization sped up what emerges is the division of labor. World system beginning to divide up

Fukuzawa Yukichi

He was an intellectual that popularized western ideas, thoughts and customs in Japan thinking they were inferior to the west. "China and Korea violate the natural law of its spread. They forcibly try to avoid it by shutting off air from their rooms. Without air, they suffocate to death... It is better for us to leave the ranks of Asian nations and cast our lot with civilized nations of the West."

"century of humiliation"

Major events cited as part of the Century of Humiliation include rebellions such as the Taiping and Boxer rebellions, the Opium War, the Sino-french war, the First Sino-Japanese War, the British invasion of Tibet, the Twenty-One Demands by Japan, and the Second Sino-Japanese War. In this period, China lost almost all except the last of the wars it fought, often forced to give major concessions to the great powers in the subsequent treaties

Gold Rush Migration

Major migration in 1840s gold rush in California marks beginning of Chinese experience. (state in 1850) Moved to California started with dreams of instant wealth. 1848 only 7000 chinese in California mid 1850s but 25,000. Never a large population but evoked a anti china sentiment. White native born Americans resented foreign miners focused of Chinese. Forced them out of gold fields and pressure on state legislature to excluded foreign miners (foreign miners licensing tax monthly tax 1846). After first anti Chinese legislature the chinese were unable to pay so they left the fields to go to san Francisco making the first chinatowns. Couldn't use public schools, no intermarriage, living sections, many taxes.

"New Imperialism"

New Imperialism characterizes a period of colonial expansion by European powers, the United States, and Japan during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The period featured an unprecedented pursuit of overseas territorial acquisitions. Exploiting the resources of the subjugated countries for resources to build their own country. During the era of New Imperialism, the Western powers (and Japan) individually conquered almost all of Africa and parts of Asia. The new wave of imperialism reflected ongoing rivalries among the great powers, the economic desire for new resources and markets, and a "civilizing mission" ethos. By 1850 near continuous European overseas expansion and control. By the end of 19th century nothing is new about imperialism. Period between 1870 and 1940 age of NEW imperialism. New in the sense: speed and scale, new players, periphery important to metropole, not only for trade and territory, linked to intellectual and economics. Political motives geostrategic competition like US and Japan emergence of nationalism. Expansion of French control cannot be left out 1850s to 1890s spread through Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia (American war in Vietnam). Islands of pacific are being grabbed as well. British possession in western pacific (see slides) Western powers see China as vulnerable. New struggle among powers to extend control over china. Circles of china had exclusive rights of economy by foreign power. Issues of railways and control over them. No one power to control over china early 20th century. All watching one and other.

Smyrna (present-day Izmir)

Opium source of America for china. Philadelphia in 1804. 1817 opium was half of goods brought into canton. 1820 americans 2000 chests 133 tonnes of opium. Early wealthy families involved in this trade from America.

Spanish American War (1898)

Spanish American war "remember the Maine (US naval ship off cuba), to hell with Spain." US interested to get rid of Spanish in Cuba. Treaty of Paris third 1898 relinquish Spanish claim in Cuba. US control Philippines.(not interested in this specifically seen as stepping stone to china) If we don't take the Philippines the Germans or Japanese will. US began becoming a great power in latin America and pacific world. 20th century US annex Hawaii.

Immigration Act of 1924

The Immigration Act of 1924 limited the number of immigrants allowed entry into the United States through a national origins quota. The quota provided immigration visas to two percent of the total number of people of each nationality in the United States as of the 1890 national census. It completely excluded immigrants from Asia.

Maxim gun

The Maxim gun was a weapon invented by American-born British inventor Hiram Stevens Maxim in 1884: it was the first recoil-operated machine gun in production.

Mutsuhito (Meiji emperor; 1852-1912; reign 1867-1912) / Meiji Restoration (Meiji Ishin; "ishin" literally means "renovation")

The Meiji Oligarchs were determined to protect Japan from further embarrassment and Western imperialism by transforming the nation into "a rich country with a strong army" combined with world-class technology and industry Charter Oath of 1868 - "Knowledge shall be sought throughout the world and thus shall be strengthened the foundation of imperial polity." sonno joi ("Revere the emperor! Expel the barbarians!") Imperial Rescript on Education (Kyoiku Chokugo; 1890)

Panama Canal/Suez Canal

The construction of the Suez and Panama canals had substantial impacts on global trade, mainly over two factors. The first and most obvious concerns the reduction of travel distances between economic regions. The second relates to the introduction of the steamship during the same time period which was able to use more direct routes at a faster and consistent speed, compounding the gains from shorter travel distances.

American Revolutionary War (1775-1783)

The contagion of liberty spread, inspiring people to revolt against their leadership in France, Haiti, Ireland, Poland, the Netherlands, and throughout the Spanish empire. The American Revolution was a colonial revolt that took place between 1765 and 1783. The American Patriots in the Thirteen Colonies won independence from Great Britain, becoming the United States of America. They defeated the British in the American Revolutionary War (1775-1783) in alliance with France and others.

Tongzhi Restoration (1862-1874)

The harsh realities of the Opium War, the unequal treaties, and the mid-century mass uprisings of the Taiping Rebellion caused Qing courtiers and officials to recognize the need to strengthen China. The Tongzhi Restoration was named for the Tongzhi Emperor (1862-1874), and was engineered by the young emperor's mother, the Empress Dowager Cixi (1835-1908). The restoration, however, which applied "practical knowledge" while reaffirming the old mentality, was not a genuine program of modernization. Academics are divided as to whether the Tongzhi Restoration arrested the dynastic decline, or merely delayed its inevitable occurrence.

US-Japan Treaty of Amity & Commerce (Harris Treaty; July, 29, 1858)

There shall henceforth be perpetual peace and friendship between the United States of America and His Majesty the [shogun] of Japan and his successors. •Exchange of diplomatic agents •Opening of various ports in Japan •Gave Americans right to live in those ports & trade without interference •Fixed low import and export duties •Extraterritoriality

Manifest Destiny

This expression was popular in the 1840s. Many people believed that the U.S. was destined to secure territory from "sea to sea," from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. This rationale drove the acquisition of territory. Manifest destiny purchases of territory tripled size of united states. Western expansion by population growth and by opportunity. Requires guiding vision mission and faith of liberty became intertwined. Early accusation for profit, glory, and God. American greatness by territorial expansion. A dynamic republic are a people always on the move. Manifest destiny- we are nation of progress and no one can set limits on our march. God given mission. Advocates of westward expansion said how can you refuse god. Dreams of access to china market was driving force of western expansion. Civil war slowed down western expansion. The manifest destiny influenced overseas colonies expansion. 2 motivating factors: economics and closing the frontier. Economics (industrialization) need raw materials and markets to sell produced things, surplus profits.

Yellow Peril

Threat of China in Europe, latin America, new Zealand, Australia, America (white pacific). Largely rooted in prejudice, ignorance, and economics. In New York Chinese were peddlers, and in Hawaii they were plantation workers.

Gentlemen's Agreement (1907-1908; Washington and Tokyo; Nichibei Shinshi Kyoyaku)

To appease Californians and avoid an open breach with the rising world power of Japan, President Theodore Roosevelt brokered this diplomatic agreement whereby the Japanese government assumed responsibility for sharply restricting Japanese immigration, particularly that of laborers, so that Japanese American children could continue to attend integrated schools on the west coast. Rather than enacting racially discriminatory and offensive immigration laws, President Theodore Roosevelt sought to avoid offending the rising world power of Japan through this negotiated agreement by which the Japanese government limited the immigration of its own citizens.

Transcontinental Railroad

Transcontinental railroad loved Chinese laborers earn reputation as quite, peaceable, economical, industrious, workers 12000 out of 13500 where Chinese immigrants. Sentiment is expressed by American laborers and not business. Less pay than whites, no food, no shelter. Railroad is completed and thousands of Chinese people were let go so they stream into larger cities like san Francisco looking for work. Economy has boom bust due to railroads, making less jobs, more people needed jobs, white working class more racist, Chinese targeted since they are willing to work for lower labor. Dennis Kearny working men party "Chinese must go" California must be all Chinese or all white.

Immigration of Chinese

Violence was prevalent. 1880 senator of maine republican presidential nomination openly supported limiting Chinese passenger. Same year united china (ching dynasty) ended unrestricted immigration of Chinese giving America control of flow of immigrants. Early Burlingame Seward Treaty 1868 unrestricted immigration

Kang Youwei (1858-1927)

West also has admirable institutions and philosophies. Confucianism interpreted to advocate for change and reform. 1. Utopia 2. No boundaries 3. Limited government 4. Communal life

Treaty of Nanjing (August 29, 1842)

Western Powers were trying to make inroads into Chinese market and the conditions to the British for trade created a negative reaction with the rest of the Western Powers. Soon, the rest of the Western Powers were using old crimes committed by the Dynasty to apply pressure for similar trading rights. Saddled with debts to the British and an obviously inferior military, the Qing Dynasty was forced to give in. This began a series of treaties that would result in 'spheres-of-influence' being carved out of eastern China and eventually would undermine the Qing Dynasty's authority. •Set an indemnity of $21 million - includes payment for destroyed opium •Abolished the Canton system and Cohong monopoly •Opened five ports to trade (Canton, Fuzhou, Xiamen [Amoy], Ningbo, Shanghai). a. each to have British consul b. merchants and family residences permitted •Ceded Hong Kong to Britain •Granted equality in diplomatic relations •Fixed low tariffs on Western goods going into China

Whaling

Whaling in the Atlantic ocean dates back to 12th century but going into 18th and 19th century commercial whales is scarce. Commercial whaling in pacific 1789 the Amelia was first British whaling ship. From Atlantic around tip of south America. Whalers show up in Hawaii and southern pacific. Became the most important economic factor in the Hawaiian Islands. Honolulu was a supplier to these ships, place of rest, and for labor as crew. 20% of crew were pacific islanders. Extremely dangerous very little pay. Paid only at end of month long journey so many jump ship and blackbird becomes common. US was dominant player 1822-1842 1700 ships 1400 were American. Golden age 1835-1850 many whalers. All of pacific was their own single geographic unit. Blubber made whale oil market was the US. Whale bones for corsets. Perfumes. Civil war (steam ship from south so asked shenandoah destroyed union whalers), depletion of stock (more whalers less whales so went north more ice more dangerous more time to take it to east coast), and Canada (geologist who distilled kerosene from petroleum cheap and easy to produce less order, same lamp, and can be held indefinitely demand for whale oil drops)

People vs. Hall 1854

barred Chinese testimonies due to murder trial where white was convicted of murder by Chinese. "An Act to Protect Free White Labor Against Competition with Chinese Coolie Labor, and to Discourage the Immigration of the Chinese into the State of California"

Song dynasty (960-1279)

is known for its devotion to cultural activities instead of warfare and for the establishment of Neo-Confucianism as state doctrine, with the imperial examination as the primary way of recruiting talent. It was also during the Song dynasty that gunpowder and the compass were discovered. The Song dynasty, even in its early years, could not rule all of China proper and was forced to relinquish parts of northern China to the "barbarian" Liao dynasty, paying tribute for peace. Although like most dynasties, it began as the ventures of a military leader, its first ruler, Taizu, realized that his rival generals could take power from him. With a prosperous economy and radiant culture, this period was considered as another period of 'golden age' after the glorious Tang Dynasty

First Kamchatka Expedition (1725 - 1730)

made it to saint Lawrence Alaska very foggy and unable to see north American island. it had not reached the North American coast, it provided evidence that Asia and North America are not connected.

Russian-American Company 1799

peter sets up joint stock company received monopoly in trade in russia. Russian trading monopoly that established colonies in North America (primarily in California and Alaska) during the 19th century was organized to establish colonies on the North American coast and carry on the fur trade

Guangxu Emperor (1871-1908; reign 1875-1908)

reform minded, young emperor, locked away worked with Kang Youwei