History Final Exam

After setbacks on both sides, the Cold War reached its veritable climax during the _________.

Cuban Missile Crisis

The revolution in __________ is clearly the one that realized the Enlightenment principles of liberty, equality, and fraternity most fully

Haiti

All of the following is true of Karl Marx EXCEPT:

He believed that the working class , or proletariat, would gradually attain power and slowly replace the upper classes through more of an ecumenic evolution than revolution

Under President Franklin D. Roosevelt's prodding Congress immediately enacted what he called the ___________.

"New Deal"

In 1899, at the behest of United States Secretary of State John Hay, European powers were persuaded to refrain from securing exclusive concessions and, instead, to maintain a(n) ________ policy for all

"Open Door"

As a result of its loss in the Crimean War of __________, Russia was forced to recognize the Ottoman Empire's right to full integrity

1853-1856

Slavery ended in Brazil in _________.

1888

The end of serfdom in Russia would not come until 1861, and the end of slavery in the Ottoman Empire not until ___________.

1890

Beginning with a series of papers published in _____________, Albert Einstein destroyed the Newtonian notion of a certain, absolute, and mechanistic universe

1905

By some estimates, there were more _______ slave uprisings involving 10 or more slaves during the four centuries of Atlantic slavery

250

Dynamite was invented by:

A Swedish chemist and engineer, Alfred Bernhard Nobel

The US Constitution seemed to be embody many of the ideals of the Enlightenment, except for:

A commitment to abolish slavery within two decades

The most controversial part of the Darwinian biological theory as spelled out in On the Origin of Species (1859) was that characteristics are passed on by means of "natural selection," and thus:

By random chance and a haphazard process

Modern industrialization had its start in the following nation:

Great Britain

The ________ Rebellion, led by Hong Xiuquan and his Christian-infulenced declarations, began in 1851

Taiping

The United States Supreme Court "Dred Scott Decision" rules:

That black African slaves "had no rights which a white man was bound to respect"

Under the premiership of General Tojo Hideki, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor (Hawaii), ____________, and Dutch and British territories on December 7-8, 1941.

The Philippines

All of the following is true of the Golden Age of Russian culture EXCEPT:

The Russian intelligentsia drew inspiration largely from Greek and Kyzantine traditions

As a result of the launch of Sputnik in 1957,

The United States accelerated its own middle and space program

"Creole" cultures emerge:

When two or more distinct cultures exist in proximity and absorb influences from each other

After the forced suicide of Taiping leader Hong Xiuquan and the end of his movement in 1864, Chinese leaders began to move toward a reform strategy of what a later slogan called:

"Chinese studies for the essence; Western studied for the practical application"

Building on the philosophical assumption of the material state of nature, the so-called physiocrats argues that freedom and equality should be the standard economic principles and that the state should adopt a ___________, or "hands-off," policy in that regard

"Laissez-faire"

The conflict in the Koreas helped to produce what kind of reaction in America?

A ferret anti-communism led by Senator Mcarthy

As a result of Mexico's defeat by the US in 1848, Santa Anna was forced to Surender everything not of the Rio Grande and Gila Rivers, in exchange for 18 million dollars and ___________

A promise of protection from further Comanche raids on Mexico

Mao's land reforms between 1950 and 1955 took as many as 2 million lives and resulted in:

A rise in agriculture productivity

The word Tanzimat refers to:

A series of reforms inspired by Western European constitutional nationalism

Like the Chinese "self-strengthens," Japanese senior advisors to the emperor sought to use new foreign technologies and institutions to strengthen the state __________.

Against further foreign intrusion

The _________ was the site of the showdown between Mexican forces and Texans intent on independence

Alamo

Among the factors that made an industrialization in Belgium, northern France, and the northern German states more suitable in the 1830s than earlier in the century was:

An improved network of roads, canals, and now railways in this region

In "chattel" slavery, the slave is, in legal terms:

An item of moveable personal property

Between 1894 and 1896, the Ottoman sultan armed Kurdish tribal units, which massacred thousands of _________ villagers.

Armenian

Shiites are unique in having a small number, about half a dozen today, of ___________("signs of God"), who are distinguished by their knowledge of the Quran and Islamic tradition.

Ayatollahs

Adherents to Benito Mussolini's "Fascist" movement, dressed in ________ shirts and organized in paramilitary units, roamed the streets and violently broke up meetings of Communists

Black

Although the precise number of Africans transported to the Americas in the slave trade is difficult to determine, nearly half of the total were sent to ____________.

Brazil

Landowners of self-sufficient plantations in many parts of Latin American supported governmental ____________, the same kind of authoritarian and paternalistic form of action that they practiced on their estates

Caudillismo

Recent scholarship suggests that a key formative element in the development of culture and identity of Africans in the Americas lay in the influence of the:

Central African Creoles from Kongo and Ndongo

Throughout northern China, Boxer units hunted down and killed Western missionaries and ______________.

Chinese Christians

in 1900 Sigmund Freud published his highly influential book on The Interpretation of ___________, which developed his ideas of the subconscious mind.

Dreams

The most famous-and most radical-of British political feminists was ___________, who together with her daughters formed the Women's Social and Political Union in 1903.

Emmeline Pankhurst

Denis Diderot's most important contribution to the Enlightenment was to assemble all the latest scientific and philosophical thinking into the ___________.

Encyclopedia

After World War 2, the United States and the Soviet Union were engaged in the Cold War, which could be best described as:

Engagement through proxy states and ideological struggle.

Between 1877 and 1914, US Southern state legislatures systematically attacked African Americans' rights in respect to all of the following except:

Federa attempts to integrate schools

As a result of the _______ in the United States, millions of veterans benefited from new training and educational opportunities

GI Bill

The First Nation to pioneer decolonization was:

Ghana

In response to the "Boston Tea Party," Britain closed the harbor, demanded restitution, and passed the so-called Coercive Acts (called the "_________ Acts" in the American colonies).

Intolerable

Publication of Denis Diderot's Encyclopedia was difficult because:

It was banned as subversive by the Catholic Church and the French monarchy

As part of the collectivization of agriculture launched in the Soviet Union, 3-5% of the "wealthiest" farmers, called ___________, were "liquidated"-selected for execution, removed to labor camps, or resettled on other land.

Kulaks

As a result of the Versailles Peach Treaty which brought World War 1 to an end, a new supranational was entrusted with the maintenance of peace.

League of Nations

Austria's Prime Minister Prince Klemens von Metternich, an opponent of constitutional nationalism, in an effort to reinstitute the right of kings and emperors to rule by divine grace, persuaded the Congress of Vienna to formulate two new principles: ___________.

Legitimacy and balance of power

African rulers sold slaves to the Europeans as:

Luxury items to be exchanged for other luxury items

In the United States, Europe, and Japan ________ became a powerful cultural force during the return to normalcy after the turbulent war years.

Mass consumption

The more moderate groups of political activists in the Social Democratic Labor Party, meeting in London in 1903, called itself the ___________ ("minority", though they were actually numerically the majority) and aimed for the eventual overthrow of capitalism and tsarist rule

Mensheviks

Russian serfs were organized into ________, or communes, which oversaw ecumenic and legal affairs, and their dwellings were clustered around a village center.

Mirs

The Chinese signed treaties with France and the US, conceding in a clause that any new concessions granted to one country automatically reverted to those who were "____________ nations."

Most-favored

General __________ was the man behind the creation of a modern, secular Turkey that was now able to stand up against the European powers.

Mustafa Kemal "Atatürk"

The Treaty of _______ between the Chinese and the British in 1842 marked the first of the century's "unequal treaties" that would be imposed throughout east Asia by European powers

Nanjing

Germany's NSDAP, or ________- Party achieved 38 percent of the seats in the elections of July 1932, becoming the largest party in the parliament.

National Socialists German Workers

By the end of the eighteen century, the illegal trade in ___________, or "foreign mud," constituted the most profitable import commodity in China, especially around the area of Guangzhou (Canton).

Opium

The commander of an American fleet, Matthew C. _________, arrived in Japan in July 1853, deliberately attempting to impress the Japanese with Wester technological might

Perry

Gran Colombia was divided in 1831 into its component parts, which included all of the following except:

Peru

In 1939, the German army pioneered a new kind of warfare, a "Blitzkrieg" or "lightning war", in _________.

Poland

After the American Civil War, a period of unification endured during which Southern states were occupied by federal troops in order to enforce the new policies of ___________.

Reconstruction

When Latin American republics declared their independence, the Popes in Rome:

Refused to recognize their independence concerned with the power of naming bishops

Contrary to expectations, wages for laborers in Latin America ______________ in the 1800s.

Remained low, because ethnic discrimination and racism trumped market conditions

Both the American and French Revolutions were outgrowths of the _________ and the later Enlightenment

Seven Years' War

Over the course of the 19th century population in the industrialized nations of Europe:

Shifted from rural to urbanized settings

By the fall of 1894, a full-scale war over the fate of Korea and northeast Asia, called the __________ War, was under way.

Sino-Japanese

In the 1870s, conservative intellectuals broadened the conceptualization of Russian nationally into a ideology of Pan-___________.

Slavism

Spurred by the development of European politics and influenced by waves of immigrants from Spain and Italy, two major urban opposition parties took shape in 1890s Argentina and Radical Party and the ___________.

Socialists

_________ was the only North American colony, and later state, in which African Americans outnumbered those of European descent

South Carolina

Mercantilist economic theory dictates that:

States should keep their economies blocked off from competitors and import as little and export as much as possible

The Monroe Doctrine states that...... *a) 1. b) 2. c) 3. d)

The United States government would not tolerate European attempts to re-colonize the new republics of the western hemisphere

Formost among the aims identified by Vladimir Lenin in his treatise What Is to be Done? was:

The overthrow of the tsar

The factors that made Britain especially suitable for launching the industrial movement included all of the following except:

The scientific knowledge and interests of a succession of kings

From the very first, World War 1 was what is known as a ___________, a conflict in which the belligerent parties engage in the complete mobilization of available resources in order to secure a military victory.

Total war

The Atlantic system or the "____________" trade connected the American colonies with Africa and Europe

Triangular

In response to the creation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the Soviet Union formed the ________ Pact in 1955.

Warsaw

In the early years of the Cold War, countries could basically be placed into which of the following categories?

Western camp, Eastern bloc, and the Non-Aligned Movement

In urban areas, __________ frequently ran shops, managed markets, were proprietors of cantinas, and performed a host of skilled and unskilled jobs, particularly in the textile and food trades

Women

The Holocaust led to the murder of roughly _________, nearly six million, of Europe's Jews.

two-thirds