History II Module 4.2

Henry van de Velde

Belgian-born architect and designer Architect and first head of the Grand-Ducal Saxon School of Arts and Crafts in Weimar, Germany

Gerhard Marcks, Expressionist

Expressionism is rooted that you do not have to go to a formal institute to be an artists so long as you express your unique ideas. -Self-taught sculptor beginning 1907 -Berlin artist who joined Berlin Secession (1898-1919), an artist association as an alternative to the conservative state-run Association of Berlin Artists -Fabricated 2 stone reliefs by Gropius for the architect's Machine Hall at Deutscher Werkbund expo

Walter Gropius

In 1919 Gropius became director of the Grand Ducal School of Arts and Crafts, succeeding Henry van de Velde . He founded the New School of Architecture and Applied Art and called it the Bauhaus.

Werkbund Exhibition

The Werkbund was created to question the Arts and Crafts movement. The Werkbund left the the Union and formed their own critical group. This was the first Werkbund exhibition of many. They were also oriented towards design and what was needed in contemporary society. Projecting flat roofs. The Werkbund was dispelled when the Nazis took power in 1933.

Johannes Itten

Swiss expressionist painter, designer, teacher, writer and theorist Developed Color Theory: -One of the first people to define and identify strategies for successful color combinations

Bauhaus

The bauhaus invented the concept of mass production design. Where they would take a product and figure out how to mass produce it. The school moved due to political turmoil. The Bauhaus started to publish their own books which was a new idea at the time. The seal was designed by Gropius to explain the programs of the Bauhaus: -Color -Materials -Nature -Tools -Then they moved on to Bauhaus (Building), however women weren't admitted into that course. One of the core values of the Bauhaus was to craft and make things. Johannes Itten was one of the masters of Color Theory. -Founded in Weimar, 1919: rallied masters and students who sought to reverse the split between art and production by returning to the crafts. -The major Bauhaus Exhibition which opened in 1923, reflecting the revised principle of art and technology as a new unity, spanned the full spectrum of Bauhaus work. -In 1924, funding for the Bauhaus was cut so drastically at the instigation of conservative forces that it had to seek a new home. The Bauhaus moved to Dessau at a time of rising economic fortunes, becoming a municipally funded School of Design. -Under Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (1886-1969) the Bauhaus developed from 1930 into a technical school of architecture with subsidiary art and workshop departments. It moved to Berlin but only lasted for a short time longer. The Bauhaus dissolved itself under pressure from the Nazis in 1933.

Fagus Werke Walter Gropius

Walter Gropius first factory building. Gropius was the son of a mason and later went to architecture school Building has corner windows to introduce as much light as possible. Steel skeleton, weight bearing floors. Very cubic in form, which is traditionally modern. Many of Gropius' buildings were collaborative projects. -Ornament is rejected in favor of functionalism -Gropius's first large building -Projected steel skeleton moves support to the inside -Allows new exterior envelope concept of 'curtain wall' -Windows wrap around corners

Auerbach Residence Walter Gropius

With more commissions granted to the school the departments that won the commissions were able to finance themselves with the revenue. Asymmetrical design became more relevant in modernism architecture. The standardization and module design was one of the most influential ideas that originated from the bauhaus. -A module construction of large size -'Classical' solution subsequently taught in Bauhaus Masters' class - compare to De Stijl modular approach -Pioneering design widely rejected at the time

Bauhaus Furniture and Toys

-1921 Walter Gropius took over the running of the furniture workshop as Master of Form. -One of the first workshops to accept the need for standardization. -Bauhaus toys proved highly successful. -Goal was to create toys which were un-confusingly clear and specific and as harmonious as possible

Bauhaus Architecture

-Haus am Horn was the prototype for the Bauhaus' ideas on residential housing. -Model for spatial concept is the honeycomb -One main space, the living room, is circled by several adjacent smaller spaces -Bauhaus conception of modern living -Integrates the social needs of a family without domestic help in the industrial society.

Bauhaus Workshops

-The essential topic of the Bauhaus education was practical work done in the workshops under the supervision of a master of form and a master of crafts. -The master of form was an artist responsible for the design and formal articulation of the work while the master of the crafts taught technical skills. -Craft-based curriculum that would turn out artisans and designers capable of creating useful and beautiful objects appropriate to the union of art and design as a system of living -The idea was to come up with a universal design that was unique but that can be mass produced.

Women at the Bauhaus

-When the Bauhaus art school opened in 1919, more women applied than men -Gropius believed that women thought in two dimensions, while men could grasp three -Although Gropius declared "no difference between the beautiful (women) and the strong sex (men)", women were excluded from painting, carving and architecture

Sommerfeld House Walter Gropius

First architectural project where all the sectors of the school participated in the design of the buildings. The wood used in the building came from a scrapped ship. Projecting Beams, very symmetric All the furniture featured was also created by Bauhaus students. -First commission Gropius received as director of his new school by building contractor Adolf Sommerfeld -Expressionistic wooden house -First collective project of the Bauhaus