History Industrial Revolution
How was iron making transformed in this period? How does this impact industrialization?
Abraham Darby discovered that coke (coal from which the impurities have been cooked out) could be used in place of charcoal. The resulting metal was of lower quality than charcoal-smelted iron but much cheaper to produce, for coal was plentiful. The use of coke and new machines made iron cheap and abundant. The availability of cheap iron made the mass production of objects such as guns, hardware, and tools appealing.
What new technologies and industries appeared between 1850 and 1900 and how did they affect the world economy?
Electricity, steel, chemical industries, railroads, steamships, telegraph, textile mills, nitroglycerin and dynamite and submarine telegraphs cables. They revolutionized everyday life and transformed the economy. Electricity increases production and makes safer cities.
Why did both European and Asian populations migrate so often in the late 19th Century? Why did so many Europeans emigrate to North America in the late 19th Century?
Europeans: In Ireland there was a potato famine, many moved to the U.S. The Russian Jews and miners were escaping massacre and pogroms. They went to the U.S. and South America. Italians moved due to severe poverty. Also cultural ties between Great Britain and English-speaking countries overseas. Asia: Japanese and Chinese people migrated to California and Hawaii for agriculture. Chinese went to the U.S. to build railroads from west to east. Japanese and Filipinos also migrated to Latin America.
Why is the invention of the steam engine so important?
First machine to transform fossil fuel into mechanical energy. Replaced animal, wind, and waterpower. The invention of the steam engine sparked many later inventions like the sun-and-planet gear which turned the back and forth action of the piston into rotary motion. This allowed steam engines to power machinery in flour and cotton mills, pottery manufacturers, and other industries. No limit to the amount of coal in the ground and steam generated energy seemed to be an inexhaustible source of power.
Innovations that spurred industrialization?
MASS PRODUCTION through the division of labor New MACHINES and mechanization Increase in the manufacture of IRON ELECTRICITY and the TELEGRAPH
How did the lives of working class women compare to middle class women of the time?
Middle class women could work until they got married but then were consigned to caring for the home and children. Working-class women formed a majority of the workers in the textile industries and in domestic service, they also needed to keep homes and raise children. With industrialization came a "cult of domesticity" to justify removing middle-class women from contact with the business world. Instead they became responsible for the home, servants, education of children, and the family's social life.
How did the use of gaslights affect city life?
Mills and factories could operate on two eight- to ten-hour shifts instead of one long dawn-to-dusk shift. Businesses stayed open late. Theaters gave evening performances. People could now walk the streets safely at night. It also contributed to the increase in adult education, as people were now able to go to classes at night after work. Sales of books soared because people stayed up reading and migrants moved to the city for the light.
Describe the working conditions of industrial workers, particularly after the invention of gas lightning?
Most industrial jobs were unskilled, repetitive and boring. Workdays were long, there were few breaks, and foremen watched constantly. Industrial accidents were common. After gas lighting was invented, people could work longer hours and past sunset.
How did industrialization impact the environment in North America?
North Americans transformed their environment faster than Europeans because they saw nature as an obstacle to be overcome and dominated. The Canadian and American governments seized land from the Indians and made it available at low cost to white farmers and logging companies. The cultivation of cotton in the south was especially harmful because planters cut down forests, grew cotton until it depleted the soil, and then moved west.
How did industrialization affect the growth of the population? The growth of cities? Describe urban conditions.
The most dramatic environmental changes were brought about by industrialization occurred in the towns. Never before had tows grown so fast. Yet, industrial cities grew much too fast, and much of the growth occurred in the poorest neighborhoods. As poor migrants streamed in from the countryside, developers built cheap, shoddy row houses.
Describe the new kind of middle class that was created at this time.
The real beneficiaries of the early Industrial Revolution were the middle class. In the late eighteenth century a new group arose: entrepreneurs whose money came from manufacturing. Most were the sons of middling shopkeepers, craftsmen, or farmers. Their enterprises were usually self-financed, because little capital was needed to start a cotton spinning or machine building business. A generation later, some newly rich industrialists bought their way into society.
What innovations occurred in the cotton industry?
The spinning Jenny, which mechanically drew out the cotton fibers and twisted them into thread. The water frame, which produced thread strong enough to be used without linen. The mule, produced a strong thread with thin enough to be used to make a better type of cotton cloth called muslin. Also power looms. Later, Eli Whitney created the cotton gin, a device that separated seedpods from the fiber and made cotton growing economical.
How and why did cities change by the late 19th Century?
They grew much bigger in terms of population. Newly built railroads allowed people to live outside of the city and commute to work. New Urban technologies and the growing powers and responsibilities of governments transformed city life for all but the poorest residents. The most important change was the installation of pipes to bring in clean water and carry away sewage. Fist gas lighting and then electric installation made cities safer at night. Police protection Firemen Sanitation and garbage removal Building and health inspection Schools Parks New neighborhoods!
Why did industrialization first occur in Great Britain?
political structure, transportation infrastructure, inventiveness, and society open to talented and enterprising people.
What caused the Industrial Revolution?
population growth, an agricultural revolution, increased trade, and an interest in innovation.
What innovations spurred industrialization in the earliest years? Later in the 19th Century?
1) Mass production through the division of labor 2) New machines and mechanization 3) A great increase in the manufacture of iron 4) The steam engine 5) The electric telegraph
Similarities of Socialism and Communism
Both ask the question: Why should those who provide the money (capital) receive all the profits, and those who provide the labor receive none of the profits? It is labor, after all, that turns raw materials (including cash) into something with greater value.
What does Great Britain have that other European countries do NOT have?
Coal! Iron Ore!!
How did the Industrial Revolution impact health care?
Crowded cities created BIG problems! TB, Cholera, rickets...raw sewage everywhere... New vaccines developed (vs. smallpox) By 1848, British Government starts to address the problems "Public Health Act" Regular garbage collections starts! Yea! More professionals trained in health care! Yea!
Why didn't industrialization first occur in continental Europe?
In the eighteenth century, the economies of continental Europe we hampered by high transportation costs, misguided government regulations, and rigid social structure. War discouraged businessmen from investing in factories and machinery therefore no industrialization could be completed.
How and why did other countries finally benefit from the Industrial revolution by the end of the 19th Century?
Increase of trade, technology, and cultural exchanges: ideas Japan -> isolated culture at first Germany -> was not organized into one country. No centralized system U.S. -> labor shortage
How did industrialization affect women, children and families?
Industrialization had a major impact on women and family life. Women who could not afford servants had always worked, but mostly with the family. Early into industrialization, most young women who sought paid employment became domestic servants in spite of the low wage, drudgery, and risk of sexual abuse by male employers. Into the industrialization women took factory jobs. Husbands and wives increasingly worked in different places. Parents thought children should contribute to upkeep, brought them to work. Employers preferred children workers because they were cheaper, docile, and smaller than adults. They worked long hours and were beaten if they made mistakes or fell asleep.
How were non-industrialized countries harmed by the growth of industrialization elsewhere in the world?
People choose to migrate to industrialized countries to get work. Industrialized countries needed resources that non-industrialized countries had. The non-industrialized countries were also more vulnerable to changes in price and demand for many of them produced raw materials that could be replaced by synthetic substitutes.
How does Socialism compare to Communism?
Socialism from each according to his abilities to each according to his production. The government owns most industries, but some private ownership. Private property should not be abolished, but public should CONTROL use of property and make necessities available to all. change will come gradually, through democracy; no violence needed. Communism Communism: From each according to his abilities, to each according his needs. The proletariat (workers) own the "means of productions" (the industries) and all profit is shared equally. No more private property, violence may be necessary to make change. Individual rights not so important, given the challenge of poverty.
How do cotton cloth and the invention of the sewing machine help us to understand the changes in the lives of ordinary people?
The combination of cotton cloth and sewing machines revolutionized clothing. A shirt that took fourteen and a half hours to sew by hand could be made in an hour. Manual labor decreased incredibly. Now the poor could afford more clothes. Better-off homemakers subscribed to fashion magazines, bought patterns, and made blouses and dresses, which would once have been too tedious to sew by hand.
Why did slavery expand with the development of industrialization?
While the cotton boom enriched planters, merchants, and manufacturers, African Americans paid for it with their freedom. Slavery was seen as a necessary part of the industrial revolution. As the cotton industry expanded, so did the amount of slaves. 60% of the slaves worked in the cotton plantations. Many slaves also worked on the sugar plantations of the West Indies. Slavery was not "a peculiar institution" as white American Southerners put it, but a consequence of biological differences or biblical injunctions, but part of the Industrial Revolution.
To what extent did the socialist and labor movements include women in their goals and activities?
Women had little time for politics and were not welcome in male-dominated trade unions or radical political parties, though there were a few female radicals. It was never easy to reconcile the demands of workers and those of women. Women did not have the same rights as men nor did they have the right to vote.
What were the main ideas of Karl Marx? Include how he describes the various stages of world economic development.
believes that the workers should get more money than the business owners. Starts with simple communism. This is how humans first lived together - in small tribes. "Simple" means 'not very complex' e.g. hunting and gathering. Communism means that everything was shared amongst the tribe - food, jobs, and belongings. No- one owned land. Eventually a group comes to power - this leads to Feudalism...Feudalism: A king or emperor rules over all people. He gives land and privileges to nobles who rule the people for them. The people are kept uneducated and told that God chose the ruler to rule. As trade develops, some people get richer. This leads to Capitalism. Capitalism: The business owners or capitalists get richer while the workers do all the hard work. Capitalists get more power to serve their own interests. Capitalism creates a huge working- class of people who soon get angry at the way they are treated. They organize in unions and demand changes. This will lead to a revolution and Socialism...Socialism: Rulers, kings, churches, capitalists are forced out of power. The state takes control of the country to produce things for everyone. Nothing is made for profit, all people benefit from education and health. These ideas spread across the world to create Communism.. Communism: the people provide everything. Money becomes a thing of the past. No police. Share. All human activity is to benefit each other allowing all people to live life to the fullest.
How did the Industrial Revolution affect gender roles?
• Increased prestige for men in society: more worked outside of house, could rise in power and responsibility • Middle class women: not needed to work, restricted to domestic duties as "their domain" of influence
What are the social effects of the Industrial Revolution?
• New Bourgeoisie Luxuries • Poverty in overcrowded cities
Multiplier Effect of Railroad Construction
• New job opportunities • Faster, cheaper transportation • Markets grew larger, increasing demand • More sales meant more factories, more production Population movement
What factors must be present for industrialization to take place?
•Power •Labor •Capital •Markets/Transportation •Inventions/Innovations •Natural Resources