History- Midterm Review

Cornelius Vanderbilt

"organized" railroads

J.P. Morgan

"organized" the economy

John D. Rockefeller

"organized" the oil industry

Andrew Carnegie

"organized" the steel industry

Social Darwinism

"survival of the fittest" in the economy and society "natural law"

tools/techniques used by management

-"scabs" -PR campaign -Pinkertons -blacklisting -yellow-dogcontracts (promise not to join union) -court injunctions

tools/techniques used by labor

-boycotts -sympathy/demonstrations -informational picketing -closed shops: only union -wildcat "strikes"

Agriculture as a business

-improved farming technologies -led to Bonanza farms: specialized in a single cash crop, the rise of argibusiness

Conditions for workers

-long hours, low wages, impersonal work -mechanization of labor--> decline of skilled labor -factory work was inhumane, monotonous, and dangerous -worked 50-80 hours

Railroads (farming the Plains)

-mostly immigrants: Chinese from the west, Irish from the east -also veterans and African Americans -worked on Transcontinental Railroads - dangerous job, used dynamite to blast mountains

What technologies enabled cities to expand?

1) Steel. Until the mid-1800s, large buildings were constructed from stone, brick and iron. ... 2) Toilets. Ok, I'm cheating a bit here, because when I say toilets, I'm also referring to the sewers they empty into. ... 3) Electrification. ... 4) Cars. ... 5) Lifts.

How did the discovery of natural resources and technological advances contribute to development of the West?

A vast supply of natural resources, the technological knowledge on how to build and power the necessary machines along with a labor supply of mobile workers, often unmarried females, all aided early industrialization.

How did corporations and holding companies change American business?

As manufacturing companies grew, they organized them- selves along lines similar to the railroads. Corporations were formed to raise the capital necessary to build huge factories and equip them with state-of- the-art machinery.

Vicksburg & Anaconda Plan

Because of the Siege of Vicksburg, Scott's Anaconda Plan was to strangle the south, cut off the confederates from exporting cotton and importing weapons

How did sectionalism divide the nation?

Between the War of 1812 and the Civil War, a time known as the antebellum period, the United States encountered a crisis of sectionalism as the nation divided politically, economically, ideologically, and geographically. Northern and Southern states divided over several issues, but the main one was slavery.

Political machines

Corrupt organized groups that controlled political parties in the cities. A boss leads the machine and attempts to grab more votes for his party.

14th Amendment

Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws

Development of popular culture

Films, broadcast radio and television all had a profound influence on culture. So urbanization, industrialization, the mass media and the continuous growth in technology since the late 1700s, have all been significant factors in the formation of popular culture. These continue to be factors shaping pop culture today.

Gospel of Wealth

God sanctioned wealth

Laissez Faire

Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs.

How do you help the immigrant/urban poor?

Immigrants tended to be young and male, but they enlisted above their quota. Many immigrants left jobs to fight for the Union, enlisting before the draft—and the bounties—were even introduced. They volunteered, fought, and sacrificed far beyond what might be expected of strangers in a strange land.

Immigration Act of 1882

In 1882, this act placed restrictions on the immigration of undesirable persons, such as paupers, criminals, convicts, and mentally incompetent. (p. 362)

Homestead Steel Strike

In 1892- one of the most violent strikes in America at the Carnegie Steel Company. 7 people died. 300 Pinkerton detectives were hired and there was a battle where they ultimately surrendered. outcome: effectively ended unionizing among steelworkers in the US for the nest 26 years

new techniques and technology

Inventors and military men devised new types of weapons, such as the repeating rifle and the submarine, that forever changed the way that wars were fought. Even more important were the technologies that did not specifically have to do with the war, like the railroad and the telegraph.

Homestead Act

It granted the adult head of a family 160 acres of public land for a minimal fee and a five-year commitment of continual residence. the purpose was to encourage the settlement of western lands.

Lincolin's Election (1860)

It shaped the future of the United States by heralding the end of slavery and marked by a time of unprecedented violence in the nation. Lincoln's reelection in 1864 determined that he would continue to guide the nation through the conflict.

Reconstruction Plans

Its main focus was on bringing the southern states back into full political participation in the Union, guaranteeing rights to former slaves and defining new relationships between African Americans and whites.

Mexican Cession

Lands sold by Mexico to the US following the Mexican War

California Gold Rush

Mass migration to California following the discovery of gold in 1848

Characteristic of mining towns

Mining towns often became family towns where male, female, and child labor became essential for production and profits. 1914 massacre of coal workers at Ludlow, Colorado, and the 1917 forcible removal from the state of Arizona of International Workers of the World members and sympathizers in Bisbee, Arizona.

The Missouri Compromise

Missouri entered as a slave state Maine entered as a free state all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states.

North V South V West

North: Industry South: Slavery West: Farming

Transcontinental Railroad

Railroad connecting the west and east coasts of the continental US

Social class divisions

Social class was determined by birth Individuals were born, raised, lived, married, worked and died within their group Upward and downward mobility took place but it was very rare

The "rise" of cities

The battle between poor and rich farmers forced poor families to move from farms in rural areas to urban cities to gain work in factories There was a clear divide between rich and poor in cities Cities were overpopulated due to the rapid increase in the number of inhabitants causing disease and many deaths(cholera)

What was sectionalisms impact of industrialization and development of economies of North and South?

The industrial revolution in the North, during the first few decades of the 19th century, brought about a machine age economy that relied on wage laborers, not slaves. At the same time, the warmer Southern states continued to rely on slaves for their farming economy and cotton production.

Chinese Exclusion Act

The law barred Chinese immigration for 10 years and prevented the Chinese already in the country from becoming citizens.

How did natural resources contribute to the Gilded Age? (timber, oil, minerals,)

There was great demand for the oil, its primary use for many years being in the form of kerosene for lighting. It replaced whale oil and candles, and American kerosene was soon sold all over the world. There were, though, a number of technological and financial problems involved.

15th Amendment (1870)

U.S. cannot prevent a person from voting because of race, color, or creed

Pro union and anti union sentiment

Union workers are more likely to have access to paid sick days and health insurance on the job than nonunion workers. Union workers are also more likely to be able to stay home when they are sick because they are more likely to have access to paid sick leave

Emancipation Proclamation

a degree freeing all enslaved persons in the states still in rebellion after January 1, 1863. Freeing the confederate states makes a point "the war is about the slave."

Lawrence Textile Strike

a strike of immigrant workers in Massachusetts in 1912 led by the Industrial Workers of the World sometimes called the "Bread and Roses" strike. Outcome: workers gained a raise and other workers in New England received raises

13th Amendment (1865)

abolished slavery

How did nativism affect the lives of immigrants?

blamed immigrants for lack of jobs, poor wages, crime, and poverty

barbed wire

closes the open range

corruption

dishonest or illegal actions

Horizontal and Vertical Integration

horizontal: buying the competition vertical: eliminating the middle man

Immigration and Labor

immigrants helped fill the many need factory jobs, however, with increased numbers of workers, competition for jobs created issues between many groups.

Consolidation of railroads

the combining of short lines into longer lines called "trunk lines"

Manifest Destiny

the idea that America can occupy the land from the Atlantic to the Pacific

Texas longhorns and the long drive

the long drive was dependent on the long horn cattle (5 million in texas, roamed freely). the long drive made a demand for cattle increase, drove the cattle west for the troops, beef skyrockets, and railroads grew

Pull Factors

to go to another country; ex: jobs, land was cheap, wages were high, no social class, freedom.

Push Factors

to leave origin country; ex: epidemics, unemployment, religious persecution, war, class system

Second Great Awakening

travelers (preachers) would go around preaching the doctrine of free will, they wanted to abolish slavery

Dred Scott Decision

was an enslaved man taken to free states by his owner

wheat belt

wheat-growing region that included the Dakotas, Nebraska and Kansas

How was the civil war unique?

-Civil war formalized conflict, limiting how it could be waged. Rulers had to treat opponents as lawful combatants and not rebels or criminals. Moreover, foreign powers had a right to intervene on either side. The struggle between Britain and its American colonies showed the dynamic at work.-The Civil War began as a purely military effort with limited political objectives. The North was fighting for reunification, and the South for independence. But as the war progressed, the Civil War gradually turned into a social, economic and political revolution with unforeseen consequences

Dawes Act

1887 law that distributed reservation land to individual Native American owners

Government actions

tariff, quota, exchange control, trade agreement

Bessemer Process

A way to manufacture steel quickly and cheaply by blasting hot air through melted iron to quickly remove impurities.

Union

A worker association that bargains with employers over wages, benefits, and working conditions

How did Manifest Destiny impacted sectionalism?

inspired a variety of measures designed to remove or destroy the native population. US President James K. Polk (1845-1849) is the leader most associated with Manifest Destiny. Manifest Destiny inflamed sectional tensions over slavery, which ultimately led to the Civil War.

How did inventors and inventions change American life?

it made life easier, helped the growth of cities and suburbs

What was sectionalisms impact of the cotton gin?

it makes cotton very profitable

The Open Range

land not owned is open for the cattle to feed on

Buffalo

many tribes followed buffalo-nomads.

R.O.S.E.

means railroad, oil, steel, and electricity

Reform Movements

movements that seek to change something specific about the social structure Temperance - no alcohol Transcendentalism - removing one's self from society, returning to nature Jail/Mental Institutions - The idea of individual salvation improved the conditions of these institutions 2nd Great Awakening - religious movement *All responses to market revolution

New Immigrants vs old immigrants

new: southern and eastern Europe old: northern and western Europe

Reformers

people who work to correct failings or injustices

types of mining

place mining- planning, extract very shallow minerals sluice mining- trench rivers, metal riffle bars, more effective than place mining hydraulic mining- high pressure amount of water sprayed on the side of a mountain/hill to expose minerals

Gustavus Swift

refrigerated railroad car

Pullman Railroad Strike

strike that led to mail cars being attached to rail trains, getting the US government involved and leading to an injunction. outcome: helped unions gain national support and led protections for union