History of Higher Education (general)

What is the purpose/goal of higher education in the 1785-1860 time period?

'create patriots who embody the virtues of the republic' --- AKA, creating good citizens. (Thomas Jefferson helped establish this)

American Association of University Professors 1940 statement on academic freedom reviewed two important concepts on academic freedom. What were they?

1) freedom of research and publication of results 2) freedom in the classroom to discuss the subject (they can teach controversial material, but they should not introduce controversial matter that is not applicable to the subject).

Why was 1945-1970 considered the 'Golden Age' of higher education?

1) strong funding, 2) enrollment grew, 3) expansion of financial aid, 4) civil rights expansion, and 5) The Cold War

Education technology and online education have MASSIVE impacts in the 21st century. By 2012, ________________ of all students enrolled were taking at least one online class

1/4 of all students

Why did the federal government have no involvement in higher education funding in 1785-1860 time period?

10th amendment states that control of education is up to states and not the federal government

In what time period was the higher education system considered 'Americanized' because it was no longer modeled after the British?

1785-1860

What period lacked standardization? (No accountability or governance) Some schools would do 1-year bachelor's degrees, others have 2-year bachelor's degrees. No 'standard' of higher education.

1785-1860

In what time period did marketplace competition start to emerge in recruiting students to universities? (this was the start of universities really competing each other for students. This winnowed out many of the weak institutions).

1860-1890

What time period was higher education known for taking a back seat because of the Civil War?

1860-1890

By this time period, American higher education could best be described as "extraordinarily large and spatially dispersed, with decentralized governance and a remarkable degree of institutional complexity"`

1880's

In what time period did research universities begin to develop?

1880-1910

In what time period did standardization of higher education start?

1880-1910

What time period was marked as the 'Industrial Age' in America? had a profound impact on higher ed. It became vocational training. Train people with a common skill-set that could go out to specific industries and support them.

1880-1910

In what time period did the Bachelor's degree become the 'gold standard' of degrees?

1890-1920

This time period marked the start of college football - WHOOP! Teddy Roosevelt gets the NCAA going. This was the heart of college activities.

1890-1920

By this year, the public had come to understand the American university as admitting only high school graduates, containing two years of general education in the liberal arts followed by two years of specialized coursework, and providing advanced graduate programs leading to a doctoral degree

1908

During this time period, 'Status' and 'prestige' of institutions started to become more important

1920-1945

This time period marked expansion & reform for higher ed

1920-1945

In this time period, most of the federal grant money (80%) for research was being given to only a handful of few institutions

1945-1970

The Truman Commission was noted during which time period?

1945-1970

This time period was known as the 'Golden Age' of Higher Education (though many believe this to be exaggerated)

1945-1970

In what time period did students start to embrace their power a little more - they demanded lower tuition & more money to be spent on the students (through on-campus expenditures)

1970-2000

The Reauthorization of Higher Education Act was passed by congress in what year?

1972

This publication really starts to question how business is conducted in institutions. This has a large impact. This was a demand for accountability

1983 publication 'A nation at risk'

In this decade, many institutions begin to see less and less state funding. Those at the policy level wondered if their student aid dollars were producing graduates that were getting the jobs promised to them --- they begin to be more hesitant giving out money because they questioned whether higher ed is a good public investment at all

1990's

In this time period, the pendulum for politics starts to swing heavily - these have impacts both inside and outside of higher ed.

21st century

This time period marked the rise of the internet

21st century

In the 1920-1945 time period, institutions really had to think about long-term plans (specifically fiscally) because of what?

After WWI, we see a major baby boom.

The 1940 statement on academic freedom was created by what association?

American Association of University Professors

During the rise of the internet in the 21st century, higher education instruction changed. Why?

Anyone with internet access now had an 'on-demand repository' of human knowledge

Standardization of higher education started with what association?

Association of American Universities.

The Colonial Period of higher ed was modeled after....

British institutions like Cambridge & Oxford

This lawsuit resulted in drastic changes in civil rights in education

Brown vs. Board of Education & Civil Rights Act of 1964

This resource, which can be accessed on the web, provides broad access to varied institutions, which differ in size, type of administrative control (public or private), selectivity, and focus. The system gives students flexibility in moving between institutions, transferring credits, entering and leaving schools, and switching between full- and part-time status.

Carnegie Classifications

This institution wandered away from the 'norm' of exclusivity, specifically for student religion, during the Colonial Period because the colonial governor was on the board and was more tolerant of a variety of denominations.

College of New Jersey (later Princeton)

Questions of 'Who owned the college? What is their mission? What should students be taught?' was answered by this law suit:

Dartmouth College vs. Woodward (1819)

This lawsuit (in 21st century) reinforces the fact that faculty are protected as private citizens outside of the work environment - they are free to say/behave in their own way outside of work. This is protected under academic freedom

Garcetti v. Ceballos (2006)

Research universities were based off of this model:

German Research University Model.

The ____________________________ had a profound impact on higher ed because vocational training became paramount. Efforts to train people with a common skill-set that could go out to specific industries and support them were heavily focused on.

Industrial Age 1880-1910

In the 1890-1920 period in higher education, what became paramount in how institutions were run?

Industry -- Corporate needs are really driving what institutions are doing, what they're teaching, etc.

During the 1970 - 2000 time period, institutions became very 'research-focused'. Why was this?

Institutions were being questioned as to how business was being conducted, what value higher education has. Research becomes important in order to create new knowledge (and show they're doing something)

This program pushed for need-based student financial aid. (before this, student aid was given out however they saw fit). Also, what time period did this program fall within?

Johnson's Great Society Programs; 1945-1970

In the 21st century, faculty members transitioned from 'all-knowing' to _________________.

Learning facilitators

American Association of University Professors 1940 statement on academic freedom included limitations of academic freedom. What specifically did they say about these limitations?

Limitations of academic freedom because of religious or other aims of the institution should be clearly stated in writing at the time of faculty appointment (catholic/christian colleges, for example, may use this)

The ______________________________ gave land to states to create public universities (the states had to sustain them, though, so they weren't magically successful right away) - this was meant for an agriculture boom. This was the first 'STEM' push - people who could develop the nation, drive agriculture developments. (while liberal arts were really pushed to the side)

Morrill Land Grant Act of 1862.

In the 21st century, higher education ideally would like stability (specifically financial stability) -- however, they weren't getting that because of _______________.

Politics (and their effects on higher ed)

What was the goal of higher ed during the Colonial Period?

Produce ministers & gentleman (wealthy, high-ranking public figures)

The purpose/goal of the 1890-1920 time period of higher education was to:

Produce professional training for managers in corporations. (This was incentivized by federal dollars)

Who managed/controlled institutions during the Colonial Period?

Religious Institutions

This event in time had a significant impact on enrollment & funding. Student enrollment dropped significantly, as well as funding for higher ed.

The Great Recession (2008)

What Act put out a lot of more money into higher education institutions but comes with A LOT of strings attached.

The Higher Education Act of 1965

This Act floods higher ed with money for student financial aid. (had a lot of regulations as a part of this) -- many soldiers came home and went straight to college

The Serviceman's Readjustment Act of 1944

Why was the Cold War good for higher education? (1945-1970 time frame)

The federal government was feeding massive amounts of funding to institutions to develop/produce weapons for the war. (military industrial complex)

Dartmouth College vs. Woodward (1819) answered the questions of, 'Who owned the college? What is their mission? What should students be taught?' What was the conclusion of this suit?

The result of this suit freed institutions to operate outside of state control.

Why did institutions see less and less state funding in the 1990's?

Those at the policy level wondered if their student aid dollars were producing graduates that were getting the jobs promised to them --- they begin to be more hesitant giving out money because they questioned whether higher ed is a good public investment at all

T/F: American higher education modeled research universities off of the German Research University model, but didn't have the money to completely transform our institutions into heavy research focus.

True

T/F: As a private citizen, faculty can say what they want and express their personal opinions in private settings (outside of the university). This is technically still true, but some faculty members have been asked to leave when they display behavior that is inappropriate that deals with their job (I.e. tweeting negative things about institution)

True

What was the first public institution, and when did it open?

University of Georgia, 1785

Thomas Jefferson helped develop which institution?

University of Pennsylvania

Was higher education well-funded or under-funded in the Colonial Period?

Well-funded; definitely had more funds than lower-levels of education

The Association of American Universities (1880-1910 time period) began the standardization of higher education by answering these questions:

What warrants a bachelor's degree? What qualifications do instructors need?

What was the purpose of higher education in the 1970-2000 time period?

create new knowledge, empower students, provide opportunity, reinforce class through legacy prestige (you gain even more prominence if you attend high-end institutions, (and still the Cold War intentions)

What was the purpose of higher education in the 1920-1945 time period?

develop America as a nation. Promote 'Americana'

Diploma mills started to develop through ____________ (time period). Schools really did what they wanted. As a result, there were many 'snake oil' degrees

early 1900's

topic of academic freedom became popular in 1920-1945 time period. What did this exactly entail?

faculty members have the right to teach as they see fit to their standards; additionally, any behavior/actions outside of their career do not represent the university. Also, if a faculty member decides to research something that the state (or other officials) do not view as necessary/beneficial, the faculty member still has freedom to pursue that research.

The nature of higher ed in the colonial times could be considered a cross between ___________ and ____________.

finishing school & seminary

In 1785-1860, who was higher education funded by?

funded by local communities -- NO FEDERAL RESPONSIBILITY

Where were institutions physically located during the Colonial Period?

generally in the largest buildings in their colonies

What was the purpose of higher education during the 21st century?

giving 'consumers' (students) what they want --- this is about catering to students. Students have much more power. Additionally, there's debate as to whether higher ed fuels culture wars as well. (seen as liberal leaning). Lots of debates in higher ed policy as well.

What officially happened in higher education as a result of Brown vs. Board of Education & Civil Rights Act of 1964?

higher education officially became de-segregated

The Higher Education Act of 1965 marked the beginning of what?

it started the heavy federal regulation of higher ed (specifically based on fiscal incentives)

It could be argued that higher education institutions start to lean to _______________ side of politics, and start to fuel culture wars.

liberal leaning

The rise of this type of school emerged in the 1830's - 1860's. These schools were designed to prepare teachers. Others focused on professional preparation (medical school, lawyers, etc.)

normal schools

What was the Truman Commission known for?

pushed the importance of community colleges in technical skills training -- also noted as a cost-effective means of delivering higher ed

What was the result of The Reauthorization of Higher Education Act? (passed by congress in 1972)

significantly increased federal student aid, but that came with much more government regulatory control

What was higher education's purpose/goal in the 1945-1970 time period?

support the military industrial complex to defeat our enemies in war

The Serviceman's Readjustment Act of 1944 is now more commonly known as ______________.

the GI Bill