history of nursing

Roman Empire

After 300 B.C., early physicians built on the groundwork of their Egyptian andGreek predecessors. The Romans are best known for advances in the health of the public

The crusades

Europe rose to reclaim the Holy Land from the Moslems.Hospitals developed on the battlefields.Knight Hospitaliers of St. John's of Jerusalem cared for the injured - their symbol, a bright, Red Cross.Knights organized nursing careHad a probationary period before you could wear the "white" robes of knighthoodNursing became acceptable for women and encouraged by the Catholic Church

Pins

the symbolism was fashioned after that of the coat of arms worn by noblemen to reflect whom and where they served. The first pins in the United States were awarded in 1880.The purpose is that it is to be worn by those who have graduated from nursing school programs. They help to identify nurses according to their level in nursing school or according to the school from which they graduated.

Dorothea Dix

Appointed to organize military hospitals, provide trained nurses, and disperse supplies; she received no official status and no salary for this position.Fought for the rights of the mentally ill.6 million people hospitalized during the war—one-half million surgical cases; 2000 nurses served in the war

Lillian Wald

Champion of the urban poor Established Henry Street Settlement in 1893 which became New York Visiting Nursing Services Pioneer in Public Health Nursing

19th Century

Era of social reform for prisons, public health and care of the poor.Pastor Theodur Fliedner opened the Kaiserwerth Deaconess Institute - thefirst REAL nursing school. Its most famous student: Florence Nightingale

LATE 19TH Century, 20th century to now

Civil war shaped nursing by dramatizing the NEED for nursing care.

Florence S. Wald

Credited with the development of the hospice movement in the United States. Developed first program in Connecticut in 1960's Patterned program after the successful programs in England.

Early Civilization

Egyptian physicians are believed to have specialized in certain diseases (such as internal diseases, fractured bones, and wounds). They also hired women, later known as midwives, to assist with childbirth. These women were the first recorded nurses.

Isabel Adams Hampton Robb

First President of ANA Organized Nursing School superintendents which became the National League of Nurses Member of committee to form the AJN

James Derham

First male nurse in North America Bought his freedom from slavery by working as a nurse. 1785

Period of Nightingale

Florence Nightingale was born in 1820 in a wealthy family;she was determined to become a nurse since she believed she was "called by God to help others and to improve the well-being of mankind";she visited *Kaiserswerth* and received nurse's training at 1850 for three months Then went to the *Crimean War* to nurse wounded soldiers. She and her nurses saved many lives

Florence Nightingale accomplishments

Founder of modern nursing Established first nursing philosophy based on health maintenance and restoration First practicing nurse epidemiologist First nurse researcher Changed society's view of nurse

Mary Breckinridge

Frontier Nursing Service Established 1925 Healthcare to women and their families in rural Kentucky Educated as Nurse Midwife in England Started First School of Midwifery in the US 1939 Between 1925-1975- 17,053 births and 11 maternal deaths = well belownational average

Susie Walking Bear Yellowtail

Helped to end abuses in Indian Health care system decreased death rate of Native American children Established funding mechanism for education of native American Nurses Presidents Award in 1992 for Outstanding Nursing Health Care.

India

In ancient India, early hospitals were staffed by male nurses who were required to meet four qualifications: knowledge of the manner in which drugs should be prepared for administration, cleverness, devotedness to thepatient, and purity of mind and body

National Student Nurse Association

Mission: mentors the professional development of future registered nurses and facilitates their entrance into the profession by providing educational resources, leadership opportunities, and career guidance.Founded in 1952 Have over 53,000 members in 50 states, the District of Columbia, Guam, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands.

Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of Nursing

Mission: to support the learning, knowledge, and professional development of nurses committed to making a difference in health worldwide. Started in 1922 by six nursing students at Indiana University. Membership by invitation to undergraduate, graduate and nurse leaders who demonstrate achievement and excellence.

Middle Ages

More hospitals were built.Nurses delivered custodial care and depended on physicians for direction.Nurse midwifery, as one of the oldest nursing roles, flourished.Much nursing care was provided by monks and nuns, which was segregated by sex.

Margaret Sanger

One of the most controversial nurses of modern times Dedicated to provide legal birth control Founded Planned Parenthood

Caps

Originally large to cover most of head to keep hair neat Cap and aprons signified respectability, cleanliness and servitude Later became symbolic of recognition of achievement Capping ceremony

National Council of State Boards of Nursing, Inc. (NCSBN)

Purpose: Provides an organization through which boards of nursing act together on matters of common interest and concern.Established 1978. Develops and administers licensure examinations for RN and LP/VN candidates. Maintains a national disciplinary data bank.Serves as the national clearing house of information on nursing regulation. Publications: Issues; NCLEX-RN Program Reports; NCLEX-PN Program Reports.

National League for Nursing (NLN)

Purpose: To identify the nursing needs of society and to foster programs designed to meet these needs.Established 1952. Accredits nursing education programs. Conducts surveys to collect data on education programs. Provides continuing-education programs. Open to all nurses and non-nurses.Publication: Nursing & Health Care.

American Nurses Association (ANA)

Purpose: To improve the quality of nursing care.Established 1911. Establishes standards for nursing practice. Establishes a professional code of ethics. Develops educational standards Oversees a credentialing system. Influences legislation affecting health care. For RNs only.Publications: American Journal of Nursing; American Nurse

American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN)

Purpose: to establish quality standards for bachelor's- and graduate-degree nursing education, assist deans and directors to implement those standards, influence the nursing profession to improve health care, and promote public support of baccalaureate and graduate education, research, and practice in nursing.

Greece

The Greeks believed in Apollo, the Greek god of healing and prayed to him for magic cures for their illness. 400 B.C., the famous Greek physician Hippocrates believed that disease had natural, not magical, causes.

Fifteenth to Nineteenth Century

The extensive population growth in cities, the lack of hygiene and sanitation and the increasing poverty in urban centers resulted in serious health problem.Society changed from one with a religious orientation to one that emphasized warfare, exploration, and expansion of knowledge.Many monasteries and convents closed, leading to a tremendous shortage of people to care for the sick.Women who had committed crimes were recruited into nursing in lieu of serving sentences.The only acceptable nursing role was within a religious order where services were provided as part of Christianity charity.Establishment of the first hospital in North America

18th, early 19th centuries

The sick and poor were in great numbers - change was needed - the stage was set for those with "social" vision.

Clara Barton

Was concerned about the condition of wounded soldiers on battlefield.Brought supplies and nursed the wounded on the front.Inspired by International Red Cross to form American Red Cross in 1881

Christianity

With the beginning of Christianity, nursing began to have a formal and more clearly defined role.Led by the belief that love and caring for others were important, women made the first visits to sick people, male gave nursing care and buried the dead.Nursing became a respected vocation.

Virginia A. Henderson

Wrote the textbook on nursing practice: Textbook of the Principles and Practice of Nursing Established tools that promoted nursing research Nursing Studies Index Considered the Florence Nightingale of her time because of her work as a teacher and researcher

Uniforms

symbolic of servant uniform sign of respectability "She should be always quietly dressed....even off duty, gaudy ribbons and showy feathers do not become those"