History of Psychology (Student Question)

What is presentism as it relates to historical thinking? A. Being fully present in the moment B. Assessing the past only in terms of historical understanding C. Interpreting and assessing the past only in terms of present understanding D. Understanding the present based on previous experiences

C. Interpreting and assessing the past only in terms of present understanding

___________ is most well-known for his contribution to research in areas such as reaction time, imagery, and sound localization. Equally, he was known for his clarification between structuralist views of, "what?" versus the functionalist perspective of, the "how" and "why?" of consciousness, which he favored. A. John Dewey B. Leipzig C. James R. Angell D. E. B. Titchener

C. James R. Angell

Before Charles Darwin introduced his theory of evolution, a prominent French naturalist proposed that all species could be arranged on a linear scale with reference to their complexity. The chain of being was theorized by __________. A. Erasmus B. Conwy Lloyd Morgan C. Jean Baptiste de Lamarck D. Alfred Russel Wallace

C. Jean Baptiste de Lamarck

Who was the founder of British empiricism? A. George Berkley B. Immanuel Kant C. John Locke D. David Hartley

C. John Locke

Because of Charles Darwin's theory that the evolution of species happens at a slow pace and requires an immense amount of time, it can be inferred that he would most likely support the work of... A. Paley and the Argument of Design B. Lamarck and the Chain of Being C. Lyell and his idea of Uniformitarianism D. Morgan and Lloyd Morgan's Canon

C. Lyell and his idea of Uniformitarianism

Descartes argument between innate (developed from mind) ideas and derived (sensory) ideas are a parallel to what frequently debated relationship in psychology literature today? A. Dualistic thinking B. Cause and effect C. Nature and nurture D. Continuity and discontinuity

C. Nature and nurture

Who were the three people that posed a threat to the authority in England during the Renaissance? A. John Locke, George Berkley, and John Stuart Mill B. John Stuart Mill, Francis Bacon, and Immanuel Kant C. Nicolas Copernicus, Galileo Galilei, and Francis Bacon D. David Hartley, David Hume, and Francis Bacon

C. Nicolas Copernicus, Galileo Galilei, and Francis Bacon

What happened a year after John Stuart Mill published the essay, The Subjection of Women. A. He married the woman that contributed to his essay, Helen Taylor B. He suffered a mental collapse (existential crisis) C. Parliament passed the Married Women's Property Bill D. The essay was rejected and he lost his seat on the Parliament

C. Parliament passed the Married Women's Property Bill

Whose neuron theory asserts that neurons are physically separate from each other, which we now know to be the presence of synapses? A. Camillo Golgi B. Charles Sherrington C. Ramon y Cajal D. Descartes

C. Ramon y Cajal

Hermann Ebbinghaus wanted to study how long it took someone to re-learn or produce information that has been forgotten. This logic led him to examine a new measurement of recalling information called? A. Mental testing B. Remote associations C. Savings method D. Forgetting curve

C. Savings method

Who was the scientist who coined the term "reflex"? A. René Decartes B. Robert Whytt C. Thomas Willis D. Hermann von Helmholtz

C. Thomas Willis

The Spanish word 'Galápagos' was given to the chain of islands that Darwin visited due to its resemblance to which lethargically inclined creature that resides there. A. Land Iguana B. Penguin C. Tortoise D. Sloth Bear

C. Tortoise

When a person experiences a strong emotion, they may have a physiological response such as trembling. This is an example of the principle in Darwin's theory about the origins of emotional expressions called A. principle of serviceable associated habits B. principle of antithesis C. direct action of the nervous system D. instinct

C. direct action of the nervous system

"Old" history is primarily described as presentist, internal, and ________? A. historicist B. external C. personalistic D. naturalistic

C. personalistic

Who created psychophysics in order to conceptualize the mind-body relationship? A- Ernst Weber B- Wilhelm Wundt C- Hermann Ebbinghaus D- Gustav Fechner

D- Gustav Fechner

Why was Sir Francis Bacon a hero in the eyes of B. F. Skinner? A. Bacon was a patron of libraries and developed a system for the cataloging of books by dividing them into three categories- history, poesy, and philosophy. B. Bacon rebelled and contested the conclusions and teachings of Aristotle. C. Established himself as a threat to established authority in England. D. Bacon insisted on acquiring knowledge through experimentation and the control of nature.

D. Bacon insisted on acquiring knowledge through experimentation and the control of nature.

Why did Darwin delay publishing his theory of evolution for almost 20 years? A. Darwin's wife was ill, which took priority over his work. B. Darwin had not finished his theory and was uncertain when to release it. C. Darwin was still on voyage and didn't have the time. D. Darwin was in poor health and was concerned with reaction from his peers.

D. Darwin was in poor health and was concerned with reaction from his peers.

Robert Whytt's research of reflexes and voluntary/involuntary action can be considered the basis for the modern concept of... A. The way in which the brain sends signals to the muscles B. The functions of the different lobes in the brain C. How an action potential occurs D. Different forms of conditioning

D. Different forms of conditioning

Because of his belief that knowledge is built from the experiences an individual has, John Locke is a(n)... A. Rationalist B. Interactionist C. Dualist D. Empiricist

D. Empiricist

In 1883, who formed Americas first "true" experimental psychology research laboratory? A. William James B. Mary Whiton Calkins C. Francis Sumner D. G. Stanley Hall

D. G. Stanley Hall

Resulting from the notions established by Descartes dualism, the Cartesian Dichotomy divides ______________. A. Heaven & earth B. Associationists and empiricists C. Man & woman D. Humans & animals

D. Humans & animals

Who developed a standard method in memory research known as paired associate learning? A. G. Stanley Hall B. Christine Ladd-Franklin C. George Trumbull Ladd D. Mary Whiton Calkins

D. Mary Whiton Calkins

Accredited for the origins of the belief that functions of the body were located in specific areas of the brain that varied in strength depending on the amount of space it occupied, Franz Josef Gall proposed theory of function localization is known as... A. Unconscious Inference B. Holism C. Epistemology D. Phrenology

D. Phrenology (Gall)

In Rene Descartes authority challenging book, Discourse on Method, he explained how he would accept as truth only that which could not be doubted. His belief that truth could arise from reason marks him as A. Empiricist B. Materialist C. Idealist D. Rationalist

D. Rationalist

Which philosopher was known mostly for being a Nativist and a Rationalist? A. John Stuart Mill B. David Hartley C. John Locke D. Rene Descartes

D. Rene Descartes

Wilhelm Wundt is generally referred to as the first experimental psychologist. Why is it that history dictates that Wundt is the "founder" of experimental psychology when individuals such Flourens, Weber, or even Fechner (to name a few) produced similar findings and methods before the publication of the Principles of Physiological Psychology in 1873. A. Wundt's predecessor's findings were based in Pseudoscience B. Wundt actively sought to discount possible rival's findings and simultaneously promote his own ideology C. Wundt found it difficult to give credit where credit is due D. While his predecessors made significant scientific contributions they lacked the networking skills and affluence that Wundt possessed

D. While his predecessors made significant scientific contributions they lacked the networking skills and affluence that Wundt possessed

Which American psychologist made great research advancements in habits, consciousness, and emotion within the first written psychology textbook? A. G. Stanley Hall B. Mary Whiton Calkins C. George Trumbull Ladd D. William James

D. William James

According to Darwin, raised eyebrows in response to a surprising stimuli, displays which of the three principles of emotional expression? A. direct action of the nervous system B. antithesis C. anthropomorphism D. serviceable associated habits

D. serviceable associated habits

Who founded the first psychological laboratory in the world? a. Wilhelm Wundt b. Ernst Weber c. Johann Herbart Sigmund Freud

a. Wilhelm Wundt

Who was considered the founder of modern psychology? a. Gustav Fechner b. Wilhelm Wundt c. Ernst Weber d. Hermann Ebbinghaus

b. Wilhelm Wundt

Who founded the American Journal of Psychology and the American Psychological Association? a. Mary Whiton Calkins b. William James c. G. Stanley Hall d. James Mark Baldwin

c. G. Stanley Hall

Why is William Wundt considered the father of experimental psychology rather than Gustav Fechner? A. Wundt stole Fechner's work and published his ideas before Fechner was able to do so. B. Wundt, instead of focusing on philosophy, proved that some aspects of psychology were scientific. C. Fechner died before he was able to complete his work. D. Fechner did not have the funding that Wundt had for the first experimental laboratory.

...B. Wundt, instead of focusing on philosophy, proved that some aspects of psychology were scientific.

What is today's term for "muscle sense"? 1. Kinesthesis 2. Physiology 3. Psychophysical 4. Proprioception

1. Kinesthesis

Whenever Romanes says that scorpions feel despair and commit suicide when surrounded by fire or intense heat and that spiders have a "fondness" for music, who would be the one opposing to these assumptions saying that animal behavior is the result of some factor lower in the psychology scale, in other words, a reflex action: A. Conwy Lloyd Morgan B. Francis Galton C. Charles Darwin D. Thomas Aquinas

A. Conwy Lloyd Morgan

Thorndike's Law of _________ believes that effective behaviors in problem solving are strengthened while ineffective behaviors are weakened A. Effect B. Exercise C. Repetition D. Behavior

A. Effect

Kenneth and Mamie Phipps Clark coauthored a study that they called the "doll study." What did this study test? A. Effects of segregation on children B. Effects of violence in children C. Effects of boys playing with dolls D. Effect of adults with dementia playing with dolls.

A. Effects of segregation on children

John Locke believed that our knowledge derived from... A. Experience B. Innate Ideas C. Association D. Complex Ideas

A. Experience

The psychological study of human behavior during the year 1945, taking into account the influences provoked from World War II on the population is a type of A. External history B. Internal history C. Old history D. Social History

A. External history

Wundt preferred using internal perception over self-observation methods while studying __________. A. Immediate conscious experience B. Memory C. The Wurzburg School D. Philosophy

A. Immediate conscious experience

A personalistic view of history believes that.... A. Important historical events result from the actions/accomplishments of an individual. B. History is continuous and sleek. C. Two or more individuals will independently make the same discovery around the same time. D. It is important history is documented through primary sources.

A. Important historical events result from the actions/accomplishments of an individual.

Despite its susceptibility to bias and inability to be verified, William James believed that ____________ was the most reliable way to study mental processes. A. Introspection B. Pragmatism C. Recapitulation D. Apperception

A. Introspection

Thorndike proposed what general principle as a result if the puzzle box that stated responses that work will strengthen and those that don't work will weaken and disappear? A. Law of Effect B. Trial and Error Learning C. Law of Exercise D. Connectionism

A. Law of Effect

What contributed to the rise of state universities manned by laypeople in the late 19th century? A. Morill Land Grant Act of 1862 B. Germany wasn't the leading edge of psychology anymore C. Brown VS The Board of Education D. Finally allowing women and minorities into graduate programs

A. Morill Land Grant Act of 1862

Structuralism is to analysis, as functionalism is to what? A. Physiology B. Psychology C. Sociology D. Anatomy

A. Physiology

Although G. Stanley Hall's first passion was experimental psychology, he found his "big break" in the field of educational psychology after what event occurred? A. Presenting lectures on educational reform at Harvard. B. Working happily under Wundt's mentorship. C. Developing self-psychology with Mary Whiton Calkins. D. Studying philosophy with James Mark Baldwin.

A. Presenting lectures on educational reform at Harvard.

Hermann Ebbinghaus named what as his memory task that further indicated his intent to analyze the buildup of associations between elements of a fixed sequence? A. Serial Learning B. Nonsense Syllable C. Saving Methods D. Remote Associations

A. Serial Learning

What are Darwin's three principles? A. Serviceable associated habits, antithesis, and direct action of the nervous system B. Ethology, instinct, imprinting C. Sexual selection, functionalism, comparative psychology D. Chain of being, inheritance of acquired characteristics, natural selection

A. Serviceable associated habits, antithesis, and direct action of the nervous system

If you were interested in contacting a family member who was killed during the Civil War you would be interested in this movement A. Spiritualism B. Consciousness C. Pragmatism D. Recapitulation

A. Spiritualism

... is to understand the mental processes by analyzing the elements of the mind as ... is to understand the purpose of the consciousness and behavior. A. Structuralism; Functionalism B. Mentalism; Functionalism C. Structuralism; Mentalism D. Functionalism; Structuralism

A. Structuralism; Functionalism

In the year 1890, William James published The Principles of Psychology which is now Psychology's most famous textbook. What made this book such a best seller when it was first released? A. The academic public was expecting it because of his numerous other publications B. It was based on a controversial topic C. He worked with G. Stanley Hall who was a vigorous promoter of his ideas D. He assisted Mary Calkins with her publication of The Persistent Problems of Philosophy

A. The academic public was expecting it because of his numerous other publications

How is functionalism related to evolutionary thinking? A. The evolutionary mindset that psychologist agreed with naturally led to interests in studying individual differences, animal behavior, abnormal behavior, and development B. functionalism was merely a reaction to structuralism and has no relation to evolutionary thinking C. the structural elements of the human mind are building blocks that can help explain human consciousness D. evolutionary thinking was highly disregarded by functionalist

A. The evolutionary mindset that psychologist agreed with naturally led to interests in studying individual differences, animal behavior, abnormal behavior, and development

After receiving a formal education at the College de la Fleche, Rene Descartes believed that the best way to uncover the truth was through...? A. The human capacity to reason B. Being true to yourself and others around you C. Learn and listen to people of authority D. Have a deep relationship with the church and its scriptures

A. The human capacity to reason

Jimmy is researching why romantic partners may get jealous when seeing their significant other interacting in a friendly manner with a person of the opposite sex. Which branch of thinking inspired by Darwin is Jimmy interested in? A. evolutionary psychology B. comparative psychology C. anthropomorphism D. ethology

A. evolutionary psychology

Mary Caulkins, the first woman elected president of the American Psychological Association in 1905, contributed theoretical concepts on memory and association. What procedure on association is still in use today as a standard method in memory research? A. paired-associate learning B. maze learning C. forgetting curve D. recapitulation

A. paired-associate learning C. forgetting curve

Lamarck's idea that all species can be arranged on a scale in reference to their level of complexity is called ____? A. the chain of being B. the inheritance of acquired characteristics C. uniformitarianism D. comparative psychology

A. the chain of being

First used by Karl Lashley and based on his studies pertaining to brain damage in rats- which term proposed the idea that if some portion of the brain is destroyed, the other areas will be able to serve the same function (to a certain degree)? A- Law of mass action B- Equipotentiality C- Contralateral Functioning D- Sensory Aphasia

B- Equipotentiality

Which of the following is an example of internal perception according to Wundt? A. Telling your best friend about the awesome trip you took to the Bahamas two weeks ago. B. Biting into a hamburger and describing it to your boyfriend as juicy and delicious C. Thinking about the argument you just had with your mother and wishing you had said something different D. Looking at a picture from your childhood, remembering how much fun it was, then calling your siblings to take the trip again

B. Biting into a hamburger and describing it to your boyfriend as juicy and delicious

Due to the destructive nature of ablation in studying human subjects, what mode of study was created in order to ensure ethical treatment for subjects and patients alike. A. Phrenology B. Clinical Method C. Opponent Process Theory D. Reciprocal Innervation

B. Clinical Method

In one of Fechner's methods used to establish thresholds called the Method of ___________, a stimulus is presented in a random order of various intensities, and the subject indicates whether they have detected the stimulus or not. A. Limits B. Constant Stimuli C. Psychophysics D. Adjustment

B. Constant Stimuli

Titchener developed a Manual of Laboratory Practices to better teach ___________. A. Boot camp B. Drill courses C. Cats & dogs D. German apprenticeship

B. Drill courses

William James's theory of _______, had components borrowed from a Dutch psychologist who is also credited in the name of the theory. A. Habit B. Emotion C. Consciousness D. Spiritualism

B. Emotion

What is the main idea of Hermann Ebbinghau's famous forgetting curve? A. The older you get the more ideas you lose due to old age. B. Forgetting things happens very quickly, starting from right after you learn it and slowly trickles away. C. The more information that you obtain the more likely it is to be forgotten a couple days later. D. Information is never really forgotten, it is saved in different memory sections of the brain.

B. Forgetting things happens very quickly, starting from right after you learn it and slowly trickles away.

Lisa is petrified of roller coasters. Any time she enters an amusement park, she gets terrible anxiety and can't even manage to go on a single roller coaster with her friends. Which type of thinker is most likely to tell Lisa that this behavior is an adaptive function to her environment? A. Naturalist B. Functionalist C. Determinist D. Developmental psychologists

B. Functionalist

Although he is not accredited as being the founder of experimental psychology because of his focus in experimentation being on making philosophical changes, _____________ is said to be the first experimental psychologist because of his work on psychophysics. A. Wilhelm Wundt B. Gustav Fechner C. Ernst Weber D. Johann Herbart

B. Gustav Fechner

Robert Whytt distinguished between voluntary and involuntary actions; The actions that begin as voluntary and become similar to reflexes are referred to as: A. Specific Energies of Nerves B. Habit Formation C. Nature of Basic Reflexes D. Muscle Twitches

B. Habit Formation

Why did Edwin D. Boring prefer a naturalistic approach to history? A. He thought that remembering the names of people would make it easier to remember historical facts such as Pavlov's research on conditioning. B. He believed that the important events in history would have happened regardless of certain people in history due to historical forces. C. He didn't want to be the first president of APA's Division 26. D. He thought that people adopted a naturalistic approach to history because they had a need for heroes.

B. He believed that the important events in history would have happened regardless of certain people in history due to historical forces.

For the first psychology text book written by Thomas Upham, was divided into three sections called A. History, Treatment, and Diagnoses B. Intellect, Sensibilities, and Will C. Brain Development, Triggers Among Anxiety, and Medications D. Adolescents, Adults, and Elderly

B. Intellect, Sensibilities, and Will

Who was a pioneer of developmental psychology? A. G. Stanley Hall B. James Mark Baldwin C. Margaret Floy Washburn D. William James

B. James Mark Baldwin

Who was the first woman to be elected president of the American Psychological Association? A. Christine Ladd-Franklin B. Mary Whiton Calkins C. Ethel Puffer Howes D. Margaret Washburn

B. Mary Whiton Calkins

What were the two important findings of the Würzburg laboratory? A. Reaction time & mental chronometry B. Mental sets & imageless thoughts C. Forgetting curve & ecological memory D. Sensation & perception

B. Mental sets & imageless thoughts

Which of Mill's methods for arriving at scientific truth looks for a common element in several instances of an event? A. Joint Method B. Method of Agreement C. Method of Difference D. Concomitant Variation

B. Method of Agreement

Phrenology´s worst enemy, Pierre Flourens, was well known for taking an experimental approach using: A. Observational method B. Method of ablation C. Clinical method D. Longitudinal method

B. Method of ablation

A naturalistic view of history... A. Views nature as the driving force behind new discoveries B. Notes that history itself greatly influences individual's behaviors and ideas C. Focuses on the individuals who provided history's turning points D. States that natural selection is the main reason for new ideas and beliefs

B. Notes that history itself greatly influences individual's behaviors and ideas

In his later years, William James made a transition away from psychology towards __________ & spiritualism. A. Philanthropy B. Philosophy C. Holistic medicine D. Genetic psychology

B. Philosophy

According to the textbook, which principle is evident in regards to the harsh evaluation of the actions of Henry Goddard during the immigrant screening at Ellis Island? A. Personalistic B. Presentism C. Naturalisttic D. Historicism

B. Presentism

Which American Psychologist first narrowed the definition for the term experiment and made the distinction between experimental and correlational research? A. James R. Angell C. Edward L. Thorndike B. Robert S. Woodworth D. John Dewey

B. Robert S. Woodworth

Who was first to "coin" the term known as synapse? A. Descartes B. Sherringtion C. Helmholtz D. Flourens

B. Sherringtion

What concept did Thomas Jefferson model the Declaration of Independence after? A. Associationism B. Social Contract C. Subjective Idealism D. Cartesian System

B. Social Contract

Considered one of America's first psychologists, G. Stanley Hall pioneered psychology's professional status by creating... A. Positive Psychology as a discipline B. The American Psychology Association C. The Counsel of Professional Psychology D. The first psychology code of ethics

B. The American Psychology Association

What would Charles Darwin say was the most important event in his life? A. Meeting his mentors, John Henslow and Adam Sedgwick B. The voyage of the Beagle C. Becoming partially invalid, suffering from many different ailments D. Being religiously condemned and publicly criticized

B. The voyage of the Beagle

What was Fechner's main purpose when he started psychophysics: A. To pave the way for Wundt's New Psychology. B. To philosophically defeat materialism while establishing his day view. C. To define the threshold. D. To make his parents and wife proud.

B. To philosophically defeat materialism while establishing his day view.

Who was considered the "founder" of experimental psychology and had a new psychology that included the examination of immediate conscious experience and the study of higher mental processes? A. Gustav Fechner B. Wilhelm Wundt C. Hermann Ebbinghaus D. G. E. Muller

B. Wilhelm Wundt

Chrissy is a student, works full-time, and a mother of three. She could really use some relaxation. Which psychologist would be most likely to tell her that she must bring down her heart-rate deliberately and slow her breathing first in order to feel relaxed? A. G. Stanley Hall B. William James C. Mary Whiton Calkins D. Wilhelm Wundt

B. William James

John Stuart Mill, a respected psychologist and member of the British Parliament, wrote an essay in 1869 that contributed to the passing of a bill the following year, based on what? A. Prohibition B. Women's Rights C. African American Civil Rights D. Environment Protection

B. Women's Rights

What concept did Johann Herbart term that referred to conscious awareness? A. Introspection B. apperceptive mass C. internal perception D. Serial learning

B. apperceptive mass

In Wundt's system of voluntarism, the phenomenon of _________ is to perceive an event with full clarity and have it in the focus of one's attention whereas "apprehended" information is in the margins of focus. A. Focal Point B. Associationsim C. Apperception D. Internal Perception

C. Apperception

Which discovery provided further studies on reflexes in the spinal cord for movement and sensation? A. Vitalism B. Trichromatic theory C. Bell-Magendie law D. Neuron theory

C. Bell-Magendie law

If you wanted to study the similarities and differences among species on various traits you would be studying.... A. Evolution B. Imprinting C. Comparative Psychology D. Ethology

C. Comparative Psychology

What does the term comparative psychology refer to? A. The comparing of brains among humans B. The comparing of humans actions to one another C. Comparing animal species similarities and differences D. The concept that everyone compares themselves to one another.

C. Comparing animal species similarities and differences

John Stuart Mill outlined a methodology for applying inductive logic while trying to determine causality. Which of his methods gave way to the correlational method used today? A. Joint Method B. Method of Difference C. Concomitant Variation D. Method of Agreement

C. Concomitant Variation

Who combined Darwin's data with his own to create Animal Intelligence, and was considered the founder of comparative psychology? A. Francis Galton B. Conway Lloyd Morgan C. George Romanes D. Alfred Russell Wallace

C. George Romanes

Why did Rene Descartes book, "The World" only get published after his death? A. He died before he could finish the book. B. He didn't think the information was clear enough to publish. C. He did not want the Catholic Church to be condemned because of having some of Galileo's work in it. D. He only wanted to be known for the published book "Discourse on Method."

C. He did not want the Catholic Church to be condemned because of having some of Galileo's work in it.

Who invented the term "survival of the fittest"? A. Charles Darwin B. Edward Bradford Titchener C. Herbert Spencer D. Wilhelm Wundt

C. Herbert Spencer

Who created the trichromatic theory? A. Franz Josef Gall B. Sir Charles Bell C. Hermann von Helmholz D. Johannes Muller

C. Hermann von Helmholz

During the 19th century, the variability hypothesis made women seem intellectually inferior to men. Although women were admitted to the land grant universities, their curriculum was limited to courses such as: A. Welding B. Engineering C. Home economics D. Accounting

C. Home economics

What Cartesian Philosophical concept was the precursor to the modern theory of Nature vs. Nurture? A. Primary vs. Secondary Qualities B. Simple vs. Complex Ideas C. Innate vs. Derived Ideas D. Materialism vs. Determinism

C. Innate vs. Derived Ideas

Chapter 1 mentions Furumoto's distinction between old and new history of psychology. Old history of psychology often use ________ approaches. A. Presentist, internal, and historicist B. Historicist, external, and naturalistic C. Internal, presentist, and personalistic D. Personalistic, external, and internal

C. Internal, presentist, and personalistic