History of Texas Exam 1-Review

Jumanos

1. Native peoples who occupied the Big Bend region and present-day El Paso 2. Grew and wove cotton for clothing and blankets 3. Puebloan Indians were closely related groups of the Jumanos who built homes called jacales which were permanent houses made of grass, mud, and poles. 4.Formed alliances with a more formidable native group known as the Apaches. 5. Jumano men wore breechcloths during the hot climate and usually tattooed their upper torso 6. Women wore deerskin ponchos and skirts with cloaks of cattle skins.

Liberalism

1. One of the unifying principles of liberalism was their hostility towards the Church. Anti-clericalism was a central tenet of 19th century liberalism. 2. The result of the liberal agenda against the Church was the confiscation of ecclesiastical property and the secularization of the California missions, in 1845. 3. Economic motivations undoubtedly played a factor as missions often controlled the most valuable land along fertile and accessible coast from San Diego to Cape Mendocino. 4. Rancheros resented this monopoly.

Mission

1. Primary function was to convert natives to Catholicism 2. Civilize 3. Discipline 4. Acculturation FAILURE: internal dissension, resistance, funding

Agustin de Iturbide

Agustín de Iturbide (1783-1824), declared Mexican independence in late 1821 and soon proclaimed himself emperor of Mexico.

Austin Colony

1. Austin proposed to give each family 320 acres of land fronting a river and 640 acres off the river for grazing. Each family head would also receive 200 acres for his wife, 100 for each child, and 50 for each slave; the acreage equally divided between farming and grazing land. 2. Austin sent word to friends including Joel Silbey about his new venture and received an astonishing response from would be settlers and wrote to Coahuila governor Antonio María Martínez that he "could take on fifteen hundred families as easy as three hundred if permitted to do so."

Chihuahua Trail

1. Because of the land and climate, sheep were far more profitable than cattle. 2. Manufacturing was negligible due to restrictive colonial policies and meager local resources. As a result, many Hispanos depended on central Mexico for goods and services transported along the Chihuahua Trail. 3. Chihuahua City was arguably the most important trading city as many in the north paid high fees to work with southern merchants. This would lead to shifts in markets.

Santa Fe Trail

1. In 1821, William Becknell, a trader from Missouri, hoped to initiate trade with New Spain and his contact paid off quite well as he blazed the Santa Fe Trail, the most significant and profitable commercial trading routes in the west. 2. The increase in trade with Norteamericanos/North Americans broke up the monopoly southern traders. The new route was cheaper, safer, and more efficient.

Lipan Apache

1. "Apache" is probably a derivative of the Zuñi word for "enemy" and found residents in present-day Panhandle and the plains area from the headwaters of the Brazos River westward into New Mexico. 2. Apache hunters utilized every part of their game. Used hides for clothing, shelter, medicine, etc. Surplus was used for trade with Pueblos and other groups. 3. Families were the basic social unit and were largely matriarchal.

Alvar Nuñez de Cabeza de Vaca

1. 1527-1536 2. Famous in a long list of European explorers because he was the first European to explore North America and to leave a written record about it 3. Sailed to Florida in 1527 with the Pánfilo de Narvaez expedition, then became stranded near Galveston Island in 1528 4. Spent the next eight years traveling across Texas and other parts of the Spanish frontier 5. Became a critic of Indian and African slavery after rejoining Spanish society 6. His descriptions of the lands he had traveled inspired other Spanish explorers to launch their own expeditions

Francisco Vazquez de Coronado

1. 1540-1542 2. His expedition is credited as the first one that resulted in contact between Europeans and the Plains Indians of Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas 3. The expedition crossed the Texas panhandle, surveyed the land, and assessed the resources of the region 4. Left a trail of brutal violence in the places that the expedition visited

Bourbon Reforms

1. 1766-1773 2. The Bourbons never gave any thought to greater self-government in the American colonies 3. The commercial reforms were designed to stop smuggling and end the contraband trade that had flourished for decades and reinforce the exclusive commercial ties between Spain and its colonies. 4. The Bourbon reforms of Charles III tried to limit the power and influence of the Creole class by making changes in political, economic and religious aspects of life 5. The reforms created autonomous military districts that reported directly to the king and not the viceroy 6. Organized the presidios into uniformed and disciplined units

Trading Fairs

1. Although the Spanish and Comanche had very different forms of political organization, there was significant overlap. They were both by necessity engaged in trading fairs with other indigenous and european groups, and in complex military and trade alliances. Both of their economies depended on the exchange of captives who were exploited for their labor and reproductive power, but also integrated into society through various models of adoptive kinship. Taos Trading Fair 1. 1754: new governor of New Mexico Francisco Martín del Valle prohibited sale of all weapons and horses, disrupting Comanche access to key markets. Comanche resumed raiding—>1750s conquest of Texas. In less than a decade, the entire Texas Plains came under Comanche control.

Crillos

1. Americans of Spanish descent. (Mexican-Americans) 2. Criollos wanted a greater share of the peninsulares' pie but were atop the socioeconomic order. Mestizos, Indians, and African-Latinos shared the bottom rung of society, which changed little after the revolutions. 3. Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla

Pueblo Revolt 1680

1. Approximately 2,800 Spanish settlers lived in New Mexico by 1680 2. The 1680 Pueblo Revolt forced many to flee the province 3. Many fled to El Paso del Norte, where they ultimately founded Corpus Christi de la Isleta (modern day Ysleta)

Comanche

1. Arrived in Texas' northwest region by 1740 2. Organized largely in bands and would join with others when needed to fight an enemy. 3. Hunted buffalo as their main source of food while also trapping deer, antelope, quail, and other native animals

"El Grito"

1. Catholic priest and criollo, Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, adopted a host of revolutionary doctrine during his ecclesiastical exile in Dolores, including Mexican independence & social equality of all peoples. 2. Hidalgo gave "El Grito de Dolores" and launched the Mexican Revolution for independence in the early minutes of September 16, 1810. 3. The revolutionary forces were large and strong early on but indiscriminate looting and killing quickly alienated the propertied classes and international support. The leadership splintered and Hidalgo himself was killed in 1811. A fellow priest José María Morelos y Pavón took up the charge but was captured and executed in 1815. 4. Spanish politics would help keep the revolutionary fervor alive in the New World when Ferdinand VII reclaimed the throne and reneged on a prior agreement of a constitutional monarchy in 1812. 5. Discontent followed the king's betrayal and Spanish troops in Cadíz embarking on a trip to the Americas to squash rebel forces revolted against the Bourbon monarchy. Col. Rafael Riego and his supporters demanded a restoration of the Constitution of 1812. 6. Conservatives in Spain fearful of pressing revolt saw sanctuary in the Americas under the leadership of Agustín de Iturbide (1783-1824), who declared Mexican independence in late 1821 and soon proclaimed himself emperor of Mexico. EXTRA: Independence Day in Mexico. Independence Day (Día de la Independencia) is a Mexican holiday to celebrate the "cry of independence" on September 16, 1810, which started a revolt against the Spaniards. It follows from the day of the Cry of Dolores (El Grito de Dolores), on September 15.

Caddo

1. Development of bow and arrow, farming, and pottery changed the lifestyles of early inhabitants. 2. These settlements lived in what is today popularly known as east Texas and were called "Caddo" and arrived from the east through the Mississippi River. 3. Caddo built an advanced and sophisticated society around 700 C.E. and produced social classes and political and economic elite. 4. They cleared brush, turned soil, built homes and harvested corn. 5. They dressed wild game (deer, buffalo, etc.) into fine cloth. Caddo Chiefdoms: 1. Temple mounds were built up until the fourteenth century. 2. Depended on maize for survival and prosperity. Family leaders gained prestige by controlling maize production. 3. Priest-chiefs used religious rituals and ceremonies to bolster their prestige and power. 4. Chiefs used commodities only found outside of Caddo territory to solidify power. 5. Caddo territory also contributed to their control over the regional economy.

1785 Spanish-Comanche Treaty

1. End to military conflict 2. Exchange of political gifts 3. Trade agreements 4. Spanish to supply guns, uniforms, and staffs of office to Comanche chiefs 5. Comanche pledge loyalty to their "father" the King of Spain 6. This treaty advantageous to the Comanche. Also shows that Comanche understandings of diplomacy—particularly understandings of political alliance as a form of kinship, and as access to economic resources—influenced the terms of the peace.

Presidio

1. Handled hostile and nomadic Indians who resisted Catholic conversion 2. Prevented other European powers from penetrating Spanish holdings along the borderlands, and keep settlers from escaping frontier communities 3. Used as a way to "contain" residents on the settlement

Marques de Rubi

1. King Carlos III appointed Rubí inspector of frontier presidios. Rubí went all over Northern Mexico, New Mexico, and Spain checking up on things. 2. As a result of his inspection, Rubí recommended that Spain reorganize its frontier defenses along a cordon of fifteen presidios, each about 100 miles apart, that would stretch from the Gulf of California to the mouth of the Guadalupe River in Texas. Above this "real" frontier, which closely approximated the present international boundary between the United States and Mexico, Rubí advised that only San Antonio and Santa Fe be maintained. Also advocated new Indian policy: abandon Apache, make alliance with Comanche.

The Law of April 6, 1830

1. Mexico sent troops to San Antonio, Goliad, and Nacogdoches and built forts at strategic points in the province. 2. Customs houses were built in Anahuac and at Matagorda, a town at the mouth of the Colorado River. 3. Newer arrivals (after 1830) were beginning to be less compromising with Mexican policy than their predecessors. i- stopped all immigration from the U.S. but encouraged european settlers to come to Texas ii- suspends all empressario contract that had not been fulfilled iii- placed customs duties on all goods coming from the U.S. iv- set up forts in Texas and sent troops v- could not bring any new slaves to Texas

Mision de San Antonio de Valero

1. Mission San Antonio de Valero, the Presidio San Antonio de Béxar, and civilian settlement of Villa de Béxar were founded in May 1718 2. The small San Antonio settlement gained more residents in 1719 after French settlers raided the mission at Los Adaes

San Saba Mission & Attack, 1758

1. Mission Santa Cruz de San Saba; Founded among the Lipan Apache Indians by Franciscan Missionaires in 1757 through the financial aid of the ocunt of regla sacked and left in ruins by the Comanches in 1758 2. 1755: Lipan Apache invited Comanche to peace talks, but didn't come to an agreement. Then turned to Spanish, offering to accept Christianity, give up nomadism, and adopt full time farming in exchange for military protection from Comanche. —> 1757 Construction of new mission-presidio complex in the San Sabá valley. Doubts: 3000 Lipans visited the site, but protested that it was too close to Comanche territory. Only a few families ended up staying with the Franciscans. 3. March 16, 1758: 2000 allied Comanche, Taovayas, Tonkawas, and Hasinais attacked the San Sabá mission, announcing they had come to kill Apaches. Armed with lances, helmets, metal breastplates, and at least 1000 French muskets. They Set fire to buildings. Killed anyone who refused to find shelter (8 casualties, none of them Apache). Symbolic acts with clear political message. It worked. Realizing Spanish couldn't protect them, Apache retreated south.

Rene Robert Cavelier, Sieur de la Salle

1. Sailed down the Mississippi in 1682 and named the region Louisiana 2. Led a group of French colonizers in 1684 3. Instead of landing in the lower Mississippi River Valley, the group arrived in Texas and settled in Garcitas Creek 4. The colony was ill-fated

Stephen F. Austin

1. Son of original empresario Moses Austin 2. Upon Moses' death, Stephen took up his father's Texas venture which was debated by the failing Spanish government. 3. In June 1921, Austin learned from Erasmus Seguín, political heavyweight in San Antonio, that authorities in Monterey approved his father's land colonization proposal. 4. The Texas opportunity provided Austin a "golden opportunity to recover the family's lost fortune, pay his own massive debts, and restore the house of Austin to its former status." (Cantrell, Stephen F. Austin). 5. Austin entered Tejas on July 16, 1821.

Comancheria/Comanche Empire

1. They were the dominant group of the Southwest from around 1750 to 1850 2. Were hunters and gatherers in the early 18th century 3. Adapted into an equestrian society and began expanding their power over the South Plains, pushing Apaches and other groups aside

Mestizos

Mestizos, Indians, and African-Latinos shared the bottom rung of society, which changed little after the revolutions.

Hugo Oconor

Military governor of northern Mexico. He was appointed governor of Texas by the Spanish viceroy of New Spain in 1767. It is recorded that O'Conor rode well over 10,000 miles (16,000 km) on horseback in the course of conducting his duties. O'Conor was called "The Red Captain" by the Apache, both for the color of his hair and his formidable military leadership.