History - Quarter 1 - Evie
David
18-foot sculpture by Michelangelo
Tabriz
Ismail made this the capital of Persia
Ottoman Turks
Ismail's enemies
Raphael
Italian Renaissance painter; painted frescos, his most famous being The School of Athens; it is said that he learned gracefulness from Leonardo da Vinci and anatomy from Michelangelo
Shiites
Muslims that believe that only direct descendants of Muhammad should become caliph; believe that Ali, Mohammed's son-in-law, was the rightful successor to Mohammed
Abu Bekr
Mohammed's closest friend and father-in-law; claimed to be the next Islamic leader when Mohammed died
Ali
Mohammed's closest relative
Spice Islands
Moluccas Islands of Indonesia
diet
a special meeting
purgatory
a state of being between heaven and hell where a person waits for judgment and does penance (meaning makes up) for the "temporal punishment" of his sins
Lady Marina
a woman among the Tabascans who could speak the language of other tribes in Mexico; the Spanish called her Doña Marina
Katharina von Bora
a young former nun who married Martin Luther
Erasmus
author of "In Praise of Folly" which poked fun at greedy merchants, heartsick lovers, quarrelsome scholars, and pompous priests; also well-known for rewriting the Latin Vulgate although his "updates" were controversial and not appreciated by some
Leonardo da Vinci
born April 15, 1452; famous artist; painted the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper; hardly ever actually completed many of his works; wrote backward; died in France where he spent the last three years of employment; known for painting with "abundance and variety"
Zoroastrianism
characterized by a belief in one god (monotheism) and a belief in the presence of good and evil (but not a belief in the God of the Bible or the god of Mohammed); part of the pre-Islam culture of Persia
Francisco Pizarro
conquistador of Spain; sailed to Peru in 1531; took over the Inca Empire
Hernán Cortés
conquistador of Spain; sailed to the coast of Mexico and started the settlement of Veracruz; met the Tabascans from the city of Tabasco; Montezuma (the leader of the Aztecs) sent him gifts of gold and silver; took Montezuma captive; believed to have brought chocolate to Europe
Abbas the Great
descendant of Ismail; came to power when Ismail died in 1587; moved the capital of Persia from Tabriz to Isfahan
Pope Julius II
employed Raphael to paint his private chambers; Raphael painted the "Room of Signatures" where this man signed important papers and which also served as his library (one wall had his theology books and one wall had his philosophy books); Raphael painted The Dispute of the Sacrament and School of Athens for him
Ismail
established Persia as a Shiite nation; was raised by a Shiite tutor; made Tabriz the capital of Persia; invaded Baghdad
indulgences
favor or blessing granted by the pope or his representative; these signed documents were said to lessen one's temporal punishment due to sin here on earth or in purgatory; were offered to people in exchange for a donation to the church
Arawak
gentle natives of the Caribbean Islands; population declined after Christopher landed here
Michelangelo
good friends with the Medici family; hated to paint but was coerced by Pope Julius II to paint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel; his sculpture masterpieces include The Pietà and David
Antonio Pigafetta
kept an accurate diary of Magellan's travels
King Charles I
king of Spain; sent Pizarro to find treasures of gold in Peru
Sistine Madonna
legend says Raphael painted the two cherubs at the bottom of this painting after seeing a pair of children peering in a bakery window
Leipzig
location of a debate between Johann Eck and Martin Luther; Luther stated that the pope was not infallible, the church of Rome was not superior, and the Bible is the ultimate authority for Christians; Eck said that the pope was incapable of making mistakes
Madonna Elisabetta
may be the model used in the Mona Lisa; the third wife of Francesco del Giocondo
sfumato
means "smoke-like" in Italian; a technique used in painting
La Donna Velata
means "woman with a veil"; Raphael's portrait of Margherita Luti; Margherita and Raphael may have been secretly engaged
Diet of Worms
meeting called by the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V; Charles declared that Luther was a heretic and forbade him to preach; the pope also condemned Luther's writings and teachings
Diet of Spires
meeting wither the princes of the Holy Roman Empire were each given the right to determine if their region would follow Luther or the pope; limits were put on those who followed Luther but not those who followed the pope
Martin Luther
monk and priest of the Roman Church who sought "reform"; wrote his Ninety-Five Theses; posted this document on the doors of All Saints' Church in Wittenberg, Germany in 1517; this event is considered the start of the Protestant Reformation
Strait of Magellan
named after Ferdinand Magellan who didn't give up until he found this strait
amoral
not moral; without a sense of moral responsibility
Safavid Empire
one of the strongest Persian empires that ever existed
The Ship of Fools
painting by a Flemish artist named Jerome Bosch; the painting portrays the folly of mankind, traveling through life always chasing after something
The Tower of Babel
painting by a Flemish artist named Pieter Bruegel; the artist used perspective, detail, realism, and action to portray mankind's foolishness in building their lives apart from the power of God
Islamic Republic of Iran
present-day name for Persia
Pope Alexander VI
pressured Savonarola to stop preaching in Florence and eventually saw to his arrest and execution
Medici family
responsible for having Machiavelli arrested, tortured and exiled to his country estate
Aztecs
ruled by Montezuma; main city in central Mexico was Tenochtitlán; defeated by Cortés in 1521
Atahualpa
ruler of the Incas
Pietà
sculpture by Michelangelo of a crucified Christ lying on the lap of a grieving Mary
Moses
sculpture by Michelangelo to honor Pope Julius II after his death
Pope Leo X
sold indulgences to raise money to rebuild St. Peter's Basilica in Rome and have famous artists make the Vatican one of the most spectacular sites in the world; condemned Luther an outlaw and a heretic, banned his ideas, and excommunicated him from the Church
humanist
someone who concentrates on human activities and possibilities, usually downplaying or denying the importance of God and a life after death; someone who sees the world though the eyes of man rather than through the eyes of God
Cesare Borgia
son of Pope Alexander VI who used ruthless measures to achieve his goals; one of the role models for Machiavelli's "perfect" prince
Christopher Columbus
supposedly is from Genoa, Italy; in documents used the name Cristóbal Colón; dreamed of an "Enterprise to the Indies"; known as the "Admiral" to his fleet; the three ships for his first voyage were the Niña, Pinta, and the Santa Maria; sponsored by Ferdinand and Isabella; was arrested and put in chains after his third trip to the New World; made four voyages in all
caliph
term used to refer to an Islamic leader
shah
Persian word for king
Imams
the first 12 leaders of the Shiites; believed to have supernatural abilities
Cajamarca
the first city Pizarro took over
Vasco Balboa
the first man Pizarro served under as a soldier and a member of the crew
Ferdinand Magellan
the first man to start to sail around the world
Tenochtitlán
the home of the Aztecs
San Salvador
the name Christopher gave to the land he had found; means "Holy Savior"
Vinland
the name Leif gave to North America
Castle of Wartburg
the place Luther hid for protection; he used the name Junker George
satire
the use of humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticize people's stupidity or vices, particularly in the context of contemporary politics and other topical issues
Machiavellianism
the view that politics is amoral and that any means however unscrupulous can justifiably be used in achieving political power
1492
the year Christopher and the Niña, Pinta, and the Santa Maria set sail
Incas
their emperor was Atahualpa; filled a room 22' long and 17' wide with treasures of unimaginable wealth which was collected by the conquistador Pizarro; their empire fell and Pizarro took over their capital in 1533
Juan Sebastian de Elcano
took charge after Magellan died; "circumnavigated" or sailed all the way around the world aboard the Victoria
Napoleon and Hitler
two dictators who appreciated Machiavelli's The Prince
Sunnis and Shiites
two divisions of Islam
Romans 1:17
when Martin Luther understood this verse ("the just shall live by faith"), his faith was transformed and his soul was born again
Johann Tetzel's slogan
"So soon as coin in coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs!"; implied that when money was dropped in the offering box someone was released from purgatory
November 1
All Saints' Day
Adagia
800+ quotes from classical authors collection by Erasmus; lucrative best-seller; translated into English, Italian, German, French and Dutch; provided a crash course in the classics for those wanting to keep up with the Renaissance
95 Theses
95 points that were written In Latin to invite the upper clergy into debate concerning indulgences
Praying Hands
Albrecht Dürer's most famous drawing; these are said to have been in honor of Dürer's brother who sacrificed so that Dürer could have an artistic education
Romans 5:8
But God demonstrates His love toward us, and that while we were still sinners, Christ died for us
Leif Ericsson
Christian viking who had sailed from Greenland to North America
Bartholomew
Christopher's brother; helped sell, make, and study maps with Christopher
Johann Tetzel
Dominican friar who was hired by Pope Leo X to sell indulgences across the Holy Roman Empire
Girolamo Savonarola
Dominican monk and martyr; excommunicated by Pope Alexander VI; attempted to make a Christian utopia of the city of Florence
In Praise of Folly
Erasmus's famous satire
Philippines
Ferdinand Magellan was speared to death here on a beach while caught up in a civil battle
artists of the Northern Renaissance
Flemish and German artists such as Jan van Eyck, Jerome Bosch, Albrecht Dürer, and Pieter Bruegel
Jan Van Eyck
Flemish artist who painted The Amolfini Marriage; grew famous for realism in his paintings
Ephesians 2:8-9
For by grace you have been saved through faith and that not of yourselves it is the gift of God not of works lest anyone should boast
Romans 6:23
For the wages of sin is death, but the gift of God is eternal life in Christ Jesus our Lord.
Five Solas of the Protestant Reformation
Sola Scriptura (Scripture Alone); Sola Fide (Faith Alone); Sola Gratia (Grace Alone); Solus Christus (Christ Alone); and Soli Deo Gloria (To the Glory of God Alone)
1503
Leonardo da Vinci paints the Mona Lisa
1517
Martin Luther posts his "Ninety-Five Theses"
School of Athens
Raphael brought together more than 50 characters from history, representing all the classic thinkers of the past; he portrayed Plato as Leonardo da Vinci with a long, flowing beard, walking and talking alongside Aristotle
Saint George and the Dragon
Raphael painted this scene for the church in 1506
Perugino
Raphael studied under this artist at age 11
Divine Raphael
Raphael's nickname
Sistine Chapel
Vatican chapel in Rome; its vaulted ceiling was painted by the Renaissance artist Michelangelo
Louvre
a beautiful museum in Paris; where the Mona Lisa now hangs
Lima
a city Pizarro built in Peru.; means "City of Kings"
Mona Lisa
a famous painting by Leonardo da Vinci
theocracy
a government that is based on religion
Elam
a land just east of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers; also known as Mesopotamia; by 2000 B.C. it was overrun by the Persians; grew to be called Persia
Protestant
a member of a Christian church founded on the principles of the Reformation, a movement against what its followers considered to be errors in the teachings of Roman Catholic Church
Catholic
a member of the Roman Catholic Church
Panama
where Pizarro found gold to bring back to Spain
Niccolo Machiavelli
worked for Cesare Borgia; wrote The Prince, Discourses on Livy, The Art of War, and The History of Florence; used Cesare Borgia, the son of Pope Alexander VI, as one example of a capable leader in The Prince