History

The Rebellion Riot (by Marquis de Ferrieres)

- Portrayed the Third estate as animals as they claimed to wanting to murder Rebellion who reduced wages and lower prices causing a riot -

The impact of industrialization

1. Industrialization, technology, and labor: modern times - cottage industry vs factory system - introduction of time and clocks - the human body and the machine 2. Industrialization and Society - emergence of class as new category - tensions between classes, status fears, myth of merit, urban society, atomizations secularization, new social and political movements 3. Industrialization and the Economy - wage society, development of wages vs development of national economies impact on trade, business practices, banking and finance system accounting 4. Industrialization and Urbanization - growth of cities and changes in society - environment built environment ( images G. Dore Over London by Rail, Monet La Gare Saint Lazara, F. Engels The Conditions of the English Working Class, M. Faraday, Punch Cartoons) 5. Industrialization, Health and the Environment - pollution, work disciplining, accidents, place of nature

French Revolution TimeSpan

1789-1799

Vendée Uprising

A counterrevolution because of the uprising, but chief among them were rising land taxes, the national government's attacks on the church, the execution of Louis XVI, the expansion of the revolutionary war

Factory System

A method of production that brought many workers and machines together into one building

Enlightenment

A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions, contributed to the growing waves of social unrest in France

Marquis

A noble, like a Duke

Bentley, Young

A second category we can examine is the work environment and the abuse that children endured. In the primary source which examined Elizabeth Bentley as a child laborer working at the factories, she provides information of physical abuse she would witness. Elizabeth provides details of the abuse children went through as she states the overlooker would "go to the top end of the room, where the little girls hug the can to the backminders ... and sometimes he has got a chain and chained them, and strapped them all to the room" all because they were supposedly being too slow and inefficient with their work. Another category we can turn our attention to is health hazards. In an interview with Thomas Young, he essentially defends the factories and justifies the circumstances that their bodies are put through. But needless to say in his argument he does state that "it is not hard labor ... [rather it's] fatiguing from its uniformity, [and] the length of time followed." Essentially he indirectly admits that they are put through long considerable hours negatively causing their fatigue which would then affect the mind as well as the body.

Secondary Source

A secondhand account of an event or a retelling of another person's observations written by someone who did not witness or actually participate in the events. Includes sources that combine, synthesize, and or interpret information from primary sources. Examples include encyclopedias, textbooks, and reviews. INTERPRETATION OF PRIMARY SOURCE

Social Contract

A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules.

Great Fear

A wave of senseless panic that spread through the French countryside after the storming of the Bastille in 1789, a period of panic and riot by peasants and others amid rumors of an aristocratic conspiracy by the king and the privileged to overthrow the Third Estate

Declaration on the Rights of Man and Citizen

Adopted August 26, 1789, created by the National Assembly to give rights to all (except women).

Pope Leo XIII Rerum Novarum

Affirmed private property, but criticized capitalism's poverty and insecurity. Said socialism was evil but often right, and supported the creation of Christian socialist parties.

Monarchy View

All humans are not created equal, god given talent to justify monarchs

Holy Alliance

Alliance among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in defense of religion and the established order; formed at Congress of Vienna by most conservative monarchies of Europe.

Timeline of Events

April: Revellion Riot, May 5: Estates-General Convenes, June 17: Third Estate Declares Itself National Assembly, July 14: Storming of Bastille, Aug 26: Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen, Summer 1789: Great Fear in the countryside

Why did feudalism fail now

Because of economic and fiscal crisis, war causes an increase in taxes

Proponents of Revolution

Better education, downfall of feudalism, rule of reason - people liked that (enlightenment)

Cahier des Doleances

Brought to meeting of the estates - general overlooked it in versailles - big deal because estates-general haven't met in 185 years From the District of Village of Lion en Sullias - taxes on fertilizers for crops, ask for more aid and labor, countryside can't thrive because of taxes Petition of Women of Paris - want their voice to be heard, can't get jobs, live a miserable life, assign positions that woman can fill Flowersellers of Paris - not enough consumers, thus business is low, trade is restricted, people are stealing flowers because they are claiming the right of free trade District of Mansigne - mad about taxes and the personal head tax and how the clergy are exempted from these taxes, like the property tax Village of Pithieviers le vieil - taxes to be paid equally by all of the three estates, right of hunting is devastating the countryside and ruining the harvests Peasant Unrest: The Great Fear - fear of the Third estate because of looting and pillaging, lords aren't safe from the people's fury, the people demolished the dovecote and signed it the nation taking credit

Napoleon

Came from corscinna, he sided with the jacobsinsons, crowned emperor in 1804, lived in Germany Austria, Napoleon crowns himself, Napoleon army defeated, congress of Vienna, creation of Holy Alliance

Source Analysis

Discussion of : genre, author, authors place in society, place, time, audience, purpose of the document, attention to language, main message, mode and tone, able to relate it to other sources

Abbe Sieye: What can you tell us about French society, economics, and law + politics in January 1789

During January 1789 in France, tensions start to rise as disturbance from the Third Estate starts to disperse throughout the nation. Society during this time essentially ignores the Third Estates cries for change and allocates privilege to the nobles and others placed higher up in society. France also found itself in a financial crisis facing extreme national debt as well as inflation, furthermore suppressing the poor in their economic status. Rumors of political change arises which would then cause revolutionary actions causing political instability.

Historical Context

Economic Factors 1. Economic Growth/Trade in 18th Century 2. Economic Crisis in the 1780s, groups most affected 3. Fiscal Crisis of the French State in the 1780s - taxation, wealthy area, how are they dressed, inflation, land ownership, wealth gap, feudalism Political and Social Factors 1. Crisis of Government 2. Imbalance in Political/Econ, power rise of Bourgeoisie, role of the professions 3. Circulation of New Political Ideas - what's groups are involved : professions, classes, race, gender, countryside, side, generational, religion - Political: second estate questioning Louis, monarchy, all men only have say, woman dragged Louis to versailles (these are actors in the political context) Cultural Factors 1. Publishing Boom 2. Salon Culture - music, art, clothes food, ideas (enlightenment period, used reasoning) Technological Factors 1. Printing Press 2. Paper Manufacture

Guild System

Eliminated competition, set regulations for size, price, standard, etc...and created a training program for people to become members (apprentice, journey man, master). Cahier of the Flower Sellers - abolished a restrictive market at the eve of the revolution - allows to many sellers entering the market if opened, regulates the market - harder to get resources

Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution

Enlightenment thinkers placed particular emphasis on empirical knowledge and what they described as scientific method: that is knowledge verifiable by reference to experiment, experience of first hand observation

Committee of Public Safety

Established and led by Robespierre, fixed bread prices and nationalized some businesses. Basically secret police and also controlled the war effort. Instigated the Reign of Terror.

Grievance List of Free Blacks

Fight for rights that they are excluded from, this isn't really a revolution if we aren't fighting for all of us

Fact

French Revolution created the idea of the nation introduced by French Army and napoleon, thus creating nationalism

Napleonic Code

French civil code established under Napoleon in 1804 which forbid privileges based on birth allowed freedom of religion and specified that government jobs should go to the most qualified

Marat

French revolutionary leader (born in Switzerland) who was a leader in overthrowing the Girondists and was stabbed to death in his bath by Charlotte Corday (1743-1793) - key mediator

Gaskell

Gaskell acknowledges that this labor is not fitted for children as it will negatively impact their physical health. Gaskell states the unbearable atmosphere that children are put through. Gaskell vividly depicts what it looks like to work inside those factories by stating "cooped up in a heated atmosphere, debarred the necessary exercise, remaining in exposition for a series of hours ... [which are] injurious to the physical growth of a child." Again, the effects on the human body are unjust and forever lasting. The last category that we can examine is the benefits for children working in factories.

Robert Darwins Perspective

Great utopian energy comes for the revolutions, produces the height of ideals and hope, advanced by merit

Why Louis XVI King of France (1754-1793) support the revolutions in America?

He supported the revolutions because he hated England

Society of Estate

How French society based on feudal system was divided into three estates

Actors

Impact on historical events, whether it be big or small like Hitler or Napoleon, any living being essentially there is no hierarchy because everyone plays a part in shaping history ex: civil rights movement

Andrew Ure

In Andrew Ure's Defense of the Factory System and Child Labour he maintains his defense of child labor by arguing that children can "receive food and raiment the full benefit of what they earn, they would thrive better when employed in our modern factories, than if left at home." The fundamental argument is that children's productivity and value would be wasted if they were to be left at home rather than working in factories, where they would receive benefits such as food and money. In conclusion, these four different categories can allow us to understand the different perspectives and perceptions of factories and their conditions imposed upon workers.

Robespierre "The Terror Justified'

In the Terror Justified, it has a different tone and perception of the Terror compared to the other documents. Rather than portraying it as a ruthless time led by radicals, it is shown as a just movement in order to achieve a true democracy. It does not describe graphic detail with the guillotine, in fact it is not even mentioned once. The agenda of this document is to justify the acts of the Terror, declaring it as necessary for the greater good. The document goes on to state that this Terror must be paired with virtue in order to be classified as just. Essentially, "virtue without which terror is murderous, terror without which virtue is powerless. Terror is nothing else than swift, severe, indomitable justice, it flows, than from virtue." It also goes on to say how the people of France all want to enjoy the same luxuries such as rights and wealth but in order to do so, the people must get through the revolution. According to Robespierre, the French Revolution has the right intentions, and in that process it is necessary to perish those who stand against the revolution whether it be domestic or foreign enemies in order to benefit France as a country. - chivalry obedience is the best value - chivalry never worked - monarchy never worked Justified the violence - virtue with terror - defense mechanism - he becomes more radical, anti-catholic, last himself as a supreme being

Abbe Sieyes: What is the author's position? Who might those opposing him be saying?

In this debate, Abbé Sieyès sides with the Third Estate by stating that the "Third Estate ... contains everything that pertains to the Nation and nobody outside of the Third Estate can claim to be part of the Nation" because he believes that the Third Estate is essentially the backbone of the nation and does not deserve to be suppressed nor excluded any longer. The nations survival is dependent on the Third Estate. Essentially, the nation would crumble without the Third Estate causing a crippling social, economic, and political status, ultimately parishing the nation. Those opposing Abbé Sieyès may argue that the Third Estate does not have a large impact on the nation, if anything their actions are miniscule. In addition, the opponents would urge others that the Nobles have great power that is used for the "betterment" of society. In fact the current conditions for those who are categorized into the Third Estate do not need to change because it is satisfactory. Counterargument: 3rd estate can't run the government, you get to be a leader based on merit

Edmund Burkes Opinion

It was politicians with empty promises, skeptical of democracy because of radicals and the only reason why there were radicals was because people had to be the loudest in politics to be heard - believes the system is better with a king

What is the Third Estate

January 9, 1789

Phrygian Caps

Liberty Caps

Natural Rights

Life liberty and the pursuit of happiness, treated fairly regardless of differences because each human has the (inspire by John Locke, enlightenment)

Cottage Industry

Manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory, commonly found before the Industrial Revolution.

Urbanization

Movement of people from rural areas to cities

First Estate, Second Estate

Noble, Clergy

M. De Ferrieres

Owned a manufactory in Saint Antoine neighborhood of Paris who reduced wages and lower prices which angered many people

French Legislative Assembly

Power given to assembly to create new laws and to approve or prevent any wars the king declared on other nations(Louie had to sign after he started to lose power) In the Mobilization for War, it essentially lists Amendments related to the Terror and how to control this movement. During this time, France was engaged in a foreign war while also dealing with a domestic revolution, meaning that the leaders of France were weak and vulnerable in this time. While France was battling on two fronts, the document states that the homeland is in danger and protection is needed from these rebellions. To ensure protection, Amendment 3 essentially states that any citizen that is capable of bearing arms, should be armed and on duty to protect the country. Amendment 17 makes their agenda clear by stating, "any person wearing an emblem of rebellion shall be taken before the common court and, if found guilty of having deliberately done so, shall be put to death." Again, it reinstates the idea that if you are for the revolution then you will cease to exist as a consequence. The Legislative Assembly believes that they are rightfully protecting themselves from these rebellious savages. In summary, this list laid out the foundation for how society would be for the next couple years.

Primary Source

Produced by someone present at the time, man made documents, buildings or any tangible object such as letters, treaties, optics or poems

Marie Antoinette

Queen of France (as wife of Louis XVI) who was unpopular her extravagance and opposition to reform contributed to the overthrow of the monarchy; she was guillotined along with her husband (1755-1793)

Jacobins

Radical republicans during the French Revolution. They were led by Maximilien Robespierre from 1793 to 1794.

Edmund Burke "Reflections on the Revolution in France"

Reflection on the Revolution in France explains how Terror was being used as vengeance to the previous monarchy. However, Burke was opposed to the revolution because he did not believe that this class of people could possibly operate the country given political or legislative powers. The revolution was absolutely necessary from the perspective of the revolutionaries and those who would be hesitant about the movement would not dare say it aloud unless they want to suffer consequences such as death. In this document, the motivation for Terror could be everything that the revolutionaries did not have before. Rights, equality, rank, freedom acted as motivation for the Terror. The document elaborates that "loyalty to rank and sex... that chastity of honor... is gone." Private society is to be dissolved through this new empire led by the revolutionaries. However, Burke voices his concerns with the formation of a free government because it "requires much thought, deep reflection, a sagacious, powerful, and combining mode" which he thinks would put the revolutionaries "below the common level of human understanding." Thus, the Third Estate, or these revolutionaries are not capable of such powers such as ruling the country.

Sadler Report

Reflection on the Revolution in France explains how Terror was being used as vengeance to the previous monarchy. However, Burke was opposed to the revolution because he did not believe that this class of people could possibly operate the country given political or legislative powers. The revolution was absolutely necessary from the perspective of the revolutionaries and those who would be hesitant about the movement would not dare say it aloud unless they want to suffer consequences such as death. In this document, the motivation for Terror could be everything that the revolutionaries did not have before. Rights, equality, rank, freedom acted as motivation for the Terror. The document elaborates that "loyalty to rank and sex... that chastity of honor... is gone." Private society is to be dissolved through this new empire led by the revolutionaries. However, Burke voices his concerns with the formation of a free government because it "requires much thought, deep reflection, a sagacious, powerful, and combining mode" which he thinks would put the revolutionaries "below the common level of human understanding." Thus, the Third Estate, or these revolutionaries are not capable of such powers such as ruling the country.

Sadler report

Report in 1832 where Michael Sadler took parliamentary investigation of previous children workers who worked in mines and factories as children. The report covers the interview with Matthew Crabtree who was a former child textile factory worker. Crabtree talks about the long work hours, little pay, and bad living conditions

Agency

Room for decision, important because everyone plays a part

Hume

Scottish philosopher whose sceptical philosophy restricted human knowledge to that which can be perceived by the senses (1711-1776)

Lynn Hunt "War, Terror, and Resistance"

Secondary Source, explains that the increased violence and the reign of terror because it turns authoritarian by accident According to Hunt, he explains in War, Terror and Resistance that the origins of the terror began with the problem of governing a country in the midst of a revolution. Within the country there was internal unrest, war, economic and social problems essentially sparking the revolution. Radicals eventually took control of the revolutionary government and they used Terror to ensure compliance with the demands of this new government. Those who didn't comply with these demands would then face consequences, for example, they "faced a revolutionary tribunal, which tried suspects for treason and sentenced those it convicted to the guillotine." It didn't matter who was trialed, if anyone showed signs of resentment against the revolution they would face severe punishments. Extreme violence occurred and even radicals such Jacobins and Georges Danton argued that this violence has crossed the line. This terror was used as a tool to censor those who were not for the movement. There were high goals set by this new government but it was executed in an horrid manner. The committee of public safety ruled the government, targeting those who supported the counterrevolution. We can see that a monarchy that was brought down, transitioned into another monarchy.

Lynn Hunt "Enlightenment and Human Rights"

Secondary Source, talks about the power struggle between the Jacobinsons and the right, the monarchy that was now ruled by the revolutionaries turned into another revolution

Lynn Hunt "Paris and the Politics of Rebellion"

Secondary source, essentially the revolution was led by all types of working people and they varied broadly in their levels of education and wealth, at the upper levels of this range were those came to lead the popular movement takeaways: - the media worsened the situation - miscommunication caused people to enter the courtyard and essentially cause a fight between the rebellions and the guards - radical press immediately proclaimed the fall of the Bastille a successful blow to despotism because people did not know what this day meant - the storming was an accident, media misrepresented what happened - journalists were part of the revolution - pushed their ideals forward - casted as the defeat for absolutist authority - Bastille becomes a symbol of injustice - Lynn advocates for the power of history, for example: random acts Response: Based on Hunt, the "crowds" we so often hear about in the French Revolution and Spring/Summer rebellions of 1789 tend to be the hard working people of France who can be identified as artisans and laborers acting as the backbone of Paris. These people varied "broadly in their levels of education and wealth."There were would be groups of masters, journeymen and apprentices as well as journalists and lawyers who fought alongside the general public. Some groups were motivated by the dramatic price increase on bread and others were further motivated by the storming of Bastille which was "portrayed as an immense defeat for absolutist authority" allowing revolution to ignite. These events fired up the public to fight back against the royals which in the end worked as they achieved the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen. Each actor played a significant role in history because no matter how big or small their impact was, they still shaped history.

French Revolution Reign of Terror

Sep 1793- Aug 1794 - marked by series of public executions, show trials - 12 remembered committee of public safety - led by M. Robespierre - total death total: 170,000 - kings become the ghosts that haunts European society

Levée en masse

The French policy of conscripting all males into the army. This created a new type of military force based upon mass participation and a fully mobilized economy.

Abbe Sieyes: What is the debate in which the author engages, what is at stake?

The author, Abbé Sieyès, engages in the debate that discusses the hierarchy and order of society holding the privileged first (nobles, clergy) and the Third Estate last taking place in France, 1789. The Third Estate makes up the majority of the population whose rights are at stake if this exclusion and abusage of power continues by the nobles. The Third Estate is made up slaves or peasants working at the hands of the nobles, and these peasants are frustrated due to their current circumstances and riots are deemed to happen. This threat of revolution poses a threat to the nobles as their power is held at stake. Part of the third estate

Comments and Declaration of the Rights of Woman

The fight for rights for women, main focus on women

National/Popular Sovereignty

The government is created by and subject to the will of the people, this is what abbe seiyes argued for

Girondistes

The other political party in the National Convention, who were moderates.

Revolutionary Tribunals

This was created to "try the enemies of the Revolution" Created by Danton, it was created to speed the work of repressing dissent during the Terror. It had 16 judges and 60 jurors and was divided into several courts. Mainly dealt with "counterrevolutionaries" People were sent to it not to be judged but to be "destroyed"

Abbe Sieyes: How does Sieyes back up his argument? What evidence does he invoke?

To back up Abbé Sieyès argument being that the Third Estate is in fact valuable and current conditions must change, he goes on to poise a question by asking "What does a Nation require to survive and Prosper" in which he answers: private employment and public offices. Abbé Sieyès then goes on to list the different types of work that is included within private employment in which then he ultimately makes his point by stating the Third Estate carries out these types of work, allowing the nation to properly function. Ultimately, the Third Estate is working the jobs that no one else would want to do, making the foundation for France. This work by the Third Estate is being constantly overlooked by the Nobles which would then later cause a just revolution. - Basic rights, people shouldn't rule based on hierarchy or inheritance, rather based on talent and skill

Storming of Bastille

Took place in Paris France July 14, this violent attack on the government by the people of France signaled the start of the French Revolution

Vienna Congress

Tried to restore the monarchies to power all over continental Europe and pretended that the French Revolution never happened. Did not work, no people support.

Locke

Wrote Two Treatises of Government. Said human nature lived free and had the natural rights of life, liberty, and property. He said government was created in order to protect these rights and if the government failed to do so it was the duty of the people to rebel.

Salon

a product of the enlightenment, was a key institution in which women played a central, provided a place for women and men to congregate for intellectual discourse

Secularization

indifference to or rejection of religion or religious consideration

Signs of freedom

lady liberty, liberty tree, Alaskan sign

Abbe Sieyes

sides with the third estate which is 93-95 percent of the population, he's famous for embracing the revolution - claims that the earth will always move around the sun (astronomy) meaning there will be a change in the peoples center once they overthrow the monarch - law of nature: this will happen no matter what, it is bound to happen

Bourgeoisie

the French middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people that were part of the movement, well educated within the third estate

Estates-General

the representative assembly of the three estates

1848 Revolutions

"When France sneezes, Europe catches a cold;" the French uprising against the increasingly oppressive Louis-Philippe sparked a wave of revolt (German states, Austria, Russia, Poland, Italy) by the liberal middle and lower classes against conservative governments; overall they failed because of internal class and ethnic divisions among the revolutionaries

Sansculottes

"without breeches"; a radical group of shopkeepers and wage earners during the French Revolution who wanted a larger voice in government and an end to food shortages

Montesquieu

(1689-1755) wrote 'Spirit of the Laws', said that no single set of political laws was applicable to all - depended on relationship and variables, supported division of government

Voltaire

(1694-1778) French philosopher. He believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government. He also spoke out against the corruption of the French government, and the intolerance of the Catholic Church.

Rousseau

(1712-1778) Believed that society threatened natural rights and freedoms. Wrote about society's corruption caused by the revival of sciences and art instead of it's improvement. He was sponsored by the wealthy and participated in salons but often felt uncomfortable and denounced them. Wrote "The Social Contract."

Robert Owen

(1771-1858) British cotton manufacturer believed that humans would reveal their true natural goodness if they lived in a cooperative environment. Tested his theories at New Lanark, Scotland and New Harmony, Indiana, but failed

Ebenzer Howard

Garden city, urban planning