History Systems Ch 15

The "new" Zeitgeist in physics is characterized by ____.

Berkeley's argument that objective knowledge is subjective knowledge

This person's work on cognitive stages of development was not widely accepted under behaviorism, was welcomed by cognitive theorists, and finally was rewarded by mainstream psychology when he became the first European psychologist to receive the APA Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award.

Piaget

Tolman's contribution to the decline of S-R psychology was the ____.

concept of cognitive maps

The discipline representing a hybrid of cognitive psychology and the neurosciences is called ____.

cognitive neuroscience

The basic principle of evolutionary theory is that ____.

humans are biological creatures that have been programmed by evolution to behave, think, and learn in ways that have fostered species survival

The general consensus was that Deep Blue was ____.

not thinking even if it behaved as if it were

Wilson has concluded that the self-report of conscious processes ____.

often predicts people's behaviors

One contemporary approach to introspection is called retrospective ____.

phenomenological assessment

The modern age of computers in the 20th century was initiated by ____.

the need for artillery firing tables in World War II

In the computer metaphor, cognitive processes are represented by ____.

the software program

Cognitive psychology is concerned with ____.

the study of all mental processes such as perception, learning, memory, and problem solving

Cognitive science is a term that ____.

was adopted by the cognitive psychologists to unify seemingly dissimilar fields and was adopted to reflect the interdisciplinary nature of its domains of study

Evolutionary psychologists assert that ____.

we are predisposed at birth to certain ways of behaving as shaped by evolution

The definition of "cognition" at the Center for Cognitive Studies was ____.

whatever behaviorism was not

In his match against the "cunning opponent," why did Kasparov exhibits signs of fear and confusion?

Because he was playing against a computer that could challenge him intellectually.

The very first "thinking" machines, used for calculations, were developed by ____.

Babbage and Hollerith

The inclusion of cognitive factors in the theories of ____ altered American behaviorism.

Bandura and Rotter

The field of cognitive psychology was inaugurated by ____.

Neisser's book on cognitive psychology

The study of cognitive factors is confined to research in(on) ____.

None of the choices are correct; cognitive psychology affects almost all of psychology.

One criticism of evolutionary psychology is the idea that there might be biological determinants of behavior and therefore no free will. How is this criticism answered by evolutionary psychologists?

Not all behaviors are determined by genes.

The imperative that "psychology must discard all references to consciousness" was the command of ____.

Watson

The founder of cognitive psychology was ____.

There was no single founder.

Which of the following is not one of the four fundamental questions dealt with by evolutionary psychology?

What accounts for the present nature of the human behavior?

A book entitled Sociobiology: A New Synthesis written by ____ was a contemporary force for evolutionary psychology.

Wilson

Evolutionary psychology owes a debt to ____.

a. Darwin b. James c. Spencer ***d. All of the choices are correct. e. None of the choices are correct.

Which of the following schools made substantial contributions to psychology's evolution?

a. Gestalt psychology b. structuralism c. functionalism d. behaviorism ***e. All of the choices are correct.

Neisser's career was influenced by ____.

a. Miller b. Koffka c. Köhler d. Maslow ***e. All of the choices are correct.

All approaches to psychology have ____.

a. areas of vulnerability b. critics c. contributed to the development of the discipline as a whole ***d. All of the choices are correct. e. None of the choices are correct.

Cognitive psychology differs from behaviorism because cognitive psychologists ____.

a. believe that people actively and creatively arrange environmental stimuli b. are interested in how the mind organizes experience c. focus on the process of knowing, not just on responses to stimuli ***d. All of the choices are correct. e. None of the choices are correct.

The founders of the Center for Cognitive Studies ____.

a. defined their position in opposition to the behaviorists b. did not know what cognition really meant c. located their facility at Harvard ***d. All of the choices are correct. e. None of the choices are correct.

Evolutionary psychologists argue that the cognitive revolution ____.

a. did not go far enough b. had little relevance for their work c. omitted the source and purpose of our information-processing capability d. did not go far enough and omitted the source and purpose of our information-processing capability ***e. All of the choices are correct.

Criticisms of evolutionary psychology ____.

a. include learning theorists b. point to the broad range of behavior with which it deals c. point to the difficulty of testing the theory in any significant manner ***d. All of the choices are correct. e. None of the choices are correct.

Evolutionary psychology ____.

a. incorporated the work of Wilson b. is very popular c. deals with psychological mechanisms that are programmed into humans because they were successful in human history ***d. All of the choices are correct. e. None of the choices are correct.

Which of the following imaging techniques are providing scientists with exceptional detail in mapping the brain?

a. magnetic resonance imagery (MRI) b. positron emission tomography (PET) c. computerized axial tomography (CAT) ***d. All of the choices are correct. e. None of the choices are correct.

Ulric Neisser suggested that cognition is a narrow, sterile approach to the field of psychology because it ____.

a. only uses the experimental method b. has no emotion c. doesn't deal with complex motivations d. has no emotion and doesn't deal with complex motivations ***e. All of the choices are correct.

The behaviorist premise that all behavior is learned was challenged by ____.

a. the Brelands' work on instinctual drift b. Harlow's work with monkey-mothers c. Seligman's work on biological preparedness ***d. All of the choices are correct. e. None of the choices are correct.

In terms of its antecedent influences, cognitive psychology represents a return to ____.

a. the early attempts at a science of the mind and consciousness b. the type of speculations engaged in by philosophers c. introspection d. the active role of the perceiver ***e. All of the choices are correct.

The cognitive movement was ____.

an antecedent of evolutionary psychology

The principle purpose of the Turing Test is to determine if ____.

an interrogator can distinguish a computer from a human

When behaviorism dominated psychology from 1913 to around 1960, the idea that any behavior might be determined genetically was ____.

anathema

The question "Can computers think?" is a question about ____.

artificial intelligence

In McKeachie's opinion, the return of consciousness to psychology signaled a change in favor of ____ psychology.

cognitive

The idea that although phobias are learned through classical conditioning, some fears that were adaptive to our ancestors are learned more easily is called ____.

biological preparedness

Many cognitive scientists came to believe that computers ____.

can simulate intelligence without being intelligent

For Neisser, "everything a human being might possibly do" is the ____.

definition of cognition

The thesis of sociobiology challenged the assumption that ____.

everyone is created equal

Which branch of psychology is the most recently developed approach?

evolutionary psychology

The cognitive psychologists' focus on cognitive processes has meant that using animals as subjects is ____.

fruitful in cognitive psychology

By 1976, Neisser concluded that cognitive psychology ____.

had little to contribute to psychology

The term sociobiology ____

has such a negative connotation that it has been dropped from use

Of all the schools of psychology initiated by 1930, only behaviorism and psychoanalysis ____.

have maintained their identities

There are no structural psychologists left in the United States. However, structural psychology was a success because it ____.

helped to establish psychology as an independent science

The behaviorists' response to the advent of cognitive psychology has been to ____.

hold fast to their position that consciousness (and thus cognitive psychology) should be rejected as a key subject matter

Neisser's definition of "cognitive" basically involves terms from the metaphor of ____.

information processing

Cognitive psychologists view organizational abilities as ____ whereas behaviorists do not.

innate

Acceptance of conscious experiences led cognitive psychologists to take another look at the first research method of scientific psychology, the ____ method.

introspection

Bridgman's response to behaviorism's radical operationism was to recommend the use of ____.

introspection

The point of Searle's Chinese room problem was to show that ____.

machines can pass the Turing test and still not be "thinking"

Even those psychologists who support cognitive psychology point out that there ____.

remains considerable confusion about terminology and definitions and are few concepts on which the majority of cognitive psychologists agree

Kasparov believed he was ____.

representing the human race

The idea that animals have personality is ____.

something that has received some research support

According to Schultz and Schultz, when a movement within psychology becomes a formalized school, the only way its momentum can be stopped is by its ____.

success

The technique of subliminal perception as used in cognitive psychology research has ____.

suggested that "mental aspects" of learning occur at a nonconscious level

Garry Kasparov was ____.

the greatest chess player in history

Guthrie argued that the behaviorists were unable to deal with ____.

the meaningfulness of a stimulus to the organism