History Test #2

Woodrow Wilson

28th President of the USA from 1913 to 1921. He was nominated by the Democratic Party in the Election of 1912 against Taft (R) and Theodore Roosevelt (Bull Moose Party). He was born in Virginia. He went to Princeton and earned his PHD in political science and later became the governor of New Jersey. He was a progressive and supported workers/ progressive causes. He ended up winning the election with 42 states. He was the first southern president in decades- this thrilled white supremacists. Before his election he had promised to see the success of the black race but he would move to attack blacks in the government firing 15/17 blacks. He created segregation in the federal government. Wilson deeply believed that using ideas would bring peace and prosperity. Thought something special about American thought and thought if it could influence other countries and people, that prosperity would be widespread. Turned out to be opposite of his presidency. Wilson's presidency was swallowed up by WW1. Wilson hoped to negotiate rather than fight and overall stall the war but people were set on it and thought it was inevitable. He wanted nothing to do with the war as he thought it was evil and wrong and Americans called him a coward. The U-boat eventually put him into war. The U-Boat sunk "The Lusitania". There were 1200 people on it and about 150 Americans. The U-Boat decided to attack it. It was a passenger ship. There was a massive outcry in the West demanding that the U.S needs to go and fight. Instead Wilson made a deal with Germany and agreed that Germany would remove all the U-Boats from the ocean. In 1916, Wilson ran for reelection. His slogan was "He kept us out of The War." Wilson was effective and won the reflection. Almost immediately he found himself pushed directly into war. Fearing that they were running out of support, the Germans decided to bring back the U-Boats. Wilson felt like the U.S had been betrayed and he decided that the U.S would have to go to war. Congress voted to fight and then the U.S officially signed onto war. Pressure came from Roosevelt who despised Wilson. Wilson was worried about what would happen at home because of the war- would treason undermine war. Scared of socialist party who was the primary critic of the war. Socialists were strongest supporters of workers and believed they should be empowered and have enough resources to determine their work and live in security. Generally argued that war was huge mistake. Argued war was started by the elite in each country who then sent working people to go kill each other. Wilson worried that people would undermine the war because of the worldwide food shortage. Due to feeding soldiers and few people were producing food. Other countries rationed food but Wilson found this un-American. Woodrow Wilson would leave the office and the Republicans take control back. When WW1 ended, Wilson argued to go easy on Germans-set a basis for peace. Instead France and England wanted to crush and punish Germany for the war. A huge mistake, led to rise of Nazi's. Wilson returned to US and had a super paralyzing stroke.

Herbert Hoover

31st President of the USA from 1929 to 1933 during the Great Depression. He was the Republican candidate in the election 1928 against Al Smith.In the 1920's people loved big business. Big business leads to happiness and prosperity. Election was last way of old system. The government was very open to big business; they had low taxes and few regulations on business.Economy was booming and lots of people had jobs. He was a businessman who built himself off nothing. He made a fortune in mining and wanted to dedicate his life to public service and his country. Seen as economic genius, had gotten economy booming. Secretary of Commerce under Coolidge. He wanted the country to do whatever it wanted. Herbert Hoover won the election by a lot. At his presidential inauguration in 1928, he said that the country was closer to a triumph of poverty and inches away from success. 8 months after his presidency the economy crashed. Hoover's solution was to "balance the budget". He thought the country needed to be balanced and would give people confidence. Hoover proposed to raise taxes. People were very mad and Hoover became deeply unpopular. Thought people needed more confidence in government. However, Hoover wanted to do nothing for the people. Ran in the election of 1932 against Democrat, Franklin Delano Roosevelt. They hated each other. Roosevelt won the election with 42/50 states.

Margaret Sanger

A woman born into a large, poor family. During her life she had 11/18 successful pregnancies. She would later become a nurse but be burdened by pregnancies of other women. She decided to start a newspaper called the "Women Rebel" where she argued for the importance of birth control and that women had a right to their own bodies. She was threatened with arrest so she fled to England to avoid arrest for 2 years. The charges were eventually dropped. Then in 1916, she opened a clinic in a working-class neighborhood of Brooklyn and began distributing contraceptives to poor Jewish and Italian women and was caught by an undercover agent. She was sentenced to a month in prison. The IWW and Socialist party supported her.

Jazz Singer

Actors were now able to talk in movies. The first talkie was the Jazz Singer. The main character was a young man who wanted to sing but his religious parents wouldn't let him. The singing the boy wanted to do was very racist. Performs in black face.

Alice Paul

Alice Paul came from a wealthier educated family. Drawn to women's rights, went to front lines in England where bold public protests were taking place. She traveled back to USA determined to make similar statements. Teamed up with Lucy Burns. They organized a march on Washington, DC. They envisioned it being led by a white on a white horse blowing a trumpet. 5,000 women came on the streets and demanded the right to vote. These public demonstrations became common. They protested outside white house every day demanding Wilson listen to them. Led to backlash. Men thought women were trying to rule over because they're insecure.

Fundamentalism

Although many Americans embraced modern urban culture with its religious and ethnic pluralism, mass entertainment, and liberated sexual rules, others found it alarming. Many evangelical Protestants felt threatened by the decline of traditional values and the increased visibility of Catholicism and Judaism because of immigration. They also resented the growing presence within mainstream Protestant denominations of "modernists" who sought to integrate science and religion and adapt Christianity to the new secular culture. Convinced that the literal truth of the Bible formed the basis of Christian belief, fundamentalists launched a campaign to rid Protestants denominations of modernism and to combat the new individual freedoms that seemed to contradict traditional morality. Much of the press portrayed fundamentalism as a movement of backwoods bigots.

Internment

An evacuation of the west coast where all Japanese Americans must surrender and live in camps until the end of the war. They were forced to sell their belongings, give up farms, and lost their jobs. Families were forced to board trains and sent to camps. They tried to get their life as back to normal as possible. Schools were built within these camps, ate in massive cafeterias, and had to do their best with what was given. These camps made the US look very bad.

The Red Scare

As the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States intensified in the late 1940s and early 1950s, hysteria over the perceived threat posed by Communists in the U.S. became known as the Red Scare. ... The Red Scare led to a range of actions that had a profound and enduring effect on U.S. government and society. A "Red Scare" is the promotion of fear of a potential rise of communism or radical leftism. In the United States. The First Red Scare was about worker (socialist) revolution and political radicalism. It was a period during the early 20th-century history of the United States marked by a widespread fear of Bolshevism and anarchism, due to real and imagined events; real events included those such as the Russian Revolution as well as the publicly stated goal of a worldwide communist revolution. The second Red Scare refers to the fear of communism that permeated American politics, culture, and society from the late 1940s through the 1950s, during the opening phases of the Cold War with the Soviet Union.

Executive Order 9881

Asa Phillip Randolph worked closely with NAACP and demanded concrete measures from Truman and democratic party to promote equality and Truman felt like he had to say yes because he needed democratic/black votes. So he passed Executive Order 9981 which integrated the army between whites and blacks. The army would soon become a force for combating racism. Everyone including Dewey was sure that he would win the election so he didn't campaign much. Truman desperately needed African American support.

The Birth of a Nation

Birth of a Nation was a movie that became very popular. It was the most expensive movie ever made up to that point. It was an Epic movie about history and Reconstruction. Deeply racist. Argued that during reconstruction African Americans controlled south and used that power to run states into ground, destroy white men, and rape white women. History with Lightning is what Woodrow Wilson called the movie. Many whites saw it. The story is that African Americans who were running the states were corrupt and violent. And they threatened people until the KKK rode through and saved the day. The KKK was seen as heroes for removing corrupt blacks. Whites wanted to reform the KKK after this movie came out. The first Klan had died in 1870's and this movie inspired thousands to join and have the Klan reemerge. Within 7 years, 5 million whites joined up. The KKK would talk about the evils of African Americans, Mexicans, and Chinese Immigrants.

Charles Lindbergh

Charles Lindbergh was only person more popular than Ruth. He was the best pilot in the world and was a national hero. He was obsessed with flight. He left college to pilot for a living. He saw that there was a $25,000 prize to anyone who could fly from NY to Paris. Lindbergh was convinced he could do it. His plane was called the Spirit of St. Louis. They designed the plane to be as light as possible to conserve fuel. It took 33.5 hours but he did arrive in Paris. He conquered the Atlantic Ocean.

Scottsboro Boys

Communist influence even spread to the south. The communist-dominated International Labor Defense mobilized popular support for black defendants victimized by a racist criminal justice system. It helped to make the Scottsboro case an international cause of celebration. The case revolved around nine young black men arrested for the rape of two white women in Alabama in 1931. Despite the weakness of the evidence against the "scottsboro boys" and the fact that one of the two accusers recanted. Alabama authorities three times put them on trial and three times won convictions. Landmark supreme court decisions overturned the first two verdicts and established legal principles that greatly expanded the definition of civil liberties- that defendants have a constitutional right to effective legal representation, and that states cannot systematically exclude blacks from juries. But the court allowed the third set of convictions to stand, which led to prison sentences for five of the defendants. In 1937, a defense lawyer worked out a deal whereby Alabama authorities released nearly all of the defendants on parole, although the last of the scottsboro boys did not leave prison until 13 years had passed.

Frances Perkins

Developed the idea of social security. She came out of progressivism worked in a Hull house. She spent her life helping workers, fighting for women and worker rights, and becoming a labor leader, and Roosevelt named her Secretary of Labor. She was the first woman appointed in the presidential cabinet. Decrease in poverty. Redefined relationship between government and people. Secured peoples welfare. Transformed government, had many critics.

Douglas MacArthur

Douglas MacArthur was the US general in charge for Korean War. He was a legend who led the US army in the Pacific, served his country for decades. He surrounded himself with reporters to maintain a certain image. When the war began he was widely respected. He hated communists. Strong advocate of taking war to North Korea. During the war, MacArthur fails. His strategies don't work and he loses many battles. He was unprepared. Instead of taking responsibility, he blamed Truman saying that Truman wasn't giving him enough troops and that he wasn't backing him up. He complained to the press and to the Republican Party. A shocking level of disloyalty. Truman then demanded MacArthur's resignation where he returned to the US and welcomed as a hero since he hated communists so much. He gives his retirement speech to congress and to people.

The Hundred Days

During the first hundred days of Franklin D. Roosevelt's presidency, President Franklin D. Roosevelt planned to put an end to the Great Depression that was allegedly caused by the policies of his predecessor, Herbert Hoover. When Roosevelt took office on March 4, 1933, he immediately addressed the effects of the depression. His main four priorities were to get Americans back to work, protect their savings and create prosperity, provide relief for the sick and elderly, and get industry and agriculture back on their feet. He passed many laws: (alphabet soup) including Agricultural Adjustment Act, Federal Relief Emergency Administration, National Recovery Administration, and the Tennessee Valley Authority. The Emergency Banking Act was the first legislation passed.

Rosie the Riveter

During the war, the nation engaged in an unprecedented mobilization of "woman power" to fill industrial power vacated by men. Office of War Information publications encouraged women to go to work, Hollywood films glorified the independent woman, and private advertising celebrated the achievements of Rosie the Riveter, the female industrial laborer depicted as muscular and self-reliant in Norman Rockwell's famous magazine cover. Women made up for 1/3 of the civilian labor force.

Dwight Eisenhower

Eisenhower was put in charge for the plans to invade. He's from Kansas, spent his life in the army. He was respected and a genuinely nice guy. He was given the mission to plan the invasion of Germany. The Germans expected the US and Britain to attack the shortest route to France from Britain but they knew that so they tricked Hitler into thinking they were attacking there. Went to great lengths to trick Hitler/disguise their plans. Instead the battle happened in Normandy. After dropping bombs in the Koreas, the Republican party was determined to finally win an election. They nominated Dwight Eisenhower for the 1952 election to run for them. He was the hero of WWII. He was the general that led the US to victory, and widely respected. He was the first person to run during the TV era. He was a moderate Republican who supported the New Deal. First election with campaign ads on TV. Eisenhower won the election very easily. The Republicans won the election for the first time since Herbert Hoover.

Father Charles Coughlin

Father Charles Coughlin is an unsuccessful priest who had a small parish outside Detroit. He began a small show on the radio. Over time, millions of people were listening to him speak. He began to talk about religion then transferred to politics. He was a fan of Roosevelt but ended up thinking FDR should do more to help people and support big business less. Political revolution. Received more mail, people really liked him.

Firebombing

Firebombing is a bombing technique designed to damage a target, generally an urban area, through the use of fire, caused by incendiary devices, rather than from the blast effect of large bombs. Most large German cities were extensively firebombed starting in 1942, and almost all large Japanese cities were firebombed during the last six months of World War II.

Fireside Chats

Fireside chats is the term used to describe a series of 30 evening radio conversations (chats) given by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt between 1933 and 1944. FDR used the informal radio addresses to explain his policies to the American public. The fireside chats of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt were an important means for the president to inform the public about his programs and to allay their fears of the mounting problems caused by the Great Depression.

Seneca

First public event for Women's suffrage in 1848 at Seneca Falls. They discussed women's place in society. The most controversial question was whether women were allowed to vote. The convention agreed that women deserved the right to vote and it was on the published list for the results of the convention. Men and women who signed the document were laughed at. Men took women voting as a joke. The youngest person at the convention was Charlotte Woodward at 19 years old and dreamed of becoming a printer of books- a job for solely men. She would see the 19th amendment be passed. After Seneca Falls, both abolition and women's rights were both in the air. People who fought for slavery typically would fight for women's rights. Susan B. Anthony and Fredrick Douglas both fought for slavery and women's equality.

Korean War

Following WWII, Korea was split into Communist-North Korea and US Allied-South Korea. In 1950, the communists invaded South Korea trying to unify the nation under communist rule. Truman felt like he had to help because of the domino theory: if one country fell to Communism, so would another and then another and then so on. So he then sent in troops to protect S. Korea and the spread of communism. Without MacArthur, Truman and the Koreans signed a treaty to keep the same border between North and South Korea. In this time the USA dropped more bombs on Korea than they ever did in WW2. Twenty percent of people involved in the war died.

Marshall Plan

Following WWII, much of Europe was in ruins. Many people died during winter. Truman and the US thought it was their moral duty to help the people of Europe. They spent billions of dollars to send aid to the people of Europe. There was a widespread fear that if the US didn't help, that communisms would step in join up with Europe. Truman asked for 17 billion of dollars and created this massive plan to rebuilt Europe. They sent in blankets, clothes, and food to help save the people of Europe.

Frederick Douglass

For women voting. Close friends with Susan B Anthony until the passing of the 14th amendment.It punished states that didn't recognize black men to vote. It demanded that states had to treat all the citizens equally. States that discriminated against black men would be punished in the Electoral College. It is the first time the constitution draws a line between men and women. Anthony saw as great betrayal since their causes were related. Douglas defended 14th amendment, disappointed women didn't get same protection but argued since there is massive violence against blacks that blacks have more urgency to vote than women. The 15th amendment gave black men the right to vote. These amendments did NOTHING for white or black women! Many white women in the movement saw this as a deep betrayal. The friendship between Douglas and Anthony was shattered.

Dr. Francis Townsend

Frances Everett Townsend wasn't very important. He was a doctor in California. Townsend wrote a letter to the editor of a newspaper concerning the dignity/plight of the elderly. In this letter Townsend argued people should be able to live their last few years with dignity/ comfort / peace and he wanted to government to give anyone over 60, $200 a month. Struck a chord with people and became a massive political movement. Idea was unworkable.

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

Franklin Delano Roosevelt, commonly known as FDR, was an American statesman and political leader who served as the 32nd President of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945. A Democrat, he won a record four presidential elections and emerged as a central figure in world events during the mid-20th century. He directed the United States government during most of the Great Depression and World War II. As a dominant leader of his party, he built the New Deal Coalition, realigning American politics into the Fifth Party System and defining American liberalism throughout the middle third of the 20th century. He entered politics in 1910, serving in the New York State Senate, and then as Assistant Secretary of the Navy under President Woodrow Wilson. In 1920, Roosevelt was presidential candidate James M. Cox's running mate, but the Cox/Roosevelt ticket lost to the Republican ticket of Warren Harding and Calvin Coolidge. Roosevelt was stricken with debilitating polio in 1921, which cost him the use of his legs and put his future political career in jeopardy.

Fred Korematsu

Fred Korematsu challenged the internment camp once in camp. He was 23 and arrested and thrown in jail for not surrendering and leaving for the internment camp. He was born in the US to Japanese immigrants and engaged to an Italian American. He tried to get plastic surgery to hide his features because he wanted to pass as white but was found out and arrested. His case made it all the way to the Supreme Court. De Witt was scared they'd go against them so they gave the court an 18-page report to defend internment which was filled with lies. The Supreme Court backed away and decided not to make a ruling on internment. Later each Japanese American would receive reparations for taking away years that could've spent making money.

Henry Wallace

Henry Wallace a leading democrat in the country, a previous VP (Roosevelt's 2nd VP) disagreed with this. He was now the secretary of commerce. He was deeply religious and disdained war and thought these pillars (Truman's pillars of credibility and containment) were a bad idea and we should just seek peace with Russia and let it all go, let them do as they please. Truman was shocked at this idea and thought it was hopelessly naïve and that Wallace failed to understand the threat of the USSR and forced Wallace to resign.

Hoovervilles

Hoover became overwhelmed by this problem (Black Tuesday) and now had no solution so he did nothing. Banks started to fail all over the country because people were so scared. People all rushed to get their money out of the banks and people's money disappeared. Many people were homeless and Hoovervilles were very common. These were shacks with groups of homeless people. A shanty town built by homeless people in the US during the Great Depression. They were named after Herbert Hoover, who was President of the United States during the onset of the Depression and widely blamed for it.

Al Smith

Hoover's opponent in the 1928 election- Democratic candidate Al Smith. Hoover had never run for office before while Al Smith was a lifetime politician. Smith was born and raised in New York by immigrants. Smith supported immigrants and they supported him. He was governor of New York. Strong supporter of women's rights and religious freedom and workers. However, he was catholic and many feared we weren't ready for a catholic president. Smith hired many Jews and women to work as his advisers. Smith was the first Catholic to ever run for president. People were very suspicious of him.

Huey Long

Huey Long was the most popular democratic politician in Louisiana. Nicknamed The King Fish. Champion of common man. He built schools and hospitals by taxing the rich. So loved he was governor and senator at same time. FDR feared he would take his candidacy. In the 1930's, he proposed the Share Our Wealth Society idea. Referred to as the "King fish". Long was widely respected and liked by the people.

Midway

Immediately after Pearl Harbor, Japan took control of Southeast Asia, Indonesia, and the Philippians. Japan did not control the Midway Islands, the US did. An American plane could take off from Hawaii, drop a few bombs, and barely have enough fuel to get back to but that gave the US an advantage. Fear that the US could bomb the Japanese mainland was very scary to them. The Japanese planned to capture the Midway Islands in The Turning Tide at Midway because they were scared. They made another surprise attack plan but the US cracked the Japanese codes, and could lay a trap at Midway. When they got there the US was waiting for them and the US won an overwhelming victory. Japan began with 6 aircraft carriers and lost 4. US and Japan now even, so the US had to wait to go to Europe and have time to build up.

"Clear and Present Danger"

In 1919, the court upheld the constitutionality of the Espionage Act and the conviction of Charles T. Schenck, a socialist who had distributed anti draft leaflets through the mail. Speaking for the court, Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes declared that the first amendment did not prevent congress from prohibiting speech that presented a "clear and present danger" of inspiring illegal actions. Free speech, he observed, "would not protect a man falsely shouting fire in a theater and causing a panic" For the next half century, Holmes doctrine would remain the basic test in first amendment cases. Since the Court usually allowed public officials to decide what speech was in fact "dangerous" it hardly provided a stable basis for the defense of free expression in times of crisis. A week after Schenck vs United States, the court unanimously upheld the conviction of Eugene Debs for a speech condemning the war. It also affirmed the wartime jailing of the editor of a German-languge newspaper whose editorials had questioned the draft's constitutionality.

Scopes Trial

In 1925, a trial in Tennessee threw into sharp relief the division between traditional values and modern, secular culture. John Scopes, a teacher in a Tennessee public school, was arrested for violating state law that prohibited the teachings of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution. His trial became a national sensation. The proceedings were even carried live on national radio. The Scopes trial reflected the enduring tension between two American definitions of freedom.

Hays Code

In 1930, the film industry adopted this code, a sporadically enforced set of guidelines that prohibited movies from depicting nudity, long kisses, and adultery, and barred scripts that portrayed clergymen in a negative light or criminals sympathetically. The code in some ways anticipated recent efforts by television networks, music companies, and video game producers to adopt self-imposed guidelines to fend off governmental regulation. Filmmakers hoped that self censorship would prevent censorship by local governments, a not uncommon occurrence since the courts deemed movies a business subject to regulation, not a form of expression. Not until 1951, in a case involving The Miracle, a film many catholics found offensive, would the supreme court declare movies an artistic form protected by the 1st amendment.

Works Progress Administration

In 1934, Roosevelt hired some 3 million Americans in virtually every walk of life, each year until it ended in 1943. Under Harry Hopkin's direction, the WPA changed the physical face of the USA. It constructed thousands of public buildings and bridges, more than 500,000 miles of roads, and 600 airports. It built stadiums, swimming pools, and sewage treatment plants. Unlike previous work relief programs, the WPA employed many out of work white-collar workers and professionals like doctors and dentists. Perhaps the most famous WPA projects were in the arts. The WPA set hundreds of artists to work decorating public buildings with murals. It hired writers to produce local histories and guidebooks to the 48 states and to record the recollections of ordinary Americans. Its federal theater project put on plays. The federal music projects established orchestras and choral groups. The federal dance project sponsored ballet and modern dance programs.

HUAC

In 1938, the House of Representatives established an Un-American Activities Committee to investigate disloyalty. Its expansive definition of "un-American" included communists, labors, radicals, and the left of the Democratic Party, and its hearings led to the dismissal of dozens of federal employees on charges of subversion. The leader was Joseph McCarthy. He was a senator from Wisconsin. He had never been in combat and was a liar. He was a sexual harasser of women. When he was in charge he became a national sensation-very prominent. He gave speeches making Americans very scared of communist spies. McCarthyism is the practice of making accusations of subversion or treason without proper regard for evidence. It also means "the practice of making unfair allegations or using unfair investigative techniques, especially in order to restrict dissent or political criticism."

Chicago Riot

In Chicago, blacks were confined in run down neighborhoods in the south part of the city with high rent. They had little access to the rest of the city and shorelines of Lake Michigan. The lake was divided for whites and blacks. One morning a 14 year old black boy was in the black part of the lake and floated into the white part of the lake where whites threw rocks at him. He was hit in the head and he drowned. This led to the Chicago Riot of 1919. The city devolved into open warfare between whites and blacks. Many buildings were burned down. 23 blacks and 15 whites were killed.

Sit-down Strike

In December 1936, unions, most notably the United Auto Workers (UAW) a fledgling CIO union, unveiled the the sit-down, a strikingly effective tactic that the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) had pioneered three decades earlier. Rather than walking out of a plant, thus enabling management to bring in strikebreakers, workers halted production but remained inside. In the UAW's first sit-down strike, 7,000 General Motors workers seized control of the Fisher Body Plant in Cleveland. Sit-downs soon spread to GM plants in Flint, MI the nerve center of automobile production. The CIO was a new labor union. CIO thought it was time to fight because workers were being fired, wages were being cut, etc. They argued about Problem of Consumption. They said that when workers had lots of money that they would spend lots of money. Workers need money to live comfortably and if they have enough money to buy things then employment will go up for the industries that workers are buying from. So, they supported high wages for workers. Roosevelt agreed with this and sympathized to workers. His presidency supported workers the greatest amount and supported workers in big business.This was clear in Flint, MI. In Flint, Michigan everyone built cars where a Buick factory tried to cut worker's wages and instead of walking out the workers just sat down not doing any work. The police came but the workers fought them. Then the factory tried to send in the army but Roosevelt said no. Factory's raised wages. This was necessary to Roosevelt.

Adolf Hitler

In Germany, Adolf Hitler and the Nazis had taken control due to the collapse and depression of Germany post WW1. Hitler could appeal to them empowering them and speaking to their anxieties. Hitler was a failure his entire life but after becoming a politician he began to find a voice and one that convinced many Germans. His rise came from WW1. They spoke a lot about German race and genetics and how they are perfect and the only reason they lost WW1 was because others saw their race/genetics as inferior. They celebrated the white, pure Germans. They distained and attacked those who were different. They wanted to conquer the world. The Nazi's are a political party that was represented a fair amount and formed alliances which made them powerful then attacking racial attacks. After Hitler took power, he encouraged attacks on Jews. The government began to seize all Jewish possessions. He expected Germany to expand because they needed more land and living space. They planned for a wide, European war to take the land he believed they needed. Seized Austria and moved east. Other European nations tried to stop him but he had an advantage: Hitler wanted to go to war when no one else did after only 20 years after WW1. Hitler kept going while people retreated. Nazis were one of the few people around the world that welcomed war. This became clear that this would lead to a second war. "The Final Solution".

Sacco Vanzetti Case

In May 1920, at the height of the postwar Red Scare, police arrested two Italian immigrants accused of participating in robbery at a South Braintree, MA, a factory in which a security guard was killed. Nicola Sacco (shoemaker) and Bartolomeo Vanzetti (unskilled laborer) were anarchists who dreamed of a society in which government, churches, and private property had been abolished. They saw violence as an appropriate weapon of class warfare. But very little evidence linked them to this particular crime. In the atmosphere of anti-radical and anti-immigration fervor, however, their conviction was a certainty. Although their 1921 trial had aroused little public interest outside the Italian-American community, the case of Sacco and Vanzetti attracted international attention during the the lengthy appeals that followed. There were mass protests in Europe against their impending executions. In response to the clamor the governor of Massachusetts appointed a 3 member commission to review the case. The commission upheld the verdict and death sentences. They died in the electric chair.

Ocoee Massacre

In Ocoee, FL blacks could not vote and this was heavily enforced. Every year blacks would try to vote and they would be turned away. In 1920 they tried again but their presence enraged others and they were turned away. After they were turned away white mobs went to their houses and there was a gun fight between the two sides. Some whites were killed so whites from other towns came in and went home to home burning black homes, seizing black women and men. About 56 people were killed. Whites in Ocoee were tired of this so they forced every black to leave and Ocoee would be an all white town until 1981.

New Deal Coalition

In the Election of 1936. Republicans argued Roosevelt was leading the country in the wrong direction, and that social security was useless. Roosevelt told them he was helping the people. Roosevelt won overwhelmingly again in the Election of 1936 and beat Landon. This led to the birth of the New Deal Coalition. It led democrats to dominate politics for decades (1936 to about 1980). Made democratic party very popular. In the past parties were divided geographically but the NDC changed that and made a national coalition that was enough to win most elections. Coalition wd people who benefitted from the new deal. Factory/industrial workers, white southerners, and African Americans, and northern intellectuals all supported it. African Americans gained support from these programs. Roosevelt was more supportive of Civil Rights. Precarious alliance- brings people who don't usually get along together. Roosevelt won over the republicans but still faced opposition from the Supreme Court. The 9 white guys who were nominated by Republicans. Thought little of Roosevelt's New Deal. They saw it as dangerous, making the government too strong and crushing the rights of the people. Also taking on powers it didn't have. Supreme Court was going to throw away everything he built. Said new deal was unconstitutional.

Food Administration

Instructed farmers on modern methods of cultivation and promoted the more efficient preparation of meals. Its director, Herbert Hoover, mobilized the shipment of American food to the war-devastated Allies, popularizing the slogan "Food Will Win the War".

Lucy Burns

Irish-America who came from a working class family. She was an American suffragist and women's rights advocate. She teamed up with Alice Paul and cofounded the National Woman's Party. Joined the National Woman's Suffrage Association. Spent a lot of time in jail. They organized a march on Washington, DC. They envisioned it being led by a white on a white horse blowing a trumpet. 5,000 women came on the streets and demanded the right to vote. These public demonstrations became common. They protested outside white house every day demanding Wilson listen to them. Led to backlash. Men thought women were trying to rule over because they're insecure.

Iron Curtain

Iron Curtain was the notational barrier separating the former Soviet bloc and the West prior to the decline of communism that followed the political events in Eastern Europe in 1989. The Iron Curtain was the name for the boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II in 1945 until the end of the Cold War in 1991. A term symbolizing the efforts by the Soviet Union to block itself and its satellite states from open contact with the West and non-Soviet-controlled areas. On the east side of the Iron Curtain were the countries that were connected to or influenced by the Soviet Union. Separate international economic and military alliances were developed on each side of the Iron Curtain: Member countries of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance and the Warsaw Pact, with the Soviet Union as the leading state Member countries of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and with the United States as the pre-eminent power

Pearl Harbor

Japan depended on the US for oil because they bought 80% of their oil from them. Leaders realized if they go to war with US they will be screwed. Japan looked at the East Indies for other sources of oil and realized could seize their oil and wouldn't be dependent on the US. Problem if they seized those islands the US would make them go to war with them. Came up with a two-part plan. First they would seize the East Indies island and then attack Pearl Harbor. They concluded that war with the US was inevitable and it made sense to surprise attack the US first before they can build up and while Japan is strong and the US is not ready. Trained for this attack for weeks. Japan attacked Pearl Harbor. Almost all the United States' jets and guns were at Pearl Harbor so this crippled the United States. They wanted to knock the US out in one shot. The attack was very complex; it took weeks to get the planes across the Pacific. On December 7th, 1941, they bombed Pearl Harbor. 500 planes attacked; the Americans were hopeless. US couldn't fight back, 100 ships were sunk, many planes/fleets were destroyed, and 2400 men were killed. More successful than Japanese ever thought imaginable. The next day, Roosevelt said that this was a day that would live in Infamy. The US immediately declared war on Japan. Nazis declared war on the US the day after.

John De Witt

John De Witt oversaw the defense of the homeland, the west coast. De Witt was a dedicated racist and hated the Japanese. He created the idea of internment-an evacuation of the west coast where all Japanese Americans must surrender and live in camps until the end of the war.

Share Our Wealth Society

Launched in 1934 by Huey Long with the slogan "Every Man a King". he called for the confiscation of most of the wealth of the richest Americans in order to finance an immediate grant of $5,000 and a guaranteed job and annual income for all citizens. Very popular idea.

Comstock Laws

Made it a crime to distribute obscene information. It was illegal to tell men and women how to limit the number of kids. in Roth v. United States, in which it was determined that obscenity was material whose "dominant theme taken as a whole appeals to the prurient interest" to the "average person, applying contemporary community standards," and was, "utterly without redeeming social importance." The Comstock Law was a federal act passed by the United States Congress on March 3, 1873, as the Act for the "Suppression of Trade in, and Circulation of, Obscene Literature and Articles of Immoral Use". The Act criminalized usage of the U.S. Postal Service to send any of the following items: erotica, contraceptive abortifacients, sex toys, Personal letters alluding to any sexual content or information or any information regarding the above items. In places like Washington, D.C., where the federal government had direct jurisdiction, the act also made it a misdemeanor, punishable by fine and imprisonment, to sell, give away, or have in possession any "obscene" publication. Half of the states passed similar anti-obscenity statutes that also banned possession and sale of obscene materials, including contraceptives. The law was named after its chief proponent, Anthony Comstock. Due to his own personal enforcement of the law during its early days, Comstock received a commission from the postmaster general to serve as a special agent for the U.S. Postal Services.

Marcus Garvey

Marcus Garvey was a man of the world. He was born in Jamaica, lived in England, before coming to the U.S. He said that blacks should give up on whites. Whites would never accept them and the idea of equality. Instead he wanted to build a prosperous black life. He created the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) to promote these ideas of separatism and black nationalism. He preached that blacks should support blacks.

Tennessee Valley Authority

Modernizes Tennessee Valley by building electricity.

Babe Ruth

Most popular celebrity was Babe Ruth. He grew up in an orphanage in Baltimore. He was sold to the Yankees in the 1920's and became even more popular. Babe Ruth drank and partied a lot. His Glory of Excess. He symbolizes the roaring 20's of living life to the fullest.

Black Tuesday

October 29, 1929. On this date, share prices on the New York Stock Exchange completely collapsed, becoming a pivotal factor in the emergence of the Great Depression. Hoover seemed confident and people said he was well prepared.Hoover believed that big business would lead the country out of the recession and that it wasn't the government's job to fix the economy. He met with leading businesses and told them not to fire them or lower wages because the businesses trusted him. In reality things just kept getting worse and worse. The economy shrank and unemployment increased to over 20%. Country was paralyzed by fear.

Federal Relief Emergency Administration

Offers unemployment assistance.

United Nations

Organization of nations to maintain world peace, established in 1945 and headquartered in New York. The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization to promote international co-operation. A replacement for the ineffective League of Nations, the organization was established on 24 October 1945 after World War II in order to prevent another such conflict. At its founding, the UN had 51 member states; there are now 193. The headquarters of the UN is in Manhattan, New York City, and experiences extraterritoriality. Further main offices are situated in Geneva, Nairobi, and Vienna. The organization is financed by assessed and voluntary contributions from its member states. Its objectives include maintaining international peace and security, promoting human rights, fostering social and economic development, protecting the environment, and providing humanitarian aid in cases of famine, natural disaster, and armed conflict.

ACLU

Originally the Civil Liberties Bureau which in 1920 became the American Civil Liberties Union. For the rest of the century, the ACLU would take part in most of the landmark cases that helped to bring about a "rights revolution". Its efforts helped to give meaning to traditional civil liberties like freedom of speech and invented new ones, like the right to privacy. When it began, however, the ACLU was a small, beleaguered organization. A coalition of pacifists, Progressives shocked by wartime repression, and lawyers outraged at what they considered violations of American's legal rights, it saw its own pamphlets defending free speech barred from the mails by postal inspectors.

Indian New Deal

Overall, the Depression and New Deal had a contradictory impact on America's racial minorities. Under commissioner of Indian Affairs John Collier, the administration launched an "Indian New Deal". Collier ended the policy of forced assimilation and allowed Indians unprecedented cultural autonomy. He replaced boarding schools meant to eradicate the tribal heritage of Indian children with schools on reservations, and dramatically increased spending on Indian health. He secured passage of the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, ending the policy, dating back to the Dawes Act of 1887, of dividing Indian lands into small plots for individual families and selling off the rest. Federal authorities once again recognized Indian's rights to govern their own affairs, except where specifically limited by national laws. Such limitations, however, could weigh heavily on Indian tribes. The Navajos, the nations largest tribe, refused to cooperate with the Reorganization Act as a protest against a federal soil conservation program that required them to reduce their herds of livestock. The New Deal marked the most radical shift in Indian policy in the nation's history. But living conditions on the desperately poor reservations did not significantly improve, and New Deal programs often ignored Indian's interests. The building of the Grand Coulee Dam on the Columbia River flooded 1,000's of acres where Indians had hunted and fished for centuries. But the government did not make any of the irrigation water available to the region's reservations.

Agricultural Adjustment Act

Pays farmers not to farm to reduce supply and raise supplies.

Prohibition

People thought alcohol plagued Americans by breaking up families, causing domestic abuse, and provoking health problems. Christian Evangelicals worked to eliminate alcohol and progressives joined as well. Made beer seem un-American since many prominent breweries were owned by German-Americans. States slowly banned alcohol but these laws were ignored or not enforced. Bars kept selling it. In the early 1900's people proposed an amendment to make alcohol illegal and nobody made a forceful argument about it and then the 18th amendment passed. You could only drink for religious purposes. Prohibition raised major questions of local rights, individual freedom, and the wisdom of attempting to impose religious and moral values on the entire society through legislation. It divided the Democratic Party into "wet" and "dry" wings, leading to bitter battles at the party's 1924 and 1928 conventions. Too many Americans deemed Prohibition a violation of individual freedom for the flow of illegal liquor to stop. In urban areas, Prohibition led to large profits for the owners of illegal speakeasies and the "bootleggers" who supplied them. It produced widespread corruption as police and public officials accepted bribes to turn a blind eye to violations of the law. These developments reinforced fundamentalists identifications of urban life and modern notions of freedom with immorality and a decline of Christian liberty.

Double-V

Phrase coined by the Pittsburgh Courier that came to symbolize black attitudes during the war. Victory over Germany and Japan. It insisted it must be accompanied by victory over segregation at home.

Socialist Party

Primary critic of WW1. Socialists were strongest supporters of workers and believed they should be empowered and have enough resources to determine their work and live in security. Generally argued that war was huge mistake. Argued war was started by the elite in each country who then sent working people to go kill each other.

D-Day

Prior to the election of 1944, the US felt they were well prepared to attack Germany. They listed a series of days A Day, B day, C day (waiting on good weather), and on June 6th, the US sent in men, tanks, and artillery. About 50,000 men landed on Omaha Beach. Hitler had thought that the actual invasion was a fake and sent his best soldiers on another side of France, closer to the English Channel. D-Day was very hectic. The invasion took place on beaches. Soldiers faced lots of gunfire but the US slowly gained control of the coast. After this the USA advanced across France. US rolled through the Nazis because we had more manpower and equipment, especially over the skies. It was a very slow but steady battle. From the east, Soviets marched onto France. Hitler had now been shocked. Germany planned a counterattack with heavy losses on both sides but the USA could replace everything and everyone. Between bombings and fighting's, the country side and Europe would be destroyed slowly. The US began bombing German cities to hopefully end the war. War would not end until American and Russian troops marched into Germany towards Berlin. Ended May 5th, 1945.

Asa Phillip Randolph

Randolph was head of the Union and The Brotherhood of Sleeping Porters. He was one of the leading civil rights leaders in the US and former actor, very charismatic. Randolph was an African American and widely respected by blacks and whites. He saw an opportunity in WWII. The US said they were fighting for freedom, but everything was segregated which he found contradictory. He believed the US needed African American workers, yet the army and factories were segregated. Randolph met with Roosevelt and told him it was time to change his plans of racism. Roosevelt responded and said he was sympathetic but didn't feel like he had the power to change it. So Randolph planned The March on Washington. Roosevelt thought this would embarrass the US in time of war/make US look divided. He told Randolph to cancel the march but he declined. Finally Roosevelt gives in. He said he would end segregation in industry of war but not army if he called off the march. Randolph accepted the deal and it was a massive victory for black workers.

Red Nightmare

Red Nightmare is movie about everyday American guy who goes to sleep one night and communists have taken over his town. In the movie, kids don't respect parents, it breaks up families, there were soldiers everywhere, you can't work how you want, and communists don't respect religion. Shows fear of no autonomy and communists will undermine American things.

Wendell Wilkie

Republican nominee in the election of 1940 against FDR who was running for his third term. No president had ever run for a third term before FDR. FDR felt world stood on brink of disaster and US was eventually going to go to war and a rookie president could not face this and he was the one who had to face it. He faced heavy criticism for this decision. Willkie was a democratic businessman until the New Deal. He supported much of the New Deal and became a moderate unconventional republican. Solidified likeliness of New Deal. He had many arguments against Roosevelt. Willkie was inexperienced and not a trained politician so he couldn't connect with people and give speeches as well. He gave Roosevelt a good run and forced FDR into a promise he didn't keep. He promised that he wouldn't take the US troops to war. Roosevelt didn't expect to keep this promise. The election came and Roosevelt won the election and began his third term. He began to push country towards war.

Good Neighbor Policy

Roosevelt formalized a policy initiated by Herbert Hoover by which the United States repudiated the right to intervene militarily in the internal affairs of of Latin American countries. This policy had mixed results. The policy's main principle was that of non-intervention and non-interference in the domestic affairs of Latin America. It also reinforced the idea that the United States would be a "good neighbor" and engage in reciprocal exchanges with Latin American countries. Overall, the Roosevelt administration expected that this new policy would create new economic opportunities in the form of reciprocal trade agreements and reassert the influence of the United States in Latin America; however, many Latin American governments were not convinced.

The New Deal

Roosevelt promised the people a "New Deal". He never explained what he meant. New Deal was only moderately successful, unemployment went down but not much, farmers impoverished, economy remained deeply broken. A series of people would offer their own solutions. The New Deal was a series of programs, including, most notably, Social Security, that were enacted in the United States between 1933 and 1938, and a few that came later. They included both laws passed by Congress as well as presidential executive orders during the first term (1933-37) of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The programs were in response to the Great Depression, and focused on what historians refer to as the "3 Rs", Relief, Recovery, and Reform: relief for the unemployed and poor, recovery of the economy to normal levels, and reform of the financial system to prevent a repeat depression.[1] The New Deal produced a political realignment, making the Democratic Party the majority (as well as the party that held the White House for seven out of nine Presidential terms from 1933 to 1969), with its base in liberal ideas, the South, traditional Democrats, big city machines, and the newly empowered labor unions and ethnic minorities. The Republicans were split, with conservatives opposing the entire New Deal as an enemy of business and growth, and liberals accepting some of it and promising to make it more efficient. The realignment crystallized into the New Deal Coalition that dominated most presidential elections into the 1960s, while the opposing conservative coalition largely controlled Congress from 1939 to 1964. By 1936 the term "liberal" typically was used for supporters of the New Deal, and "conservative" for its opponents.[2] From 1934 to 1938, Roosevelt was assisted in his endeavours by a "pro-spender" majority in Congress (drawn from two-party, competitive, non-machine, Progressive, and Left party districts). As noted by Alexander Hicks, "Roosevelt, backed by rare, non-Southern Democrat majorities—270 non-Southern Democrat representatives and 71 non-Southern Democrat senators—spelled Second New Deal reform."[3] In the 1938 midterm elections, however, Roosevelt and his liberal supporters lost control of Congress to the bipartisan conservative coalition.[4] Many historians distinguish between a "First New Deal" (1933-34) and a "Second New Deal" (1935-38), with the second one more liberal and more controversial. The "First New Deal" (1933-34) dealt with the pressing banking crises through the Emergency Banking Act and the 1933 Banking Act. The Federal Emergency Relief Administration provided $500 million ($9.25 billion today) for relief operations by states and cities, while the short-lived Civil Works Administration (CWA) gave localities money to operate make-work projects in 1933-34.[5] The Securities Act of 1933 was enacted to prevent a repeated stock market crash. The controversial work of the National Recovery Administration was also part of the First New Deal. The "Second New Deal" in 1935-38 included the Wagner Act to protect labor organizing, the Works Progress Administration (WPA) relief program (which made the federal government by far the largest single employer in the nation),[6] the Social Security Act, and new programs to aid tenant farmers and migrant workers. The final major items of New Deal legislation were the creation of the United States Housing Authority and Farm Security Administration, both in 1937, and the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, which set maximum hours and minimum wages for most categories of workers.

Court Packing

Roosevelt proposed Court Packing. This would add new supreme justices to the Supreme Court. He said that some guys were too old/too stuck on their views and they needed younger guys but he wanted people who would vote in his favor. This made the public very angry. Everyone thought Roosevelt was trying to cheat. He lost significant popularity as people thought Supreme court should be away from political pressure. So, he decided to stray away from his plan. However, this threat to the Supreme Court convinced them to stop going after the New Deal. Roosevelt lost lots of support from court packing. He was convinced that foreign affairs needed to be the focus because the rest of the world was in deep crises. Dictators and totalitarianism were coming up in many countries.

Four Freedoms

Roosevelt said US must prepare for war and began raising money to build up the Navy and Air force because he wanted to be prepared for the worst. Still, he thought he didn't have the support and tried to convince people. Roosevelt talked about the Four Freedoms (guiding lines of American foreign policy), which included the freedom of speech, freedom of worship, freedom from want, and freedom from fear. He said these were fundamental human rights.

Yalta

Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin. There were 4 key issues: fate of eastern Europe, fate of Poland, treatment of Germany, whether USSR would join war against Japan. Soviets wanted control over eastern Poland. Roosevelt didn't have any other choice except to say yes. Agreed they would divide Germany in half (west Germany-US & Britain and east Germany- USSR), so then Soviets agreed to help fight Japan. Three weeks after he got back, Roosevelt collapsed in his vacation home office and was pronounced dead. The US went into deep mourning.Harry Truman was VP for 4 months before becoming president. Truman told the country he could measure up to the task despite being faced with the great task.

Sedition Act

Sedition Act was a law that made it illegal to try and oppose the war. Also to criticize or abuse the armed forces or the US flag. It was a violation of freedom of speech. Eugene Debs was most affected in the Sedition Act. Leader of socialist party. He was a big supporter of the American workers. He worked on railroads as a kid, went into politics, skeptical of capitalism and big business. He ran for president 5 times as a third party but was never elected. In 1917, Debs was giving a speech against the war arguing that men should not go and die for this war. He was arrested under the Sedition Act and sentenced to 10 years. He ran for president from jail later.

Greece

Showdown in Greece. Civil war between communists and pro-western leaders. There was fear communists would win. The Soviet Union sponsored communist rebels in Greece and threated to take over the nation. Truman sent hundreds of billions of dollars to protect Greece/ pro-western forces and oppose the Soviet Union. This money worked and the democratic government of Greece held up.

Normandy

Site of D-Day

Social Security Act

Social Security was created and was the most influential job of the 20th century. This was where every American's pay taxes and then receive it back after retirement. Truman weakened this by trying to appeal to white segregationists. It did not cover people who worked in agriculture and domestic workers (maids, nurses). Those two jobs were primarily held by blacks reflecting desires of southern segregationists.

Dixiecrats

Southern leaders (Dixiecrats) were dismayed by Truman's acts that supported Civil rights such as integrated army, hiring blacks, didn't like Truman. So in 1948 they ran their own campaign for president meaning Truman would lose a lot of support in deep south. They had Dewey as their candidate and were sure he was going to win, polls said Truman was going to lose. Truman campaigned vigorously reminding accomplishments of democrats over last 16 years. On Election Day, the results go deep into the night; newspapers assume that Dewey wins so they print the headline saying Dewey won but when the results cam in, Truman won the election. The New Deal Coalition and Democratic Coalition helped him win as well.

Joseph Stalin

Stalin cared deeply about security and thought WW3 would be avoided if they controlled the world. Stalin at home arrested political opponents, threw them in jail, and got rid of any opposition. • By the 1930's communists and Joseph Stalin controlled Russia with an Iron Fist via radical communism thinking Russia had too many farmers and communism believed in blue collared workers and tried to reorganize economy which brought catastrophic results. Millions died from famine as the rapid transition was too much. The idea behind communism was that profits and wealth should all be shared equally among workers. The leader of Russia was not elected and citizens had very few rights. They tore down capitalism. People in the U.S feared communism and hated Russia. Soviet Union wanted to spread communism across the world.

National Recovery Administration

Suspends antitrust laws and let government regulate business.

The CIO

The CIO was a new labor union. CIO thought it was time to fight because workers were being fired, wages were being cut, etc. They argued about Problem of Consumption. They said that when workers had lots of money that they would spend lots of money. Workers need money to live comfortably and if they have enough money to buy things then employment will go up for the industries that workers are buying from. So, they supported high wages for workers. Congress of Industrial Organizations.

Dust Bowl

The Dust Bowl is an environmental disaster. Price of crops was decreasing and so farmers planted more and more crops. They planted so much that they ruined the soil and removed the nutrients from the soil. People stopped planting and massive clouds of dust overtook many cities. This dust destroyed crops and plants. Caused many health issues. Dust clouds were common

GI Bill

The GI Bill was passed following WW2 to help ensure success of veterans following the war, the GI Bill offered housing/ money for education/ job training. Schools didn't admit blacks, blacks didn't give blacks money.

The Great Depression

The Great Depression (1929-39) was the deepest and longest-lasting economic downturn in the history of the Western industrialized world. In the United States, the Great Depression began soon after the stock market crash of October 1929, which sent Wall Street into a panic and wiped out millions of investors. Over the next several years, consumer spending and investment dropped, causing steep declines in industrial output and rising levels of unemployment as failing companies laid off workers. By 1933, when the Great Depression reached its nadir, some 13 to 15 million Americans were unemployed and nearly half of the country's banks had failed. Though the relief and reform measures put into place by President Franklin D. Roosevelt helped lessen the worst effects of the Great Depression in the 1930s, the economy would not fully turn around until after 1939, when World War II kicked American industry into high gear.

Great Migration

The Great Migration was the African Americans moving from the South to the North because of sharecropping, segregation, and no rights. Thousands of black families moved to the North. Many former slaves left to work in Northern Cities. The factory owners welcomed them and viewed them as useful workers who didn't demand a huge amount of pay. This was devastating for the South because they lost many taxpayers. Many African Americans were disappointed because there was similar racism and there were not as many opportunities as hoped in the North. Blacks were confined to black neighborhoods often far from where they worked.

Ku Klux Klan

The Ku Klux Klan (KKK), or simply the Klan, is the name of three distinct movements in the United States that have advocated extremist reactionary currents such as white supremacy, white nationalism, anti-immigration, and, especially in later iterations, Nordicism, anti-Catholicism,and antisemitism. Historically the KKK used terrorism, both physical assault and murder, against groups or individuals whom they opposed. All three movements have called for the "purification" of American society, and all are considered right-wing extremist organizations. The third and current manifestation of the KKK emerged after 1950, in the form of small, local, unconnected groups that use the KKK name. They have focused on opposition to the Civil Rights Movement, often using violence and murder to suppress activists. It is classified as a hate group by the Anti-Defamation League and the Southern Poverty Law Center.

Manhattan Project

The Manhattan Project: "One Huge Factory". This was the code name to build the first atomic bomb. Germany had started to construct a bomb in 1939, Japan in 1941, and Russia in 1942. Einstein convened Roosevelt to start building. Scientist knew it would be hard, but possible. This was very expensive. It would cost over $2 billion to build one bomb and 150,000 workers. The center was in Los Alamos in New Mexico. This program was in complete secrecy. Only a few people knew what they were working on. The leaders knew they needed to hurry. They were convinced that the Nazi's would build the bomb first but Hitler had given up because it was expensive and because the scientists were Jewish.

The St.Louis

The St. Louis carried 935 German Jews and set sail from Germany in 1939. Their plan was to land in Cuba and then apply for visas for the US. When they arrived in Cuba, the Cubans refused to take them and had to leave Cuban waters. They then tried to land in Miami and were stopped by the Coast Guard. They were turned away and sent back to Germany. They were then divided up and 254 were killed in the Holocaust.

U-boat

The U-Boat put Wilson into war. Americans feared this the most. First submarine. Effective but rudimentary. People thought it was sneaky and illegitimate. The U-Boat sunk "The Lusitania". There were 1200 people on it and about 150 Americans. The U-Boat decided to attack it. It was a passenger ship. There was a massive outcry in the West demanding that the U.S needs to go and fight. Instead Wilson made a deal with Germany and agreed that Germany would remove all the U-Boats from the ocean. • Fearing that they were running out of support, the Germans decided to bring back the U-Boats.

Hiroshima

The US selected Hiroshima as their target for the atomic bomb, which was a factory city that built ships and planes. It was a military target. On August 6th, 1945, the bomb was dropped, leveling the city to the ground. 40,000 people were killed instantly and 100,000 died later from the radiation. A few days later, the US dropped a 2nd bomb on Nagasaki 3 days later. Japan surrendered immediately after the war was over.

Universal Negro Improvement Association

The Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL) is a black nationalist fraternal organization founded in 1914 by Marcus Mosiah Garvey. Promoted the ideas of separatism and black nationalism.

National Origins Act

The country passed The National Origins Act because whites didn't trust southern and eastern Europeans and other Eastern immigrants. This act cut down 3% of immigration from Europe. National quotas.

Equal Rights Amendment

The long-standing division between two competing conceptions of woman's freedom- one based on motherhood, the other on individual autonomy and the right to work- now crystallized in the debate over an Equal Rights Amendment to the constitution promoted by Alice Paul and the National Women's Party. This amendment proposed to eliminate all legal distinctions "on account of sex". In Paul's opinion, the ERA followed logically from winning the right to vote. Having gained political equality, she insisted, women no longer required special legal protection- they needed equal access to employment, education, and all the other opportunities of citizens. To supporters of of mothers pensions and laws limiting women's hours of labor, which the ERA would sweep away, the proposal represented a giant step backward. Apart from the National Women's Party, every major female organization, from the League of Women Voters to the Women's Trade Union League, opposed the ERA. In the end, none of these groups achieved success in the 1920's. The ERA campaign failed.

19th Amendment

The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex. Passed very quickly after being introduced.

World War 1

The war was the result of decades of complicated alliances. The war was very violent. Technology had gone much further than strategy. Soldiers had guns. First war with poisonous gases. It became a war in trenches to stay away from artillery for weeks and months. Widespread sympathy for Britain and hatred for Germans. Americans wanted nothing to do with it. WW1 was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history. Over nine million combatants and seven million civilians died as a result of the war (including the victims of a number of genocides), a casualty rate exacerbated by the belligerents' technological and industrial sophistication, and the tactical stalemate caused by gruelling trench warfare. It was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, and paved the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved. The war drew in all the world's economic great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies (based on the Triple Entente of the Russian Empire, the French Third Republic, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland) versus the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. Although Italy was a member of the Triple Alliance alongside Germany and Austria-Hungary, it did not join the Central Powers, as Austria-Hungary had taken the offensive, against the terms of the alliance. These alliances were reorganized and expanded as more nations entered the war: Italy, Japan and the United States joined the Allies, while the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers. The trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. This set off a diplomatic crisis when Austria-Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia, and entangled international alliances formed over the previous decades were invoked. Within weeks, the major powers were at war and the conflict soon spread around the world. On 28 July, the Austro-Hungarians declared war on Serbia. As Russia mobilised in support of Serbia, Germany invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg before moving towards France, leading the United Kingdom to declare war on Germany. After the German march on Paris was halted, what became known as the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, with a trench line that changed little until 1917. On the Eastern Front, the Russian army was successful against the Austro-Hungarians, but the Germans stopped its invasion of East Prussia. In November 1914, the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers, opening fronts in the Caucasus, Mesopotamia and the Sinai. In 1915, Italy joined the Allies and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers; Romania joined the Allies in 1916, as did the United States in 1917. The Russian government collapsed in March 1917, and a revolution in November followed by a further military defeat brought the Russians to terms with the Central Powers via the Treaty of Brest Litovsk, which granted the Germans a significant victory. After a stunning German offensive along the Western Front in the spring of 1918, the Allies rallied and drove back the Germans in a series of successful offensives. On 4 November 1918, the Austro-Hungarian empire agreed to an armistice, and Germany, which had its own trouble with revolutionaries, agreed to an armistice on 11 November 1918, ending the war in victory for the Allies.

Flappers

There were new ideas as to how women could live their life. Their shoulders were showing, their hair was short, wearing lots of makeup, heels, was smoking cigarettes, and could see much of her skin. They were comforting in their own body and didn't "need to be dependent" on a man. They dominated books and movies because people paid a lot of attention to the flappers.

New Negro

This term was associated in politics with pan-Africanism and the militancy of the Garvey movement, in art meant the rejection of established stereotypes and a search for black values to put in their place. This quest led the writers of what came to be called the Harlem Renaissance to the roots of the Black experience- Africa, the rural south's folk traditions, and the life of the urban ghetto.

Clara Bow

This was also a time of new movies and actors. Actors had hard time transitioning from silent movie to talkie. Many actors had an accent and found it hard to talk in movies. Someone who was successful in talking in movies was named Clara Bow. She was nicknamed The "It Girl" because she was popular and vibrant. She was born in Kansas and raised by a single mother. She moved to NY and dreamed of becoming an actor. She was young and beautiful and then became one of the most famous actresses/flapper in the country.

Tulsa Race Riot

Tulsa, Oklahoma had a large black population. It had many black neighborhoods and there was deep hatred of whites by blacks. Tension expanded when a black man was accused of attacking a white woman and a white men went to seize him. Thus, became the Tulsa Race Riot of 1921 broke out. Whites formed outside and wanted to lynch the black 12-year-old that "attacked" the white women in the elevator. A group of black men found out and rushed to the courthouse to protect the boy. There were 1,000 armed whites outside the courthouse and only about 75 blacks. A gun went off and the whites began to riot. They rioted for over 24 hours with help of the police. The white decided to burn the black neighborhoods down and fire at all the blacks they saw. A group of whites went to a nearby airfield, stole military planes and dropped firebombs. 300 blacks were killed and over 2,500 were injured.

Bracero Program

Under the Bracero program agreed to by the Mexican and American governments in 1942 tens of thousands of contract laborers crossed into the USA to take up jobs as domestic and agricultural workers. Initially designed as a temporary response to the war-time labor shortage, the program lasted until 1964. During the period of the Bracero program, more than 4.5 million Mexicans entered the USA under government labor contracts (while a slightly larger number were arrested for illegal entry by the Border Patrol). Braceros were supposed to receive decent housing and wages. but since they could not become citizens and could be deported at any time, they found it almost impossible to form unions or secure better working conditions. Although the Bracero program reinforced the status of immigrants from Mexico as an unskilled labor force, wartime employment opened new opportunities for second-generation Mexican-Americans.

The Road to Serfdom

When the New Republic spoke of full employment as the "road to freedom", it referenced this book. A surprise bestseller by Friedrich A. Hayek, a previously obscure Austrian-born economist. Hayek claimed that even the best intentioned government efforts to direct the economy posed a threat to individual liberty. He offered a simple message- "planning leads to dictatorship"

Carrie Nation

Wife of an alcoholic who died from drinking. He had been violent to her and she wanted the drinking laws more strictly enforced. She was deeply religious and would pray to God for guidance. She began to have dreams to dedicate her life against alcohol and believed that was God speaking to her. One day she walked to the neighborhood bar that was open illegally. She went in there in Topeka, KS with a hatchet and smashed every bottle of alcohol she found. She did this at 4 other bars as well. She was arrested but once she was released she quickly went back to smashing bottles. She was arrested but not convicted. When she was released she immediately smashed 4 more bars. She was arrested again, judge begged her to stop, she said no, and he told her "You're a woman and to know your place" and she said "my place is to smash, smash, smash". She became a hero to many anti-alcoholic crusaders who enforced the law.