HIUS221 Week 1

Brazilian root plant exported to Africa

manioc

Pueblo

meaning "village" or "people"

What event caused the decline of the Ghana empire?

A period of severe droughts persisted.

missionaries

A person (such as a member of a religious order) who settles among an indigenous people to spread his faith (usually Christianity) and for that purpose often brings education, literacy, and new forms of development.

matrilineal

A system in which family membership and heredity pass from mother to children.

encomienda

A system of forced labor in Spanish colonies in the Americas in which Indians living on lands granted to Spanish colonists were required to work and pay a tribute to individual colonists.

sugar cane

A tall, fibrous grass rich in sugar that grows well in tropical climates and proved an extremely valuable cash crop to early colonizers of the New World but required vast amounts of labor to grow and process.

royal fifth

A tax on silver and gold of which one-fifth of its value went to the king of Spain.

Afro-Caribbean

A term describing the distinct religious practices, culture, music, and language of Caribbean nations, derived from a fusion of indigenous, African, and European sources.

Arrived in the Valley of Mexico around 1200 AD

Aztecs

Smallpox

Deadly infectious disease carried by Europeans to the New World. With no natural immunity, indigenous peoples suffered and died in great numbers from the disease.

Songhai

Dominant West African state in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Askia Mohammed (ruled 1493-1528) expanded the empire; reformed government, banking, and education; and adopted Islamic law.

capitalism

Economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and the means of distribution of goods.

mercantilism

Economic theory that a country's raw materials and those of its colonies should be finished within the country, and that gold and silver should circulate and stay within the country. Mercantilism requires a careful balance of trade between mother country and colonies.

Textiles and guns in exchange for slaves

Europe to Africa

According to Winthrop's "A Model of Christian Charity," what did John Winthrop say should be the reaction to a brother's need?

Help him

Prince Henry "the Navigator" (1394-1460)

Henry "the Navigator" of Portugal, who established a school for navigators and geographers. He sought to increase the power of Portugal by promoting exploration of trade routes to the East by way of Africa.

Place where smallpox was first recorded in 1518

Hispaniola

YOU: Like earlier tribes in the present-day American Southwest, such as the _______ and Anasazi, they had an agricultural economy, and they built complex irrigation systems to cultivate crops such as cotton, squash, and ________.

Hohokam, beans

Iroquois Confederacy

Indian group located in central New York State. Five tribes—the Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and Senecas—formed the Iroquois Confederacy.

Taino

Indigenous peoples of the Caribbean, a subset of the Arawak people of South America, first encountered by Columbus and his crew in 1492.

Aztecs

Inhabitants of the Valley of Mexico who founded their capital, Tenochtitlán, in the early fourteenth century. Prior to the arrival of the Spanish, the Aztecs built a large empire in which they dominated many neighboring peoples. Their civilization included engineering, mathematics, art, and music.

Maya

Inhabitants of the Yucatan Peninsula whose civilization was at its height from 300 to 900 AD. Their civilization included a unique system of writing, mathematics, architecture, sculpture, and astronomy.

Christopher Columbus

Italian mariner who sailed for Spain in 1492 in search of a western route to Asia. He located San Salvador in the West Indies, opening the Americas to European exploration and colonization.

According to Winthrop's "A Model of Christian Charity," what are the two principles that should govern human relationships?

Justice and mercy

Empire consisted of dozens of states

Maya

Peaked between 300 and 900 AD

Maya

astrolabe

Navigation instrument for estimating latitude by measuring the distance of the sun and stars from the horizon.

Gold, silver, timber, and other natural resources

New World to Old World

Syphilis and other sexually transmitted diseases

New World to Old World

Iron tools such as hoes and axes

Old World to New World

Communication device developed as a result of Portuguese colonization

Papiamento

Bartolomeu Dias

Portuguese sailor and navigator and the first known European to sail around the southernmost tip of Africa, in 1488.

YOU: Native American villages varied depending on their location. For example, there was a tribe in the Southwest known as the ______, which descended from the Anasazi. This tribe lived in villages that contained houses made of ________.

Pueblo, adobe

Juan de Oñate

Spanish explorer and conquistador who claimed New Mexico for Spain in 1598 and served as its governor until he was removed on charges of cruelty in 1607.

Bartolomé de las Casas

Spanish missionary who condemned Spanish colonial policies toward Native Americans. He described atrocities in his book A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies (1542).

King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella

Spanish monarchs who united Spain and funded Columbus's voyages to the New World beginning in 1492.

Sovereignty

Supreme political power. In Spanish and English colonial America, sovereignty rested in the monarch. Under the U.S. Constitution, sovereignty rests in the people (voters).

Columbian Exchange

The multi-way exchange of plants and animals, technologies, human cultures, and disease among Atlantic peoples throughout the sixteenth century and beyond.

What was the most important of the "Instructions for the Virginia Colony" regarding its success?

To work together and serve and fear God

Ácoma

Town located in New Mexico on a mesa west of the Rio Grande. When the Pueblos defended Ácoma in 1598, the Spanish killed hundreds, took the survivors prisoner, and destroyed the town.

Africans introduced yams, millet, sorghum, rice, and okra to the Americas.

True

Sugar became a dominant New World product that led to slave labor.

True

The intermingling of cultures resulted in an exchange of customs, foods, and diseases.

True

caravel

Type of ship developed around 1450 employing technology that would let it travel farther into uncharted waters and withstand the rough seas of the open Atlantic.