HMD 211 Test 4

Carbohydrates, protein, fat, vitamins and minerals each contribute to overall health and an individuals ability to exercise. The sources and timing of these nutrients can also affect performance.

-The protein needs for most recreational and competitive athletes can be met without the use of protein supplements. -A meal or snack containing both protein and carbohydrates should be consumed within 45 min of the conclusion of exercise.

The more intense you workout, the more your body relies on carbohydrates to fuel it. What describes the effect that intensity and duration have on glucose and glycogen use.

-completely depleting your glycogen stores will result in "hitting the wall" -lactate can be used for energy

Pesticides/Herbicides

-consumers may reduce exposure to these by washing and peeling fruits and veggies -their use may be avoided in favor of integrated pest management -these include organophosphates and sex pheromones

What is true about marketing and labeling?

-most food advertising is for processed foods and packaged foods -the term "natural" on food labels has no standardized definition

Water loss includes...

-net movement of water is out of the cells -the thirst mechanism is triggered -antidiuretic hormone is released from the pituitary gland, causing the kidneys to decrease the volume of water used to make urine -urine becomes darker in color -the fluid volume in the blood is decreasing

Dehydration

-older adults, those with vigorous jobs and individuals who are physically active are at risk for this state -this state can occur as a result of severe diarrhea and/or vomiting or abuse of diuretics

Assessment of hydration

-reduced saliva production can be an indicator of dehydration -dark urine can be an indicator of water imbalance

Biotechnology/genetic engineering

-scientists inserted the Bt gene into corn to make it resistant to the corn borer -golden rice is yellow because it contains beta-carotene, which the plant can now manufacture because genes fro certain enzymes were inserted in the rice genome

Calcium

-the body stores 99% of this mineral in the bones and teeth -this mineral may be found in dairy products, leafy greens and fish like salmon or sardines

Water gain includes...

-the fluid volume in blood is increasing -net movement of water is into the cells -urine become lighter in color -concentration of electrolytes outside the cells is decreasing compared to that inside the cells

Hormones

-these may be used to increase weight gain and meat production in cattle -these include recombinant bovine somatotropin

Hyponatremia

-this state can result in swelling of tissues, including the brain -this state occurs when too much fluid is consumed in a short time

Water Balance

-this state occurs when enough fluid is consumed to allow for an equal concentration of electrolytes between intra and extracellular fluid compartments -this state occurs when the thirst mechanism has been successful

What is true about water loss?

-water loss through breathing is a type of insensible water loss -the greatest amount of water loss occurs via production of urine by the kidneys

A block start in 50 m freestyle uses..

ATP-CP

A marathon uses...

Carbohydrates

A soccer match uses...

Carbohydrates

______is stored in the muscles and is broken down to replenish ATP stores.

Creatine phosphate

________ may occur if a marathon runner drinks only water during a race.

Hyponatremia

Potassium

a deficiency of this mineral may lead to muscle weakness, cramps, and an irregular heartbeat

Abuse of growth hormones can cause _______ , in which abnormal growth occurs.

acromegaly

________ can occur when a person fails to increase fluid intake appropriately when exercising for the first time in a hot climate.

acute dehydration

When one of the three phosphates is removed from ______, ADP is formed and energy is released.

adenosine triphosphate

Cardiorespiratory exercise, also known as ______ exercise, uses oxygen and typically involves using large muscle groups during continuous activities.

aerobic

All farming is part of a wide field called _________, which includes areas like food production, distribution, marketing, finance, management, and retail sales.

agribusiness

A small amount of _______ from protein can be utilized for energy production during endurance events, but their primary role is to promote muscle growth and help with repair.

amino acids

Your body produces energy under _____ conditions during the first few seconds of intense exercise.

anaerobic

Secretion of __________ from the pituitary gland signals the kidneys to cut down on water lost via urine excretion.

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

________ is reduced when large farms focus production on one type of crop.

biodiversity

Endurance athletes may use a training strategy known as ____________ to maximize their body's glycogen stores.

carbohydrate loading

A 5-km run uses...

carbohydrates

Your body burns ______ for energy during every type of exercise that lasts longer than 3 sec. Intensity and duration of exercise will affect the percentage of energy that is derived from this source.

carbohydrates

Farmers are sometimes paid by the government to grow ___________, which can reduce production of less commonly grown fruits and vegetables.

commodity crops

Brown rice with veggies is rich in..

complex carbohydrates

Whole-wheat pancakes is rich in...

complex carbohydrates

The metal and trace mineral ____ is part of several enzymes and proteins.

copper

The United States is the largest worldwide producer of corn, with most farms located in the _______

corn belt

If you are not consuming enough water or are excreting too much water from your body, ________can occur.

dehydration

_________ are substances that cause the body to lose water.

diuretics

Charged ions such as sodium, potassium, and chloride are called _______

electrolytes

Creatine is an example of a common ______

ergogenic acid

Sodium

excess intake may contribute to hypertension in those sensitive to it

An all-day walkathon uses...

fat

When participating in low-intensity activities over a long period of time, the body primarily uses ____for energy.

fat

Animals are often confined to a _________ to maximize the amount of weight they gain before slaughter.

feed lot

If an individual wants to improve _______, attending a gentle yoga class may be particularly beneficial.

flexibility

______ depends on maintaining an equal concentration of water and electrolytes inside and outside the body's cells.

fluid balance

_______ is not considered essential, but it is very important for maintaining strong, healthy teeth.

fluoride

Training your muscles to store _____ results in improved endurance

glycogen

________ is found in animal foods like meat and poultry, whereas the _________ form is found in plant foods like grains and vegetables.

heme iron; nonheme iron

________ occurs when the amount of sodium in the blood is too low.

hyponatremia

The liquid that is between cells is called __________

interstitial fluid

The deficiency disease goiter was much more common before ______ was added to salt in the United States.

iodine

Magnesium

large intakes of this nutrient in supplement form may cause diarrhea, cramps and nausea

A ________ is paid by a food company to persuade politicians to vote on legislation that supports the interests of the food company.

lobbyist

______ acts as a cofactor for a variety of enzymes and also plays a role in synthesis of bone.

manganese

A higher number of weight lifting repetitions is a sign of _____

muscle endurance

The body's preferred carbohydrate source during very high intensity exercise for energy is ________

muscle glycogen

When comparing two weight lifters, the individual who can lift the heaviest weight probably has more ______

muscle strength

Roasted chicken breast is..

non carbohydrate

Grilled salmon is..

non-carbohydrate

The process by which water (the solvent) moves in and out of cells from an area of lower concentration of solutes to an area of higher concentration of solutes is called ________

osmosis

Gardening, walking to school, and doing housework are examples of _________

physical activity

______ acts as an antioxidant and aids in thyroid function.

selenium

Banana smoothie made with nonfat yogurt is rich in..

simple carbohydrates

Sports drink is rich in...

simple carbohydrates

The government ________ program helps ensure the production of crops like wheat, corn, and soybeans.

subsidy

A ___________ conserves natural resources and can be maintained indefinitely.

sustainable foo system

The feeling of dry mouth experienced during dehydration is part of the body's ________

thirst mechanism

Phosphorus

this mineral helps provide structure for cell membranes, and is part of the backbone of DNA and RNA

Chloride

this mineral participates in digestion as part of hydrochloric acid in the stomach

Adequate _____ is important for maintaining a healthy immune system and may aid in wound healing.

zinc