HNF 260 exam 1 PS 3 & 4

All of the following are thought to be primary causes of ulcer disease EXCEPT: A) Having a high-stress lifestyle. B) Disorders that cause excessive acid production in the stomach. C) Infection of the stomach by the acid-resistant bacteria Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). D) Heavy use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as aspirin.

A) having a high-stress lifestyle

Human digestion of food begins in the _______, where the enzyme _____ breaks down a small amount of starch. A) mouth; amylase B) stomach; pepsin C) small intestine; amylase D) mouth; lipase

A) mouth; amylase

Linda has heard that the acidic environment of the stomach is similar to that of a car battery. If the stomach is so acidic, why doesn't the acid eat away at the stomach lining and cause holes in the stomach? A) The stomach is lined with a layer of mucus that protects it. B) The stomach produces bicarbonate, which neutralizes the acid in the stomach and protects it. C) The stomach produces bacteria, which denature the acid in the stomach and protect it. D) The stomach contracts during peristalsis, which pushes the acid out of the stomach and protects it.

A) the stomach is lined with a layer of mucus that protects it

Segmentation as a function of the GI tract involves A) peristalsis to move the food along the GI tract. B) back and forth contractions that break apart the food mass. C) conscious effort. D) enzyme input to break apart the food mass.

B) back and forth contractions that break apart the food mass

The secretions of the gallbladder, liver, and pancreas enter the A) ileum, by way of a common duct. B) duodenum, by way of the sphincter of Oddi. C) stomach, by way of a common duct. D) jejunum, by way of the sphincter of Oddi.

B) duodenum, by way of sphincter of Oddi

Most dietary fats will A) be converted to short-chain fatty acids for absorption with other water-soluble nutrients. B) enter the lymphatic system. C) enter the colon and become "food" for bacteria. D) be converted to bile in the lumen of the intestine.

B) enter the lymphatic system

Muscular waves in the stomach mix and churn the contents of a meal with A) bile. B) gastric juices. C) pancreatic juices. D) sodium bicarbonate.

B) gastric juices

The bacteria that usually inhabit the large intestine are prevented from backing up into the ileum by the action of the A) sphincter of Oddi. B) ileocecal sphincter. C) pyloric sphincter. D) rectal sphincter.

B) ileocecal sphincter

Linda has a history of ulcers and lately has been experiencing heartburn and occasional ulcerative flare-ups. All of the following are recommendations for preventing ulcers and heartburn from occurring or recurring EXCEPT: A) Limit consumption of coffee, tea, and alcohol (especially wine). B) Increase consumption of milk and cream to coat stomach. C) Limit consumption of pepper, chili powder, and other strong spices. D) Chew foods well and lose weight if she is currently overweight.

B) increase consumption of milk and cream to coat stomach

Carbohydrates typically comprise the largest proportion of total daily calorie intake. Which of the following meals would NOT contribute significantly to meeting carbohydrate needs? A) Bowl of chili with kidney beans B) Meat and cheese platter C) Bowl of ice cream with fresh blueberries on top D) Bowl of whole wheat pasta with red sauce E) Vegetable and rice stir-fry

B) meat and cheese platter

Which of the following statements is NOT consistent with primary lactose intolerance? A) Primary lactose intolerance is more common in some ethnic groups. B) Primary lactose intolerance is often seen in Crohn's disease. C) Symptoms of primary lactose intolerance include gas, bloating, and diarrhea. D) Diarrhea is caused by the osmotic effect of lactose in the large intestine . E) It can be treated by adding enzymes to the diet.

B) primary lactose intolerance is often seen in Crohn's disease

Secretions from the pancreas include A) HCl and digestive enzymes. B) sodium bicarbonate and digestive enzymes. C) cholecystokinin and sodium bicarbonate. D) All of these responses are correct.

B) sodium bicarbonate and digestive enzymes

The salivary glands produce about ___ cup(s) of saliva each day. Saliva is a watery fluid that contains ________, ___________, and ___________. A) 1; mucus; digestive enzymes; antibacterial substances B) 1; mucus; bile; hormones C) 4; mucus; digestive enzymes; antibacterial substances D) 4; mucus; bile; hormones

C) 4; mucus; digestive enzymes; antibacterial substances

The taste sensation umami can best be described as A) a somewhat salty flavor derived from metal ions. B) the combination of salt and sweet tastes together. C) a savory or meaty taste derived from the amino acid glutamate. D) the taste that arises from compounds such as caffeine and quinine.

C) a savory or meaty taste derived from the amino acid-glutamate

The stomach can absorb A) proteins or amino acids. B) sugars, such as lactose. C) alcohol. D) nothing is absorbed in the stomach.

C) alcohol

The sphincter that allows chyme to pass into the small intestine is known as the A) lower esophageal sphincter. B) sphincter of Oddi. C) pyloric sphincter. D) ileocecal sphincter

C) pyloric sphincter

Rotavirus infection causes A) stomach blockage and severe pain. B) inflammation of the pancreas and severe pain. C) severe diarrhea and dehydration. D) peptic ulcer formation.

C) severe diarrhea and dehydration

. Actions of hydrochloric acid produced by the stomach include A) promoting digestion of protein. B) destroying bacteria and viruses found in foods. C) dissolving dietary minerals for improved absorption. D) All of the responses are correct.

D) all of these responses are correct

Much of the digestion that occurs in the large intestine is caused by A) lipase. B) pepsin. C) saliva. D) bacteria.

D) bacteria

__________ increases the available surface area of fats for digestion and later absorption. A) Pancreatic lipase B) Lingual lipase C) Gastric lipase D) Bile

D) bile

Bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) from the pancreas A) neutralize the acid contents in the stomach. B) are synthesized in the pyloric sphincter. C) neutralize the bile in the duodenum. D) neutralize the acid contents in the duodenum.

D) neutralize the acid contents in the duodenum

Humans can digest a carbohydrate if the glucose bond is A) an alpha bond. B) a beta bond. C) a gamma bond. D) a peptide.

a) an alpha bond

A low blood glucose concentration will stimulate the increase of ____ in the blood A) glucagon B) glycogen C) insulin D) amylose

a) glucagon

The results of low amounts of fiber in the diet may be __________. A) hemorrhoids B) enhanced blood sugar control C) enhanced weight loss D) reduction in cholesterol

a) hemorrhoids

Which of the following hormones regulates blood sugar by signaling it to leave the blood and enter the cells? A) Insulin B) Glucagon C) Glycogen D) Pepsin

a) insulin

Which is most likely to be true about a food with a low glycemic index? A) It contains soluble fiber B) It is high in amylopectin C) It has a low fat content D) It is a food that people with diabetes should avoid

a) it contains soluble fiber

High fructose corn syrup A) is a mixture of approximately 50% fructose and 50% glucose B) is ~ 200 times as sweet as sucrose C) is classified as a polysaccharide D) contains > 90% fructose

a) mixture of ~50% glucose and 50% fructose

Very high fiber diets can impair the absorption of trace minerals. A) true B) false

a) true

The AI for fiber for women is A) 15 g/day. B) 25 g/day. C) 38 g/day. D) 45 g/day.

b) 25 g/day

Normal blood glucose levels range between A) 40 and 70 mg/dL. B) 70 and 100 mg/dL. C) 125 and 140 mg per 100 ml. D) 200 and 300 mg/dL.

b) 70-100 mg/dL

Amylopectin is A) a starch digesting enzyme. B) a type of starch that is branch-chained. C) a type of starch that is straight-chained. D) a simple sugar.

b) a type of starch that is branch chained

. Which of the following is TRUE about the digestion of carbohydrates? A) Amylase is secreted by the gallbladder and digests proteins and carbohydrates B) Amylase is secreted by the salivary glands and pancreas and digests starches C) Amylase begins simple sugar breakdown in the mouth D) Starches are absorbed through the wall of the small intestine

b) amylase is secreted by the salivary glands and pancreas and digests starches

This carbohydrate is NOT digested or fermented A) Amylopectin B) Cellulose C) Pectin D) Gums

b) cellulose

Dietary sugars and starches are called "protein sparing," which means A) sugars and starches can substitute for dietary protein when it comes to body protein synthesis. B) dietary protein can be used for protein synthesis and other vital processes, rather than being used as a source of energy. C) sugars and starches are converted to fat, and then converted to glucose for use as blood sugar. D) sugars and starches are converted by the liver to ketone bodies.

b) dietary protein can be used for protein synthesis and other vital processes, rather than being used as a source of energy

How would you respond to someone who states that all carbohydrates are bad and should be decreased in the diet? A) Agree with the person since all carbohydrates are unhealthful. B) Explain that this is untrue and that the most healthful foods such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and beans are carbohydrate foods. C) Tell the person that simple refined versions are really the best. D) Agree and tell them the more protein and fat, the better!

b) expalin that this is untrue and that the most healthful foods such as fruits, beggies, whole grains, and beans are carbohydrate foods

Glycogen is made of glucose units linked by beta bonds. A) true B) false

b) false

. Insufficient production of bile is mostly likely to impair absorption of A) starch B) fat C) protein D) sugars

b) fat

Which of the following terms is used to describe an elevated blood sugar level? A) Hypoglycemia B) Hyperglycemia C) Hyperlipidemia D) Glycemic load

b) hyperglycemia

After sugars from a breakfast of cereal and milk are absorbed into the bloodstream, they are transported to this organ A) Lymph duct B) Liver C) Pancreas D) Colon

b) liver

Once absorbed into the body, the majority of carbohydrates are ultimately transformed into glucose by the A) muscle tissue B) liver C) pancreas D) red blood cells

b) liver

Sucrose contains: A) Two glucose monomers B) One glucose monomer and one fructose monomer C) One glucose monomer and one galactose monomer D) One glucose monomer and one sucrose monomer E) beta-glycosidic bonds

b) one glucose monomer and one fructose monomer

. Villi are found mainly in the A) large intestine. B) small intestine. C) esophagus. D) stomach.

b) small intestine

The storage form of carbohydrates in plants is A) maltose. B) starch. C) glycogen. D) ribose.

b) starch

Simple carbohydrates A) contain 3 or more sugar units. B) include starches. C) are mono- and di- saccharides. D) are called glycogen.

c) are mono- and di- saccharides

Glucose, galactose, and fructose A) are disaccharides. B) are soluble fibers. C) are monosaccharides. D) are polysaccharides.

c) are monosaccharides

Which of the following is classified as a non-nutritive sweetener? A) sorbitol B) honey C) aspartame D) mannitol E) high fructose corn syrup

c) aspartame

Which is NOT a cause or risk factor for Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes? A) Autoimmune attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas B) Genetic link C) Consuming excessive amounts of sugar D) An advanced case of Type 2 diabetes

c) consuming excessive amounts of sugar

Lisa is a 19-year-old college student who recently began experiencing symptoms of lactose intolerance. She recognizes the importance of consuming adequate dietary calcium, but does not want to further aggravate her gastrointestinal system. There are several dietary practices that can help Lisa achieve her calcium needs without aggravating her lactose intolerance symptoms. Which is NOT a helpful recommendation for Lisa? A) Eat hard cheeses and yogurt. B) Drink low lactose or lactase-treated milk such as Lactaid®. C) Drink milk on an empty stomach. D) Drink calcium-fortified soy milk that contains no lactose. E) Take pills that contain lactase before eating or drinking dairy foods.

c) drink milk on an empty stomach

The body is capable of making glucose from non-carbohydrate nutrients, such as protein, by a process referred to as A) glycogenesis. B) glycolysis. C) gluconeogenesis. D) ketosis.

c) gluconeogenesis

Amylase A) is synthesized in the cells of the small intestine B) digests pectin C) is synthesized in the pancreas D) is the main form of starch found in wheat E) more than one choice is correct

c) is synthesized in the pancreas

An increased fiber intake within recommended guidelines may A) decrease risk of diabetes. B) lower blood lipid levels. C) decrease risk of certain cancers. D) All of these choices are correct.

d) all of these choices are correct

Diabetes can be improved or controlled by A) diet. B) exercise. C) insulin treatments. D) All of these choices are correct

d) all of these choices are correct

Ketosis may result from A) starvation. B) a diet of less than 50-100 grams of carbohydrate per day. C) untreated diabetes mellitus. D) All of these choices are correct.

d) all of these choices are correct

Raffinose and stachyose are indigestible oligosaccharides found in foods such as A) milk and dairy products. B) cereals and grains. C) fruits and vegetables. D) beans and other legumes.

d) beans and other legumes

The human brain and other nerve tissues use mostly _________________ as fuel. A) fructose B) protein C) ethanol D) glucose

d) glucose

The best type of fiber to eat for reducing constipation is A) glycogen B) crude fiber C) soluble fiber D) insoluble fiber

d) insoluble fiber

Which of the following is NOT a function of carbohydrates? A) Energy for every cell B) Sparing protein as an energy source C) Preventing ketosis D) Making enzymes

d) making enzymes

The sugar alcohol commonly used to sweeten chewing gum and candy is A) corn syrup. B) dextrin. C) invert sugar. D) sorbitol. E) glucose syrup.

d) sorbitol

Lymph A) is like blood, since it contains mostly red blood cells. B) is a fluid containing blood proteins. C) recycles nutrients between the liver and the small intestine. D) transports fat-soluble particles from the intestinal tract to the general circulation.

d) transports fat-soluble particles from the intestinal tract to the general circulation