Holes Anatomy and Physiology final
actin
When myosin heads form cross-bridges during muscle contractions, they bind to binding sites found on _____, a component of thin filaments.
smell
Olfactory organs
Diencephalon
One of the four major portions of the brain; surrounds third ventricle
Why is saltatory conduction along a myelinated axon faster than continuous conduction along an unmyelinated axon?
Since action potentials do not occur at the axonal membrane surrounded by myelin, less membrane surface (only at nodes of Ranvier) has to conduct the impulse
sarcoplasmic reticulum
Site for storage of calcium
mitochondria
Site of ATP production
Hearing
Spiral organ (organ of Corti)
A and B
Type of anti-bodies found in a person with O blood
The A band does not change length
What happens to the A band in a contracted muscle?
The H zone shortens
What happens to the H zone in a contracted muscle?
The I band shortens.
What happens to the I band in a contracted muscle?
The sarcomere shortens
What happens to the sacromere during contraction?
The length of the myosin myofilament
What is the A band?
The area of no myofilament overlap, where there is just thick myosin filaments.
What is the H zone?
The area where there are thin filaments but no overlapping thick filaments
What is the I band?
flex
When you reach up to scratch your nose, you have to _______ your elbow.
flex flex
When you sit in a chair with your feet on the floor, you have to _______ your hips and ______ your knees.
taste
taste buds
Loop of Henle
the part of a kidney tubule that forms a long loop in the medulla of the kidney, from which water and salts are reabsorbed into the blood.
What is the definition of hematopoiesis?
the process of blood cell formation
Arteriole
the smallest kind of artery
For an action potential to be generated in response to a stimulus, the membrane potential must reach a level called ______, typically -55 mV.
threshold
These channels open when the membrane potential reaches a level called_____________
threshold
This cycle continues, resulting in action potentials traveling down the axon. This propagation of action potentials is also called ____________ conduction
impulse
describe osteoclasts
-bone resorbing cells -parathyroid hormone cells to become more active -massive multinucleate cells
describe osteblasts
-bone-building cells -involved with bone deposition -these cells should become more active when blood calcium levels are high -calcitonin causes these cells to become more active
intramembranous ossification
-parietal bones -bones form between sheetlike layers of connective tissue -occipitcal bone -compact-spongy-compact sandwich
What are the functions of the skeletal system?
-protect soft tissue -provide attachment for muscles -store inorganic salts -exchange gases for the body
Fissure
A deep groove on the surface of the brain
Sulcus
A shallow groove on the surface of the brain
Bile
A substance produced by the liver that breaks up fat particles.
slightly movable
Amphiarthrotic joints are
sarcoplasmic reticulum; sarcoplasm
An electrical impulse traveling along the sarcolemma and into transverse tubules causes calcium ions to diffuse from the ________ into the ________.
by way of the transverse tubules.
An electrical impulse travels into the interior of a muscle fiber:
B Blood
B antigens, A antibodies
troponin
Binding sites for calcium
actin
Binding sites for myosin
tropomyosin
Blocks myosin binding sites
The Body
Blood pumped from the right side of the heart will go to _____________
Corpus callosum
Collection of myelinated axons which connect cerebral hemispheres
troponin
Calcium ions bind to ______ in order to initiate a muscle contraction.
Lymphatic System
Cleanses the blood and produces antibiodies
Ligaments
Connect bone to bone
Cerebellum
Coordinates voluntary muscle movement
sarcoplasm
Cytoplasm of muscle fiber
It is the enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft, ending stimulation of the muscle fiber
Describe the role of acetylcholinesterase in stimulation of a muscle fiber.
freely movable
Diarthrotic joints are
abducting adducting
Doing jumping jacks requires that you alternate ______ and _______ your lower extremities.
Myosin heads release from the binding site on actin.
During the contraction cycle, what is the result of ATP binding to myosin?
Epiphysis
End of a long bone
menisci
Fibrocartilage discs within joint
bursae
Fluid-filled sacs
myosin
Forms cross-bridges
sarcomere
Functional unit of contraction within muscle fiber
cones
In contrast, the photoreceptors called _______________ function in bright light, providing our color vision
myosin and actin
In order for muscle contraction to occur, cross-bridges form between
Medulla oblongata
In the brainstem, controls vital visceral activities
Midbrain
In the brainstem, has auditory and visual reflex centers
Pons
In the brainstem, helps maintain breathing
Thalamus
In the diecephalon, is a relay area for sensory impulses
Hypothalamus
In the diencephalon, links the endocrine to the neural systems
rods
In the retina, the photoreceptors called ___________ function in dim light, providing vision in black/gray/white
Cerebrum
Largest part of the brain; reasoning, memory, and voluntary responses
synovial membrane
Lining of joint cavity; secretes fluid
Equilibrium
Maculae and cristae ampullaris
in the skin
Melanocytes would be found _________________________
Meninges
Membranes to cover and protect brain and spinal cord
acetylcholine
Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons release the neurotransmitter
muscle fascile muscle fiber myofibril myofilaments
Place in order from largest to smallest the components of a skeletal muscle
sarcolemma
Plasma membrane of muscle fiber
acetylcholine
Preganglionic neurons of both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems release the neurotransmitter
articular cartilage
Protective layer the covers bone ends
Brainstem
Regulates visceral activities and involuntary responses; connects diencephalon to spinal cord
sight
Retina
Gyrus
Ridge or convolution on the surface of the brain
In the peripheral nervous system, myelin is formed by cells called
Schwann cells
norepinephrine
Sympathetic postganglionic neurons release the neurotransmitter
immovable
Synarthrotic joints are
Urinary
The bladder is part of the _____________ system
norepinephrine
The neurotransmitter __________________can bind to two major types of adrenergic receptors: (1) the alpha receptors which cause vasoconstriction; and (2) beta receptors which cause bronchodilation.
acetylcholine muscarinic nicotinic
The neurotransmitter _____________can bind to two types of cholinergic receptors: (1) _______________receptors, named after a fungal toxin; and (2) _________________receptors, named after a tobacco toxin
actin myosin
The two myofilaments are the thin filaments, composed primarily of the protein ____, and the thick filament, composed of ____.
myofibril
Threadlike bundles of thick and thin filaments
It binds to troponin, moving tropomyosin, so that myosin heads can bind to actin
Which of the following best describes the role of calcium in muscle contraction?
Anemia
a deficiency of hemoglobin or red blood cells
Vena Cava
a large vein carrying deoxygenated blood into the heart
When the membrane potential reaches threshold in the neighboring membrane, voltage-gated channels open, triggering a __________________ at the location
action potential
This local current alters the membrane potential nearby, and stimulates the ____________to reach its threshold
adjacent membrane
Alveoli
air sacs in the lungs
The star-shaped ________________are found in the CNS. They have several functions, from providing support to forming the ____________________
astrocytes blood-brain barrier
Nephron
basic functional unit of the kidney
describe osteocytes
bone cells encased in matrix
What is the name of the specialized capillaries that secrete cerebrospinal fluid?
choroid plexuses
foramen ovale
connects the two atria in the fetal heart
carries information to and from the CNS
description of mixed nerve
afferent fibers only carries information only to the CNS
description of sensory nerve
efferent fibers only carries information only away from the CNS
description of the motor nerve
Cells called _______________ line the spaces of the CNS, called _____________ and form a membrane that covers the choroid plexuses.
ependymal cells ventricles
which muscles extend the thigh
gluteus maximus semitendinous biceps femoris- long head
The fastest impulse conduction would occur in a what type of axon?
large-diameter myelinated axon
Cerebrum
largest part of the brain
pituitary gland
master gland
Cells called ___________act as phagocytic cells within the central nervous system, removing bacterial cells and cellular debris.
microglia
The large group of cells within the central and peripheral nervous system, called _____________serve a supportive function for nervous tissue.
neuroglia
In the central nervous system, myelin is formed by cells called
oligodendrocytes
Myelin is formed by two cell types:_______________in the CNS and ______________in the PNS.
oligodendrocytes Schwann cells
What cell found in bone functions to deposit bony matrix, resulting in the growth of bone tissue?
osteoblast
Diaphysis
shaft of a long bone
An action potential begins with the opening of __________________
sodium channels
medullary pyramids
triangular shaped tissue inside kidney; composed of collecting tubules for the urine that is formed in the kidney
What vitamin is necessary for proper absorption of calcium in the small intestines?
vitamin d
Hyperpolarization phase
voltage-gated potassium channels
Repolarization phase
voltage-gated potassium channels
Depolarization phase
voltage-gated sodium channels
