Honors Biology 5th Period Benchmark Review Semester I

In cattle the allele for cloven hooves (H) is dominant over the allele for mule-foot hooves (h). The phenotype for each trait is shown below. What is the probability of cloven hooves in the offspring of parents that are heterozygous for the trait?

75%

In holstein cattle the allele for black hair color (B) is dominant over the allele for red hair (b) and the allele for polled (P), or lacking horns, is dominant of the allele for having horns (p). What is the expected phenotypic ratio of the offspring of a BbPp X BbPp cross if these alleles sort independently?

9 black/polled : 3 Black/Horned : 3 Red/Polled : 1 Red/Horned

Which of these is the direct result of an error in transcription of a DNA nucleotide?

A codon sequence is incorrect

Proteins and carbohydrates have many functions in the body of an organism. Specific proteins and carbohydrates perform specific tasks. Information about a protein and a carbohydrate is given below. How are Ferritin and Glycogen similar in their primary functions for an organism?

Both store materials needed by the organism

Which statement explains how producers are dependent upon consumers for their survival?

Consumers produce carbon dioxide for producer to use during photosynthesis

Some foods that are rich in complex carbohydrates can be difficult to digest. Gas often forms as the foods are slowly digested by bacteria in the large intestine. The advertisement is for a supplement that prevents intestinal gas. Which of the following represents evidence that could be used to support the claims about this product?

Consuming enzymes specific for carbohydrate digestion helps the body digest complex carbohydrates more quickly in the stomach and small intestine.

From a single fertilized ovum undergoing a series of rapid cell divisions, a human infant develops. The embryonic cells become specialized for a variety of functions. Which of these statements best describes how a different cell types develop?

Each cell has an identical copy of DNA with enzymes controlling the expression of specific genes, leading to a variety of cells

This diagram shows cellular activity across a cell membrane. Which two processes does this diagram most directly model?

Homeostasis and transport of molecules

The survival of a species depends on its ability to adapt to changes in the environment. A species must be capable of surviving and reproducing despite changes to food sources, climate, or threats from predators. Which statement correctly describes a way that mutations increase the likelihood that a species will survive in a changing environment?

Mutations are a source of variation in the species.

A mutation in which types of cells would only affect the organism and not future generations?

Nerve and brain cells

The initial steps in gene expression are modeled below Double-stranded DNA first unwinds into two strands. Which process and product are represented in Diagram 2?

Process: transcription; product: mRNA

Researchers combine the sequences of fruit-fly DNA from a gene for a particular train with frog DNA. The mixture was heated to separate the DNA strands. Cooling allowed the single strands to form pairs. The researchers observed that some of the fruit-fly DNA paired with frog DNA. The results provide evidence that-

Similar nucleotides ad present in both fruit-fly and frog DNA

A certain mutation in the gene for hemoglobin results in the red blood cells becoming sticky, rigid and irregularly shaped. These irregularly shaped red blood cells block the flow of blood throughout the body. A single mutation is responsible for these irregularly shaped blood cells. Which of these mutations most likely results in the mutated hemoglobin gene?

Substitution

In the early 1900s, Thomas Hunt Morgan was among the first scientists to contribute to the chromosome theory of heredity. Morgan's investigation into heredity in fruit flies led him to propose that the event represented in the diagram sometimes occurs. Which statement about the even represented in the diagram below is valid?

The event provides genetic diversity in eukaryotic cells

In the early 1980s scientists were able to produce two biomolecules by splicing a human gene into the bacterium E. coli to make recombinant human insulin and growth hormone. Which statement best explains why this experiment was successful?

The genes for all organisms are composed of the same building blocks.

The himalayan rabbit's habitat has cold, snowy winters and mild summers. The body is typically covered in white fur except for the nose, feet, tail and ears, which are covered in black fur. A scientist shaved an area of white fur on the back of a himalayan rabbit and placed an ice pack over the shaved area. The shaved area grew black fur. Which of the following best explains why the hair that grew back where the ice pack was placed was black and not white?

The genes for black hair were activated by specific temperatures

Human bone, muscle, and nerve cells all contain the same number of chromosomes with the same complement of genes. What enables these cells to perform specialized activities?

The regulation of gene expression within each cell type

What is the purpose of the process depicted below?

To translate the genetic code into a specific sequence of amino acids

Scientists use zebrafish to study human genetic diseases because zebrafish and humans share many of the same genetic diseases. Which statement describes why zebrafish experience similar genetic diseases as humans?

Zebrafish have nucleotide sequences similar to those of humans

Taq polymerase is an enzyme used in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to replicate fragments of DNA. A study published in 1976 examined the properties of Taq polymerase after the enzyme was isolated from Thermus aquaticus, a thermophilic bacterium that lives in the hot springs of Yellowstone. The graph shows one of the results of the study. Which statement about enzyme activity is best supported by this graph?

an enzyme functions best under specific temperature conditions

Part of the cell cycle is shown in a simplified model. This part of the cell cycle is best described as the process that -

completes cell division

When mammals get an infection, their internal body temperature often rises 2 to 3 degrees celsius. The body gets the energy it needs to react to an infection by -

increasing the rate of cellular respiration in the mitochondria.

Scientists can bioengineer skin in a laboratory to treat severe burns and other types of skin injuries. This bioengineered tissue is grown from living cells. The cellular process that enable to the cells to grow and develop into tissue is -

mitosis

What is the role of mRNA in expressing specialized structures?

providing information to form proteins

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration both involve the use and release of gases. Which statement correctly identifies the role of gases in the two processes?

respiration uses oxygen and releases carbon dioxide, while photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide and releases oxygen.