Honors Biology: Chp 15 Study Guide

What are the 5 ways to prove natural selection? Explain each.

1. Age of fossils- Radiometric dating (absolute age) Superposition (relative age) 2. Distribution of fossils and organisms (biogeography) infer that diff. organisms lived at diff. times & today's organisms are diff. from those in the past. By the strata of rocks 3. Phylogeny-evolutionary history 4.biochemical molecules DNA (# of chromosome, shape of chromosome), RNA, Amino Acids, Proteins, Lipids, carbs,... 5. Homologous (same structure, not function, divergent evolution) v.s. Analogous (same function, but it forms through congruent evolution) v.s. Vestigial (no function, 1 organism... not in another) structures

What is coevolution? Give an example.

2 or more species evolve together over time in response to changes in each. ex: toxic plants grow toxic so animals can't eat them, in response certain animals develop better tolerance to toxicity, so plants grow more toxic, and animals grow more tolerant, and so on...

Explain the difference between an acquired characteristic and an inherited characteristic.

An acquired trait cannot be passed genetically, it can't be passed onto offspring like an inherited characteristic.

How does natural selection differ from artificial selection?

Artificial selection is changes in a species manipulated by humans, whereas natural selection nature is the deciding factor.

Are bats' and insects' wings an example of convergent or divergent evolution?

Congruent evolution

Are sharks' and dolphins' fins an example of convergent or divergent evolution?

Congruent evolution

Vestigial : functional :: vacated : a) used b) visceral c) broken d) occupied

D

Was Darwin's finches an example of convergent or divergent evolution?

Divergent evolution

Give an example of artificial selection in our world today.

Dog breeding, humans will breed greyhounds that run faster with one another to achieve an even faster dog.

What is the term for the biological process by which the kinds of organisms on Earth change over time?

Evolution

Explain Darwin's use of the phrase "decent with modification" to describe the process of evolution.

He carefully reviewed the evidence that every species -living or extinct- must have descended by reproduction from preexisting species and that species must be able to change over time.

Explain why some biologists say that "fitness is measured by grandchildren"

In evolutionary terms, fitness is a measure of an individual's hereditary contribution to the next generation. A fit organism is measured by there ability to survive and reproduce, which explains why it would be shown in grandchildren(offspring).

Could a characteristic that is not controlled by heredity be subject to natural selection? Explain your answer.

No, because a non-inherited trait can't be passed onto its offspring, so it could not become an adaptation to be acted upon by natural selection.

Describe the four parts of reasoning to Darwin's Theory Of Natural Selection. Use examples in your answer. Explain as thoroughly as possible. Use domain specific vocabulary as well. 1 pg essay

The four parts of reasoning to Darwin's theory of natural selection are overproduction, genetic variation, struggle to survive, and differential reproduction. Overproduction is when more offspring can be produced than can survive to maturity. Genetic variation is when, within a population, individuals have different traits. An example of this is some deer may have thicker hair or longer legs than others. This variation can sometimes also be passed on to their offspring. Struggle to survive is that individuals will compete with each other for limited resources, as well as, being harmed by predation, disease, or unfavorable conditions. A trait that makes an individual successful in its environment, such as thick fur in cold climates, is called an adaptation. Differential reproduction is that organisms with the best adaptations are most likely to mature and reproduce. Through inheritance, these adaptations will become more frequent in the population. Darwin sometimes uses the phrase "survival of the fittest" to describe natural selection. In evolutionary terms, fitness is the measure of an individuals hereditary contribution to the next generation. An example is that in the mountains thick fur is an advantage, so deer with thick fur are more likely to live long to reproduce and pass those genes of thick fur.

What aspects of Darwin's reasoning to help explain the proceeds of natural selection did you model in the lab for an origami bird. Explain how each aspect was modeled.

We didn't really model Overproduction because we had only 3 offspring in each group instead of a larger amount like 25. Struggle to survive is shown by only one chick maturing and reproducing because they traveled the farthest distance (able to reach oasis). Genetic variation is shown in the experiment by the chicks having the option to obtaining small mutations. Differential reproduction is shown by us starting with the Parent 1 chicks and ending with an altered version because only the one that flew the farthest could go on and reproduce.

When the internal structures of two species are very similar, what can be inferred about both species? a) They share similar environments b) They evolved in similar environments c) They have similar external structures d) They evolved from a common ancestor

d they evolved from a common ancestor