Honors Nutrition EXAM 2
The results of the recipe-based restaurant cohort study identifed that all the people who developed cases of foodborne illness had consumed
sprouts.
Some organic fruits and vegetables have higher nutrient content than conventional produce.
TRUE
There are many myths about the role of caffeine in the body. Determine whether each caffeine statement is true or false.
TRUE: Caffeine can increase heart rate and cause anxiety In People who have ulcers Heavy caffeine FALSE: caffeine can ACCUMULATE alleviates GERD There is evidence
Which of the following beverages typically has the most caffeine?
Tall 12-ounce cup of Starbucks Pike Place® Roast Coffee
What is the most important environmental factor influencing bacterial growth?
Temperature
True or false: Calcium-fortified orange juice contains vitamin D in amounts comparable to fortified cow's milk.
True
What is the main drawback of consuming supplements containing far more than the Daily Value of B vitamins?
Waste of money
Review the Results section and examine Figure 1. Among the 290 study participants, the most commonly used substance was
alcohol.
The main objective of the study was to
assess the impact of Canada's folic acid fortification program on prevalence of NTDs.
The food trace-back and trace-forward investigations showed that the sprouts were likely contaminated
at the site where the seeds were produced, during transportation, or at the importer.
A chronic condition characterized by the buildup of fatty material (plaque) inside an artery is called
atherosclerosis.
The gluten-free, casein-free diet is used by some families in hopes of curing or alleviating
autism spectrum disorder.
Animal sources of iron are ______ bioavailable than plant sources of iron.
more
Compared to people with fair skin, individuals with dark skin pigmentation require ______ sun exposure to synthesize adequate vitamin D.
more
Women who are pregnant with twins should gain
more weight than women with singleton pregnancies.
In this analysis, maternal iodine status during gestation was most strongly related to
spelling scores.
Examples of neural tube defects include
spina bifida.
Alcohol will go any place in the body that ______ goes.
water
An athlete who follows a carbohydrate-loading regimen in the days leading up to a race will have increased muscle stores of both glycogen and
water
Energy gels are easily portable for the race and help to replenish carbohydrates, but they do not supply enough
water
The effects of folic acid and vitamin B-12 supplementation on cognitive status were evident immediately after starting the treatment.
False
There are some nutrients that may need to be supplemented in an infant's diet. Match the nutrient with its function in the body.
Blood clotting: Vitamin K Bone health: Vitamin D Cognitive development: Iron Tooth development: fluoride
Natural food sources of folate are better absorbed than the synthetic folic acid found in supplements and fortified foods.
FALSE
Participants in the WHI clinical trial were not allowed to take any other dietary supplements besides the treatment or placebo.
FALSE
Pregnant teenagers should gain more than the recommended ranges of gestational weight gain.
FALSE
Subjects with anorexia nervosa were more likely than other subjects to use tobacco due to its appetite suppressant properties.
FALSE
The low fat content of vitamin D-fortified orange juice limits the bioavailability of vitamin D.
FALSE
You should not have let Lila have that afternoon snack because it spoiled her appetite for dinner.
FALSE
Which of the following statements about caffeine in energy shots is false?
FDA requires food manufacturers to label products with caffeine content.
Bottled water is regulated by the ______, whereas tap water is regulated by the ______.
FDA; EPA
All prenatal vitamins sold in the United States contain 100% of the Daily Value for iodine.
False
Current food aid programs in the United States are sufficient to meet the needs of hungry and food insecure Americans.
False
Other than increasing mental alertness, there are no health benefits of caffeine consumption.
False
You should confront your roommate and tell her you have observed her behavior and you have diagnosed her with bulimia.
False
Children under age one should avoid honey because it may contain ______ that cause ______ in young children with immature immune systems.
spores; botulism
Economists predict that worldwide food production will eventually lag behind population growth, leading to food shortages. Identify some reasons for this trend in the food/population ratio.
Natural resources, such as good farmland and adequate water supply, are being depleted by non-sustainable agricultural practices. 2. Many families lack access to effective birth control, especially in the developing world. 4. In developing nations, large families offer security because couples must rely on their surviving children to financially support and provide care for them in their later years.
As altitude increases, the concentration of oxygen in the air ______.
decreases
As exercise duration increases, use of muscle glycogen
decreases
As children age, time spent in physical activity generally
decreases.
By keeping food cold, the growth of microorganisms is
minimized.
Iodine status in this cohort of pregnant women in Tasmania was related to socioeconomic status.
FALSE
During anaerobic cell metabolism, athletes sometimes complain of short-term muscle fatigue. What can be causing this fatigue?
** Lactic acid accumulation increases the acidity of the muscle. Muscle cells are depleted of potassium..
Why do genetic engineering opponents believe genetically modified foods should not be included in the food supply
** Opponents are concerned that seeds produced with additional insecticide potentially will lead to rapid insect resistance because the insecticides are continuously emitted. Opponents are concerned that accidental release of genetically modified animals, such as fish, may go on to harm wild varieties.
Match each trace mineral to its function in energy metabolism.
*Thyroid hormone synthesis: iodine Insulin function: Chromium Amino acid: Manganese
What blood alcohol level is the standard for drunkenness in Canada and the United States?
0.08%
Which of the following plant sources provides the most iron?
1 cup of fortified breakfast cereal (e.g., Wheaties)
Which of these food items provides the greatest amount of phosphorus?
1 cup of trail mix
When would be the best time to use a protein-rich energy bar?
1 hour after the race
You have finished your dinner, but you look at Lila's plate and see that 2 ounces of chicken, ½ cup of green beans, and about ¾ cup of mashed potatoes remain uneaten. Apparently, you have given her too much to eat! Which of the following would have been appropriate portions for Lila?
1 to 2 tablespoons each of chicken, green beans, and potatoes
Read the Discussion section of the research article. According to data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, approximately ______ of older adults comply with recommendations to consume <1500 milligrams of sodium per day.
1%
Match each of the following carotenoids with a good food source.
1. Tomatoes, Lycopene 2. Carrots, Beta-carotene 3. Spinach, Lutein
Boosting Your Micronutrient Intake For each of the following meal options, choose the one that would supply the most of the given micronutrient.
1. Which meal supplies the most iron? roast beef sandwich on whole-grain bread with lettuce, tomato, and mustard; grapes; orange juice 2. Which meal supplies the most vitamin K? pasta with shrimp, tomatoes, and spinach; Italian bread with olive oil; white wine 3. Which meal supplies the most copper? cheerios; banana; orange juice 4. Which meal supplies the most vitamin B-12? cheeseburger; baked potato with sour cream; diet cola
Quinn is a six-month-old baby girl who was born preterm. She now weighs 13 pounds. Click on the link here to access a growth chartfor infant girls. Using the appropriate growth chart for her age and gender, determine Quinn's weight-for-age percentile.
5th percentile
Aiko wants to start a congregate feeding program at the senior center her grandmother attends. If Aiko intends to use federal government money for her program, each meal she serves at the center must provide
1/3 of the RDA/AI for nutrients needed by older adults.
Lino weighs himself before and after practice and notices that he loses five pounds by the time practice is over. How many cups of water should he drink to replace these fluid losses?
10 to 15 cups of water
Now that he is in a weight-maintenance phase, his trainer recommends doing exercise for 90 minutes per day, most days of the week, at 60% to 70% of his maximum heart rate. How many heartbeats per minute is 60% to 70% of his maximum heart rate?
107 to 125 beats per minute
To ensure food safety when preparing meats, a thermometer should be used to gauge the internal temperature. Put the four meats in order of lowest recommended minimum internal temperature (left) to highest recommended minimum internal temperature (right).
140: Reheated ham 145: Medium rare steak 160: Ground beef 165: Poultry
How many tablets would Amy take per day she were feeling ill?
16 to 24
After age ______, children should switch from whole milk to reduced-fat or skim milk.
2
Dana is 33 years old and pregnant for the first time. She is concerned that she might be too old to have a healthy pregnancy. Her obstetrician informed Dana that the ideal age range for pregnancy is
20-35 years old.
Based on each woman's prepregnancy BMI, determine the appropriate amount of weight she should gain by the end of her pregnancy. Assume each mother is carrying just one fetus.
28-40: 5'4 25-35: 5'8 15-25: 5'5
Click to select each food choice that would add at least 10 grams of protein to Michael's dietary pattern. It may be helpful to look up the food items with NutritionCalc Plus.
3 ounces of baked chicken breast, 1/2 cup of cottage cheese, 1 cup of baked beans
Feeding a child excessive calories or fat can lead to an increase in the number of adipose tissue cells and obesity problems later in life. Paying attention to a child's calorie and fat intake is important to prevent over- or underfeeding. Match the percentage of calories that should come from fat with the corresponding life stage.
30g: Infants 6 to 12 months 30-40% of calories: children 1 to 3 years 25-35% calories: Children over 3 and teenagers
Read the Discussion section of the research article. What is the average daily sodium intake among older adults?
3100 mg
This beverage is packaged in a 20-ounce bottle. How much sugar would you consume if you drank the whole bottle?
33 g
If he is eating 2,500 kcal per day during the training period, and if he wants 60% of his calories per day to come from carbohydrate, how many grams of carbohydrate should he be eating per day?
375 grams of carbohydrate per day
The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that all children receive how much vitamin D per day?
400 IU
The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that all infants, including those who are exclusively breastfed, should be given ______ of supplemental vitamin D per day until intake from food sources reaches this amount.
400 IU
Do the amounts of any of the B vitamins in the Nature Made® supplement exceed the UL?
50 mg of niacin
The women enrolled in the WHI clinical trial received
500 mg calcium + 200 IU vitamin D twice per day OR placebo twice per day.
Once enrolled, the infants were randomly assigned to one of two groups: consumption of at least 6 grams of peanut protein per week or peanut avoidance. The study participants remained on their assigned treatments until ______ months of age.
60
For children, the Physical Activity Guidelines recommend at least ______ of moderate or vigorous exercise per day.
60 minutes
A prenatal vitamin and mineral supplement contains 4000 IU vitamin A in the form of beta-carotene. This amount is equivalent to how many RAEs?
606 RAEs
At 18 months of age, Lila weighs 24 pounds. Calculate her approximate kcal needs based on the formula provided in your text.
900 kcal
Gabe was experiencing fatigue, despite sleeping eight hours per night. He went to the doctor and was diagnosed with iron-deficiency anemia. In addition to an iron supplement, the doctor recommended he eat iron-fortified breakfast cereals. Which food would be the best accompaniment for his iron-fortified breakfast cereal and why?
A cup of orange juice or an orange; vitamin C increases iron absorption
Excessive protein intake can actually be harmful. Which of the following are possible consequences of excessive protein intake?
ALL
What did the authors conclude about sodium intake and risk of cardiovascular events?
Additional research evidence from controlled trials is needed before we can recommend a sodium restriction of <1500 mg/d for older adults.
Which of the following helps to explain why weight management is important for cancer prevention?
Adipose tissue secretes estrogen, which promotes some types of cancer.
What was the researchers' hypothesis?
Adolescents with more frequent binge-purge behaviors are more likely to use alcohol and other substances.
Which of the following ethnic groups is at increased risk for hypertension?
African-Americans
Bone loss is of particular concern for women. At what period of life does most bone loss in women occur?
After menopause
Which of the following are roles of magnesium?
After muscle contraction, magnesium participates in muscle relaxation. Magnesium is a cofactor for enzymes in energy metabolism. Magnesium is involved in the synthesis of vitamin D in the liver.
The B vitamin intake of most North Americans is adequate because B vitamins are widespread in our diets. However, which of the following population groups is most susceptible to overt deficiencies of B vitamins?
Alcoholics
Which of the following are functions of water in the body?
All
Prior analysis of the WHI-CaD trial showed that supplementation with calcium and vitamin D modestly reduced risk of hip fracture. The analysis presented in this paper added to the original analysis because the researchers analyzed
All of the choices are correct.
Supplementation with 400 micrograms of folic acid and 100 micrograms of vitamin B-12 may be useful for older adults
All of the choices are correct.
Which of the following are effects of iodine deficiency?
All of the choices are correct.
Why is it a bad idea to mix energy beverages with alcohol?
All of the choices are correct.
You consider that your roommate might just be trying to draw attention to herself, and that this drama will pass in a few weeks. However, why shouldn't you ignore her behavior?
All of the choices are correct.
Fluid needs of athletes vary based on
All of these are correct
Consuming 30 to 60 grams of carbohydrates per hour during endurance exercise
All of these are correct.
Organic fruits and vegetables must be grown without the use of
All of these are correct.
The Dietary Guidelines for Americans advise us to limit sodium in our diets. What is the purpose of the sodium in this energy gel?
All of these are correct.
The current weight gain recommendations are designed to
All of these are correct.
Which of the following are problems that could be associated with excessive fruit juice consumption?
All of these are correct.
Financial support for urban agriculture comes from
All of these choices are correct.
For example, an 8.4-ounce can of Red Bull provides 27 grams of sugar, whereas an equivalent volume of Gatorade provides just 14 grams of sugar. This extra sugar may
All of these choices are correct.
How does AIDS contribute to malnutrition?
All of these choices are correct.
The aim of the study was to determine
All of these choices are correct.
The results of this study imply that health services for new HIV-positive mothers should
All of these choices are correct.
What important lessons can we learn from this detailed investigation of the source of the devastating German E. coli outbreak?
All of these choices are correct.
Whether they chose breastfeeding or formula-feeding, mothers were advised to maintain exclusivity with their chosen feeding regimen for the first few months of life because studies show mixed feedings result in higher rates of MTCT of HIV. Mothers who were able to maintain exclusive feedings throughout the study
All of these choices are correct.
Which of the following were limitations of the study?
All of these choices are correct.
Which of these population groups should especially avoid eating raw sprouts?
All of these choices are correct.
Why are sprouts common vectors of foodborne illness?
All of these choices are correct.
How common are food spoilage microorganisms?
Almost all of our foods contain them.
Worldwide, daily hunger is a reality for almost 1 billion people. Check all of the statements that apply to world hunger.
Almost all of those who suffer from food insecurity, hunger, or malnutrition are poor. Agricultural production is sufficient to provide enough food energy for the world's 7 billion persons. Children under age 5 are the most susceptible to malnutrition.
Anorexia nervosa can affect many types of people at various stages of life. Which person is at the highest risk for developing anorexia nervosa?
An adolescent girl who recently started puberty
What is the significance of "Ana" with regard to eating disorders?
Ana is an Internet role model for disordered eating behaviors.
Sarah appears to have an eating disorder. Which eating disorder best describes her behavior?
Anorexia nervosa
She was inspired by this weight loss and has continued to restrict her calories. She is now at 80% of her expected body weight and has expressed to her husband that she is still too fat. She avoids eating with other people and tries to eat less than 500 calories per day. What eating disorder does Vanessa have?
Anorexia nervosa
Which of the following eating disorders is most often characterized by an extreme fear of weight gain?
Anorexia nervosa
Classify each of the following nutrients based on its involvement in antioxidant enzyme systems or its role as an antioxidant chemical.
Antioxidant chemical: Beta-carotene, Vitamin E, & Vitamin C Antioxidant enzyme system: Selenium, Manganese, Zinc, Iron, and Copper
Examine Table 4. What does the data indicate about the effects of folic acid fortification of the food supply?
Areas of Canada with the highest rates of NTDs prior to folic acid fortification experienced the greatest reductions in prevalence of NTDs as the food supply was fortified.
These individuals meet some, but not all of the criteria for diagnosis with anorexia nervosa, bulimia, nervosa, or binge-eating disorder. Match each case with an appropriate diagnosis.
Atypical Anorexia Nervosa: Jalynn Bulimia Nervosa of Low Frequency: Tara Bulimia Nervosa of Limited Duration: Katie Binge-Eating Disorder of Limited Duration: For six Binge-Eating Disorder of Low Frequency: Connie
As frequency of family breakfasts decreased,
BMI and percent body fat increased.
For long training runs or during running events, when should Michael focus on fueling his body?
Before, during, and after workouts
Choosing plastic containers with a recycling code of 2 or 4 will reduce exposure to which of the following?
Bisphenol A
Levels of calcium in the blood are tightly regulated. When blood levels of calcium start to drop below normal, which of the following physiological responses may take place?
Bones release calcium into the blood intestines absorb more calcium The kidneys retain more calcium
Beverly eventually admits to her roommate that she makes herself throw up after eating because she feels so guilty about all of the calories she just consumed. Which of the following most accurately describes Beverly's condition?
Bulimia nervosa
If your B vitamin status is already adequate, taking additional B vitamins will further enhance your energy levels.
FALSE
The results of this study of CR on energy expenditure imply that
CR induces metabolic adaptation that appears to be due to the overall calorie deficit, not just restriction of dietary intake.
Which ingredient on the 5-Hour Energy label is most likely responsible for the energy boost it delivers?
Caffeine
Which mineral is most important throughout life to assist in maintaining strong bone?
Calcium
Click to select the foods that are good sources of calcium. (A good source is one that provides at least 10% of the Daily Value for a nutrient.)
Calcium fortified orange juice, yogurt, salmon (with bones), tofu, & cooked spinach
Tetany is a condition in which the muscles are unable to relax, leading to stiffness and involuntary twitching. Problems with which of the following functions of calcium could contribute to tetany?
Calcium is required for muscle contraction Calcium assists in the release of neurotransmitters during nerve impulse conduction
Only certain foods are FDA-approved to be irradiated as a food preservation method. Determine whether each food can be irradiated or cannot be irradiated to promote food safety in the United States.
Can be irradiated: Raw red meat, shell eggs, spices, vegetables Cannot be irradiated: Milk, yogurt
United States residents participating in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) are authorized to use an Electronic Benefit Transfer card to purchase certain items. Determine whether each of the following items can or cannot be purchased using SNAP benefits.
Can buy: garden seeds, breakfast cereal, fruit Cannot buyt with SNAP: Alcohol, Toilet Paper, Tobacco
Iron deficiency is the most common form of anemia. What role does iron play in the health of red blood cells?
Component of hemoglobin
______ refers to stunted growth and developmental delays in a child whose mother was deficient in iodine during pregnancy.
Congenital hypothyroidism
There are a number of hypotheses about the causes of aging. Match each effect of aging with its corresponding hypothesis.
Connective issue stiffens: Decreased flexibility Hormone function changes: In males, testorone level drop Glycosylation of proteins: High circulating levels of glucose Autoimmunity: Rheumatoid General blueprint errors: Cell loses
Several phytochemicals, such as lycopene and resveratrol, may help the body ward off cancer. What is the best way to incorporate phytochemicals into your diet?
Consume a variety of brightly colored fruits and vegetables.
What is the best recommendation for fluid intake for athletes?
Consume enough fluid to prevent loss of >2% of body weight.
In addition to the macronutrients it provides, the energy bar makes a significant contribution to meeting the Daily Value for several vitamins and minerals. What is a potential concern when consuming highly-fortified food products?
Consuming multiple servings could lead to excessive intake of some nutrients.
What is a potential concern when consuming highly-fortified food products?
Consuming multiple servings could lead to excessive intake of some nutrients.
Which of the following has the largest impact on the spread of infectious diseases in the developing world?
Contaminated water
What is the best way to reduce the risk of foodborne illness from eating sprouts?
Cook sprouts thoroughly before eating them.
Which of the following behaviors is likely to have the greatest effect on food safety?
Cooking foods to recommended temperatures
The study design is best described as a
DEXA
One widely-accepted theory of aging is that electron-seeking free radicals break down cell membranes and proteins, leading to deterioration and loss of function at the cellular level over time. Compared to controls, what was the effect of CR on DNA damage in this study?
DNA damage was reduced in the CR, CREX, and LCD groups.
Low vitamin B-12 may result in anemia. What role does vitamin B-12 play in the health of red blood cells?
DNA synthesis
In this animation, on which day does the room temperature orange begin to show spoilage?
Day 8
In addition to the nutrients listed on the Nutrition Facts label, this energy gel also contains 100 mg caffeine. What is the potential advantage of caffeine for athletic performance?
Decreased perception of fatigue
Determine whether each of the following scenarios tends to increase or decrease potassium levels.
Depletes potassium levels: Alcoholism, Use of potassium-wasting, excessive vomiting Increases potassium levels: Eating a diet rich
Despite a vigorous training schedule and careful meal planning, Anthony "hit the wall" at mile 12 of his half-marathon and he had to walk the last mile. To what can his inability to finish the race most likely be attributed?
Depletion of glycogen
An excess of free radicals can cause damage to cell components, but some free radicals actually have beneficial roles. Which of the following is a beneficial role of free radicals in the body?
Destruction of pathogens
How would you summarize the relationship between dietary TAC and risk of stroke?
Dietary TAC was inversely associated with risk of stroke.
How could you translate the results of this study into recommendations for the public?
Dietary antioxidant supplements have no demonstrated benefit for prevention of prostate cancer; focus on obtaining antioxidants from food sources.
Which of the following statements is true about the link between carbohydrate intake and cancer?
Diets with high glycemic load are linked to increased cancer risk.
"I realize anemia is a concern because I'm a vegetarian. How can I get the most iron out of the foods I eat?"
Eat iron-rich foods along with a glass of orange juice.
Review the Methods section of the research article. What tool did the researchers use to assess each subject's eating disorder diagnosis and severity?
Eating Disorder Examination (EDE)
The subjects in this trial were infants at high risk for development of peanut allergy. What criteria were used to classify infants as "high risk"?
Eczema, existing egg allergy, or both
Educational outcomes included
Educational outcomes included
The causes of hunger are multifaceted. Classify the following examples of causes of hunger.
Environmental: Inappropriate farming Infrastructure: A poor network Financial: A history Reproductive: The relatively high Geopolitical: Internal civil war Disease: Insufficient prevention
Why is water effective for body temperature regulation?
Evaporation of water from the skin releases heat energy.
. Check all of the following situations that require medical evaluation before beginning regular physical activity.
Everything except A 38-year-old male triathlete who recently began taking a new type of sports drink during his workouts
. The Female Community Health Volunteer in her village says that breastfeeding is superior to formula feeding. Which of the following statements are correct?
Everything except Formula provides a mix of nutrients that is superior to breastmilk.
. Hypertension contributes to which of the following conditions?
Everything except Osteoporosis
While dehydration is problematic, over-consumption of water can also be harmful. Which of the following statements accurately describe over-consumption of water?
Everything except Water intoxication can cause death as blood electrolytes are raised to dangerous levels in the bloodstream.
Several systems regulate the pH of body fluids within a very narrow range. Which of the following are possible consequences of deviations in the pH of body fluids?
Everything except A person develops a fishy body odor.
The rationale for strict sodium limits is to reduce risk of
Everything except Alzheimer's disease
Which of the following factors limit vitamin B-12 absorption and thereby may lead to vitamin B-12 deficiency?
Everything except High intake of animal proteins
Carbohydrates are an important macronutrient for fueling muscles. During exercise, where can the body get carbohydrates?
Everything except Production by the pancreas
. Which of the following are risk factors for hypertension?
Everything except Thin frame and low body weight
People who follow a vegan diet (a diet with no animal products) are at increased risk for vitamin B-12 deficiency. Which of the following are good sources of vitamin B-12 for a vegan?
Everything except cow's milk
Aside from food and beverage intakes, hydration and fluid status are affected by a number of additional factors. Which of the following factors influence water loss?
Everything except day of the week
Foods that are rich in potassium also tend to be low in
Everything except dietary fiber
Which of the following are roles of copper in the human body?
Everything except fluid balance
Foods that are high in potassium also tend to be high in
Everything except sodium
Which of the following are true about chloride?
Everything except: Increasing chloride intake can help to lower blood pressure.
Which of the following explains why excessive exercise can be detrimental to bone health?
Excessive exercise without sufficient energy intake can accelerate bone loss through insufficient estrogen levels.
The current level of folic acid fortification of grain products leads to an intake of about 100 extra micrograms of folic acid per day. Why doesn't the fortification program mandate higher levels of folic acid to more effectively meet requirements?
Excessive folic acid can mask a vitamin B-12 deficiency.
Which of the following is the only 100% effective way to prevent MTCT of HIV after birth?
Exclusive formula feeding
Eating disorders can be triggered by a variety of environmental cues. Sort the following scenarios.
External: My coach Media: Look Previous abuse: Having been Emotional: I am distressed Family: My mother's
Which of the following is the MOST important predictor of an eating disorder?
Extreme dieting
A high-glycemic load diet causes acne.
FALSE
Based on the results of the LEAP trial, caregivers should delay introduction of potentially allergenic foods to all infants for prevention of food allergies.
FALSE
Dietary sodium intake was directly related to incidence of cardiovascular disease and heart failure.
FALSE
E. coli is the only type of bacteria associated with raw sprouts.
FALSE
Enzymes increase the activation energy for chemical reactions to take place.
FALSE
Foods grown in accordance with the criteria set forth by the Organic Foods Production Act of 1990 must bear the USDA organic seal.
FALSE
Determine whether each statement about alcohol and alcohol consumption is true or false.
False: Excess alcohol Moderate drinking TRUE: Alcohol requires The liver Given the same Moderate alcohol
Which of the following accurately summarizes changes in biomarkers of longevity induced by 6 months of CR in this study?
Fasting insulin and core body temperature were reduced; DHEAS was not changed.
Which of the following macronutrients are in short supply in Michael's training diet?
Fat and protein
Last week she fell off the balance beam and fractured her ankle. A bone density study showed that she is at risk for developing osteoporosis. Which of the following most accurately describes Jill's condition?
Female athlete triad
At what point in pregnancy is the neural tube formed?
First trimester
Gestation is divided into three 13- to 14-week periods called trimesters. Determine whether the events of pregnancy described occur in the first, second, or third trimester.
First trimester: Neural tube, most spontaneous Second: This is, In this trimester, Third: the majority, the fetus
Fluoride helps protect against dental caries. Where else can her kids get fluoride?
Fluoridated toothpaste
What was the main problem that led to foodborne illness in this scenario?
Food was held in the danger zone for more than 2 hours.
Which of the following recommendations is most appropriate concerning the role of carotenoids in disease prevention?
Foods (e.g., a diet rich in fruits and vegetables) are the best source of disease-preventing carotenoids.
Categorize the bone-building nutrients based on their specific roles in maintaining bone health.
Formation of Hydroxyapatite: Calcium, phosporous, fluoride Regulates mineral absorption: Vitamin D Formation of collagen matrix: Zinc, vitamin C, Copper
Examine Figure 1 in the research article. What conclusions can you draw about the effects of folic acid fortification on prevalence of NTDs from this figure?
Fortification with folic acid was associated with a decrease in prevalence of NTDs.
Which of the following is the best food source of many B vitamins involved in energy metabolism?
Fortified breakfast cereal
Over the two-year period, which of the following declined significantly?
Frequency of family breakfasts
Which of the following dietary factors contributed most to dietary total antioxidant capacity?
Fruits and vegetables
Kelly is concerned about the growth of her daughter Quinn. At Quinn's last pediatrician appointment, the doctor assured Kelly that Quinn's head circumference indicates adequate growth. What does head circumference measure in a child?
Head circumference is a means of assessing brain growth.
Examine Figure 1 from the article. Which of the following were reasons these HIV-positive mothers who planned to exclusively breastfeed stopped exclusively breastfeeding?
Health clinic workers advised the mother to formula-feed.
Match the following iron-related terms with their definitions.
Heme iron: dietary iron that is derived Nonheme iron: dietary iron that is NOT derived Hemoglobin: iron-containing Hematocrit: percentage Hemochromatosis: disorder
Iron is part of the hemoglobin in red blood cells. What is the purpose of hemoglobin?
Hemoglobin transports oxygen from lungs to body cells and also returns carbon dioxide to the lungs for excretion.
The Upper Level for vitamin E is 1000 mg per day of supplemental alpha-tocopherol. Which of the following is an outcome of vitamin E toxicity?
Hemorrhage
Some athletes are at higher risk for developing eating disorders because of the importance of and focus on weight in their sport. Determine whether each athlete is at high or low risk for developing an eating disorder based on his or her sport.
High risk: Male horse jockey, male wrestler, female gymmast, female dancer Low risk for eating disorder: Male football linebacker, female basketball center, male baseball shortop, female discus thrower
Categorize the following foods according to their sodium contents.
High sodium food: Deli meat, canned soup, cheese Low-sodium food: Brown rice, pears, asparagus
Excess sodium intake is linked not only with cardiovascular disease risk, but also with cancer risk. Which of the following foods provides the least sodium?
Homemade baked chicken with crumb topping
What were the main outcomes of the study?
Incidence of and death from cardiovascular disease and heart failure
What was the primary endpoint under study in SELECT?
Incidence of prostate cancer
Based on the results of this study, which dietary change is most likely to reduce risk of stroke among women?
Incorporate additional servings of fruits and vegetables.
The registered dietitian oversees nutrition therapy. What is the initial objective of nutrition therapy in anorexia nervosa recovery?
Increase oral food intake
Iron is carefully conserved by the body and its absorption is affected by a number of factors. Determine whether each factor tends to increase or decrease iron absorption.
Increases iron: Pregnancy, Consuming meat fish, or poultry, Adolescent Decreases iron: Tea, large doses of zincs, antacids
Determine whether each health-related trend among North American children is increasing or decreasing.
Increasing: Childhood obesity, Type 2 diabetes in youth, soft drink consumption Decreasing: Physical activity among children, calcium and milk intake
Which of the following factors may have confounded the observed relationship between iodine status and educational outcomes?
Infant sex
Several of the vitamins or minerals involved in bone health also play important roles in prevention of chronic disease. Match each micronutrient with its role in disease prevention.
Influences: Vitamin D Decreases blood pressure; prevents: magnesium Decreases blood pressure, IMPROVE: calcium
Research also indicates that sodium restriction may adversely affect
Insulin sensitivity and blood lipid profile
"What is a good source of iron for a person following a lactoovovegetarian diet?"
Kidney beans
A deficiency in what nutrient is likely at the root of these deficits in growth, physical stamina, and mental ability?
Iron
Michael's training diet may be low in several micronutrients. Deficiencies of ______ can lead to fatigue.
Iron, vitamin B-6, and thiamin
The researchers observed a tenfold difference in the rate of peanut allergies between Jewish children in the United Kingdom and Israeli children. What was one major dietary difference between these two populations of children?
Jewish children in the UK were not exposed to peanut protein until after 1 year of age, whereas Israeli children were introduced to peanut protein around 7 months of age.
Vitamin D is unique in that it can be obtained by the diet but also is synthesized inside the body when a cholesterol-like substance is activated by sunlight and converted to the prohormone vitamin D. Which of the following organs participate in vitamin D synthesis as a result of sunlight exposure?
Kidneys, skin, and liver
As people age, their tolerance for lactose-containing foods often decreases. What is the primary cause of lactose intolerance associated with aging?
Lactase production decreases.
During endurance exercise, protein can contribute up to 15% of energy needs, especially when muscle glycogen stores are depleted. Which of the following amino acids is most likely to be metabolized for energy?
Leucine
Which of the following medications was recently approved for treatment of binge-eating disorder?
Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate (Vyvanse®)
Full recovery from the eating disorder may never occur, but which of the following principles will maximize Sarah's chances of success?
Long-term follow-up
He asked the attending physician if his grandmother had an eating disorder, and the physician explained the difference between "anorexia" and "anorexia nervosa." What does the word "anorexia" mean?
Loss of appetite
The researchers observed that substance abuse was two times more common among adolescents with bulimia nervosa than among those with anorexia nervosa. They hypothesize that bulimia nervosa and substance abuse are connected by which of the following traits?
Loss of control
There are a number of federally subsidized programs that supply food aid to people in need in the United States. Match the population group with the nutrition program available to assist them.
Low-income families: SNAP Low-income children of school age: National School Lunch and School Breakfast Programs Low-income pregnant/lactating women, infants: WIC Those aged 60 or older: Home-delievered Meals
All of the following help prevent or lessen pain associated with heartburn except
Lying down after meals
Classify the following micronutrients based on whether deficiencies lead to macrocytic (megaloblastic) or microcytic anemia.
Macrocytic anemia: Folate, B-12 Microcytic anemia: Iron, B-6
Which of the following is a likely explanation for Anita's vitamin B-12 deficiency?
Malabsorption of vitamin B-12
Why weren't the results of the case-control studies sufficient to identify the source of the outbreak?
Many people did not recall eating sprouts.
Aiko is concerned that her 80-year-old grandmother may not have optimal nutrition status. Her dentures don't fit properly, which makes mealtime painful. Because Aiko and her family work, her grandmother often eats by herself and everyone worries that she may forget to take some of her 5 different prescription medications. Using "A Nutrition Test for Older Adults," determine Aiko's grandmother's nutritional score.
Marginal: she should contact the National Association of Area Agencies on Aging to find help and she should be rechecked in 6 months.
Free-living human subjects who self-select their food may introduce significant error into the study design. How did the CALERIE researchers control the dietary intake of the subjects?
Meals and snacks were pre-portioned and provided by the study site.
. She has been reading about foodborne illness risk during pregnancy and knows which foods to avoid. Which meal choice is the best for her as it is the least likely to cause foodborne illness?
Medium-well steak with mashed potatoes and sautéed squash
Food additives are safe for most people when used appropriately, but some health hazards do exist. Classify the following types of food additives according to possible adverse health effects.
Metabolic: Alternative sweeteners Excessive consumption: Sodium chloride May evoke: Tartrazine, Monosidium glutamate, sulfites May increase risk: Nitrates and nitrites
Fortunately, there are a number of nondairy sources of calcium. Rank the following nondairy foods in order of calcium content.
Most Calcium Per Serving to Least: 1 cup Raisin Bran cereal -> 3 oz tofu -> 1 cup calcium-fortified orange juice -> 3 oz salmon with bones
Why did the researchers collect data on use of cigarettes, alcohol, and coffee?
NOT These were part of an ancillary study on lifestyle and risk of stroke.
The researchers analyzed data collected during the Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study. The Health ABC Study can be described as a
NOT retrospective cohort study
Which of the following B vitamins is especially important as a coenzyme in fat synthesis?
Niacin
Which of the following medications is FDA-approved for treatment of Sarah's eating disorder?
No medications are FDA-approved for the treatment of this eating disorder.
Are foods labeled as "organic" free of synthetic pesticides?
No; organically-raised produce may be subject to synthetic pesticides carried in air or water from neighboring farms and waterways.
Does the cost of this supplement seem reasonable? How does it compare to the cost of a typical multivitamin/mineral supplement available at your local drug store?
Nutramega is more expensive than a typical multivitamin/mineral supplement.
Of the following lifestyle factors, which contributes most to risk for hypertension?
Obesity
How did the researchers collect data on factors that contributed to exclusive breastfeeding or formula feeding?
Open-ended interviews
Which of the following foods is likely to have the most preservatives?
Organic apple pie filling
Which B vitamin is found in egg yolk (and other foods) and functions as part of Coenzyme A?
Pantothenic acid
Although approximately 85% of phosphorus in the body is found in the bones, the other 15% that exists in the blood, soft tissues, and extracellular fluids has a wide range of functions. From the list below, check all of the functions of phosphorus.
Participates in cellular replication and growth activates many enzymes Participates in energy metabolism
How does phosphorus contribute to bone health?
Phosphorus is a component of hydroxyapatite crystals, which lend strength to bones and teeth.
Vitamin K exists in several forms. Match each form with its description.
Phylloquinone: natural form of vitamin k synthesized by GREEN PLANTS Menaquinone: natural form of vitamin K synthesized by BACTERIA Menadione: synthetic form of vitamin K found in supplements and fortified foods
Irregular heartbeat is a sign of low blood levels of which of the following electrolyte minerals?
Potassium
Click to select the foods that are good sources of vitamin D. (A good source is one that provides at least 10% of the Daily Value for a nutrient.)
Salmon, milk
Typical American diets tend to promote a chronic state of inflammation, which likely contributes to risk for many chronic diseases. Classify the following dietary components as pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory.
Pro-inflammatory: Refined Carbs, Saturated fat, added sugars, & excess calories Anti-inflammatory: Fatty fish, fresh fruit, whole grains, and plant proteins
What type of study did the researchers conduct?
Prospective cohort study
Several technologies exist today to help health care professionals determine osteoporosis risk. Check all of the following methods that are used to assess bone health.
Quantitative computed tomography Quantitative ultrasound Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry
During the period from 1993 to 1997, expert committees and Health Canada recommended daily supplementation with folic acid for women of childbearing age. What does Figure 1 indicate about the effectiveness of this public health campaign?
Recommendations to increase folic acid supplementation were not consistently followed and had no effect on the prevalence of NTDs.
Put the drinks in order of highest caffeine content per serving (left) to lowest caffeine content per serving (right).
Red Bull, Black tea, dark chocolate, and decaf coffee
The following are some physical effects of anorexia nervosa. Click and drag to identify the cause of each physical effect.
Reduced metabolic rate: Underproduction Intolerance to cold: Loss of Increased risk: Low white Muscle tears and stress fractures: Decreased bone
Partway through the study, the researchers switched from providing the dietary supplements in one large dose per day to two smaller doses per day. Why did they make this decision?
Results of another study showed that high doses of folic acid may be linked to increased risk of colorectal cancer.
As you peruse the convenience store shelves, which is the best choice to take along to the student recreation center for your workout?
Reusable water bottle filled with tap water
What nutrient deficiency is most likely causing his problems around the mouth?
Riboflavin
Which of the B vitamins has an antioxidant role?
Riboflavin
To improve his overall strength, Anthony has been lifting weights in addition to running. He is now focusing on the nutrient mix of his post-workout recovery snack. Which snack is ideal for recovery after weight training?
Sandwich made with bread and lean turkey
Refer to the Methods section. What tool did the researchers use to assess substance abuse?
Schedule for Affective Disorder and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children (K-SADS)
Which of the following describes the antioxidant activity of selenium?
Selenium is required for the activity of glutathione peroxidase, an enzyme that converts peroxides into water.
The USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service has simplified consumer food safety practices into four key behaviors: clean, separate, cook, and chill. Indicate which food safety principle has been violated in each of the following scenarios.
Separate: Ray Cook: Christine Chill: At his Clean: Lindsey
Besides red meats (i.e., beef and lamb), which of the following is a rich source of heme iron?
Shellfish
A variety of factors can influence osteoporosis risk. From each of the following pairs, click to select the factor that increases osteoporosis risk.
Smoking cigarettes, Slender frame, female
Some foods contain naturally-occurring substances that can cause illness. Match the substance with its effects.
Solanine: inhibits neuro action Avidin: eggs Oxalic acid: Spinach Comfrey: tea
If Andrew does have a deficiency of the nutrient you identified, what foods can be added to Andrew's vegan, gluten-free diet to resupply this nutrient?
Spinach, mushrooms, and legumes
To prevent fractures, which of the following is a reasonable application of the results of this study?
Strive to meet the RDA for calcium and vitamin D from a combination of foods and dietary supplements.
Review the Methods section of the journal article. Why did the researchers examine weight change rather than actual weight in this study?
Subjects typically underreport body weight.
Other than adequate B vitamins, what dietary component is necessary to ensure optimal energy levels?
Sufficient kilocalorie intake
From each pair, click to select the factor that increases vitamin D synthesis.
Summer, living in texas, Age 23, working outdoors
Which of the following is not considered a weight-bearing activity?
Swimming
Which of the following is a clinical sign of bulimia nervosa?
Swollen salivary glands
A deficiency of vitamin B-6 is another possible cause of anemia. What role does vitamin B-6 play in the health of red blood cells?
Synthesis of hemoglobin
Among older adults (older than 65 years), consuming at least 10% of total kilocalories from protein may improve health and longevity.
TRUE
The balance between bone resorption and synthesis changes over the lifespan. Which of the following best describes bone remodeling in a 45-year-old adult?
The activity of osteoclasts exceeds the activity of osteoblasts, leading to a net decrease in bone mass.
While some adults may opt to follow a low-carbohydrate, high-protein diet for short-term weight loss, a high-protein diet is dangerous for an infant. What is the consequence of feeding an infant a diet that is too high in protein?
The excess nitrogen and minerals of a high-protein diet stress the baby's kidneys.
Lino was surprised to learn that zinc deficiency was common among certain Middle Eastern populations, even though their diet was high in zinc-containing foods. What caused the zinc deficiency in these populations?
The high amount of phytic acid in unleavened bread in the diet bound the zinc, decreasing its bioavailability in the body.
How does obesity (BMI >30) affect vitamin D availability?
The release of vitamin D synthesized from exposure to the sun and stored in subcutaneous fat is less efficient in people with excess body fat.
The study design is best described as a
The study design is best described as a
Scores on the TICS-M instrument, used to measure cognitive function, improved over time in both the treatment and control groups. What is a likely explanation?
The subjects experienced a practice effect; after taking the test at 12 months, they all performed better at 24 months.
How did the researchers assess core body temperature?
The subjects swallowed telemetry pills that automatically recorded body temperature over a 24-hour period.
What did the results of the study show about the effects of selenium and vitamin E supplementation on incidence of prostate cancer?
There is no evidence that selenium or vitamin E supplements prevent prostate cancer.
Until 2008, health authorities recommended delaying introduction of peanuts to the diets of children as a way to prevent peanut allergies, but after 2008, these restrictions were relaxed. Why did clinical practice guidelines change?
There was no clinical evidence to show that delaying introduction of peanut protein reduced the occurrence of food allergies.
SELECT was planned as a 12-year trial, but was halted prematurely at 7 years. Why was SELECT discontinued early?
There was no evidence of benefit of either intervention on prostate cancer incidence.
Last summer, Lorraine's garden yielded more food than her family could eat. She chose to extend the life of many of her fruits and vegetables by preserving them. What do most preservation methods have in common?
They decrease water content that bacteria need to grow
During which trimester does the fetus gain the most weight?
Third trimester
Use the % Daily Value to calculate the milligrams of vitamin C in this larger dose. How does this compare to the UL for vitamin C?
This dose exceeds the UL for vitamin C.
For vitamin E, use the % Daily Value to calculate the milligrams that would be in this larger dose. How does this compare to the UL for vitamin E?
This dose exceeds the UL for vitamin E
Use the % Daily Value to calculate the micrograms of selenium in this larger dose. How does this compare to the UL for selenium?
This dose is within normal limits for selenium consumption.
The adolescents with higher frequency of binge-purge behavior were more likely to use or abuse substances.
True
What functions of the body are most obviously affected by alcohol?
Those controlled by the brain
The researchers collected toenail samples for possible future analyses. The authors of the study never explained why, but search online to determine the utility of toenail samples.
Toenail clippings can be analyzed to assess selenium status.
ADH travels to its target cells via the bloodstream.
True
Considering Andrew's dietary restrictions, a daily multivitamin and mineral supplement would be useful to prevent micronutrient deficiencies.
True
Early signs of atherosclerosis may appear during childhood.
True
Heredity accounts for some of the risk for developing eating disorders.
True
It is possible to be both overnourished and undernourished at the same time.
True
Protein-calorie malnutrition is a likely cause of stunted growth among the children in the village.
True
Sarah's treatment is likely to involve supplementation with a multivitamin and mineral supplement along with additional calcium and vitamin D.
True
View the animation below, then complete the subsequent questions to test your knowledge of osmosis.
True
There are two types of osteoporosis. Classify each statement according to whether it is a characteristic of type 1 or type 2 osteoporosis.
Type 1: Directly linked with decreased estrogen , Most common between 50-60 years of age, affects trabecular bone more than cortical bone Type 2: Occurs in both men and women, commonly diagnosed later in life (70 years of age), affects cortical and trabecular bone at the same rate
The USDA, EPA, and FDA are the three government agencies responsible for oversight of food safety in the United States. Determine which agency is responsible for each component of the food supply.
USDA: Regulate use of chemical, certifies organic, and regulate quality standards for poultry, meat, and eggs EPA: Determines which pesticides FDA: Regualtes quality standards for interstate travel, approves and regulates, Determines whether food is GRAS or not
The lifestyle practices of certain population groups have been linked to successful aging and longevity. Determine whether the following dietary practices are characteristic of Okinawans, Mediterraneans, Seventh day Adventists, or any combination thereof.
Unique to Mediterraneans: Olive oil, Moderate wine Unique to Seventh Day Adventists: Abstinence from alcohol Unique to Okinawans: regular tea Common to all three groups: Protein, plant
What diet and supplement advice would you offer to Amy?
Using MyPlate as a guide, choose a balanced diet with a variety of foods from each food group.
Which of the following statements about diagnosis of eating disorders is true?
Victims are likely to deny that a problem exists.
How does gender affect a person's tolerance to alcohol?
Women have a lower tolerance than men.
Does dehydration adversely affect sports performance?
Yes
Evaluate Mark's diet using NutritionCalc Plus. Is he meeting the minimum recommendations of MyPlate's Daily Food Plan for his calorie needs?
Yes
Is the high-carbohydrate diet a good idea during Michael's training?
Yes
Suppose this study had taken place after the WHO's 2010 revision of recommendations for feeding of infants of HIV-positive mothers and the mothers were receiving ART. Would healthcare workers have advised the HIV-positive mothers to feed their infants any differently?
Yes; with access to ART, mothers should exclusively breastfeed with appropriate introduction of solid foods after the infant is 6 months old.
Chronic use of certain medications and/or supplements can have undesirable side effects in the body. Match the medicine or supplement with its potential side effect.
a. Aspirin: Stomach b. Antibiotic: Depletion of Vitamin K c. Heavy iron: Intefere with zinc and copper d. heavy folate: can mask vitamin b-12
As the human body ages, each organ system is affected differently. Match the change in health status with its related organ.
a. Liver b. Pancreas c. Gallabder d. Colon
The coenzyme form of thiamin (thiamin pyrophosphate) assists enzyme activity by
adjusting the configuration of the enzyme to allow binding with the substrate.
Match the following terms with their definitions.
anorexia nervosa: Extreme restriction bulimia nervosa: recurrent: recurrent episodes of binge eating followed by inappropriate binge-eating disorder: reccurent episodes of binged eating that are NOT followed purging disorder: repeated night eating syndrome: Eating a lot
Above 100° C (212°F) most bacteria
are destroyed.
Fluid should be consumed
before, during, and after activity.
From his recent nutrition studies, Gabe surmised that the body builder is at risk for developing a deficiency of ______ because a protein in raw egg whites binds to this nutrient and prevents it from being absorbed.
biotin
The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that all infants and children, starting shortly after birth, have a minimum daily intake of 400 IU of vitamin D. Infants are likely to require supplemental vitamin D because
breast milk is a poor source of vitamin D.
Comparing the different eating disorders, regular substance use was most common among adolescents with
bulimia nervosa.
Vitamin D regulates the absorption of ______ from the small intestine.
calcium and phosphorus
The total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of the diet was determined by
calculating oxygen radical absorbance capacity from a database of values.
As the intensity of exercise increases, the proportion of ______ used to fuel activity increases.
carbohydrates
People with ______ may experience gastrointestinal distress when they consume gluten.
celiac disease
If a health professional determines that your roommate is suffering from bulimia nervosa, her treatment will likely involve
cognitive behavior therapy.
The primary endpoint of the study was a change in
cognitive function.
The primary objective of the WHI Hormone Therapy trial was to assess the effects of post-menopausal hormone replacement therapy on risk for ______.
coronary heart disease
Gabe's grandfather should avoid large increases in his intake of ______ because ______ can reduce the effectiveness of his anticoagulant medication
dark green leafy vegetables; vitamin K
ADH functions to
decrease urine volume output and cause blood vessel constriction.
Among older adults (older than 65 years), higher protein intake was associated with ______ mortality from all causes.
decreased
In the analyses presented in this research paper, calcium and vitamin D supplementation ______ risk of hip fracture.
decreased
The objective of SELECT was to
determine whether selenium, vitamin E, or both could prevent prostate cancer.
The study design was a
double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.
A catechin in tea that has been studied for its effects on reducing risk for cancer and dementia is
epigallocatechin gallate.
The results of this study indicate that
even moderate maternal iodine deficiency can impair cognitive ability of the offspring.
For HIV-infected mothers and their infants who have access to antiretroviral therapy, WHO recommends
exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life followed by introduction of solid foods and mixed feedings (i.e., breast milk and infant formula).
For HIV-positive mothers without access to ART or safe water supplies, WHO recommends
exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life followed by rapid weaning to avoid mixed feedings.
One researcher estimated that a 10 x 10 meter city plot could yield a household's yearly vegetable needs and make a significant contribution to meeting requirements for vitamin A, vitamin C, B-vitamins, and iron. However, negative health consequences of urban gardening may include
exposure to toxic industrial contaminants.
The energy bar provides some fuel for exercise, but during the race, you would need to consume additional
fluid
The analyses were conducted on dietary data collected by
food frequency questionnaire.
"Sprouts" are
germinated vegetable seeds.
This cohort of children born in Tasmania between 1999 and 2001 was unique because
gestation occurred during a period of mild iodine deficiency, just before the start of a voluntary iodine fortification program.
The effects of iodine deficiency are most severe when the deficiency occurs during
gestation or early infancy.
Dana is pregnant for the first time and she is reading a book about healthy pregnancies. The book says that the goal of pregnancy is to achieve optimal health for both the baby and the mother. Two widely accepted criteria for a healthy pregnancy are
gestational period longer than 37 weeks and birth weight greater than 5.5 pounds.
Nutrition therapy for Sarah's eating disorder is likely to involve
gradual increase of food intake to achieve BMI of at least 20.
This animation shows that food spoilage microorganisms can be classified by their
growth temperature preferences.
If age, weight, and gender are the same, a sporadic drinker and a chronic drinker with blood alcohol levels of 0.10 will
have different physical effects.
The researchers sent out initial screening surveys to 105,000 Australian adults between 60 and 74 years of age. In order to participate in the study, the subjects had to
have moderate psychological distress.
Aiko comes from a family whose members routinely live to be older than 100. It can be theorized that the centenarians in her family engage in all of the following activities except
having low levels of HDL cholesterol production.
The primary endpoint of the WHI Calcium and Vitamin D supplementation trial was ______.
hip fracture
Most plasma free fatty acids arise from
hydrolysis of stored fat.
Dehydration is detected by osmoreceptors in the
hypothalamus.
The analysis showed that the influence of dietary protein intake on mortality risk differed for middle-aged and older adults. Among adults aged 50-65 years, high protein intake was associated with ______ mortality from all causes.
increased
As exercise duration increases, the amount of plasma free fatty acids used for energy
increases
The WHI-HR trial was stopped early because
interim analyses revealed increased risk for breast cancer and coronary heart disease for women on HRT.
Buildup of plaque in the blood vessels that supply the brain increases risk for
ischemic stroke.
Analyses showed that women who took calcium and vitamin D supplements had higher risk of
kidney stones.
For dinner, you prepare roasted chicken breast, steamed green beans, and mashed potatoes. When it's time to eat, Lila refuses to eat the green beans. You should
let her decide how much of her dinner to eat.
If you want to increase the polyphenol content of your cup of tea, you should
let the tea steep for a longer time.
The study design is best described as a
longitudinal cohort study.
The researchers hypothesized that
low maternal weight gain during pregnancy is related to lower cognitive function among offspring.
Anemia symptoms of weakness, fatigue, and shortness of breath are related to
low supply of oxygen to body cells.
Review the Results section of the research article. Compared to offspring born to women who gained the recommended amount of weight during pregnancy, the offspring of women who gained less weight than recommended by IOM during pregnancy had
lower School Entry Assessment scores at age 4.
Gaining more weight than recommended during gestation was significantly associated with
lower educational achievement at age 16.
The study design is best described as a
medical record review.
The primary function of thyroid hormone is to regulate
metabolic rate.
Vitamin B-12 is important for the synthesis of ______, which serves to insulate nerve cells.
myelin
One symptom of B vitamin deficiencies is depression, due to the role of several B vitamins in ______ synthesis.
neurotransmitter
Soaking corn in a basic solution (such as lime water) releases protein-bound ______ to improve the bioavailability of this nutrient.
niacin
This research can best be described as
observational.
The simplest way to determine if your fluid intake is adequate is to
observe the color of your urine; it should be clear or pale yellow.
Many of the disease-fighting effects of coffee and tea are probably attributable to ______, which act as antioxidants.
polyphenols
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is released by the
pituitary gland.
Manganese is found primarily in foods of ______ origin.
plant
High dietary intake of ______ is associated with reductions in blood pressure.
potassium
The leading cause of undernutrition in the United States is
poverty.
The study design is best described as a
prospective cohort study.
The study design is best described as
qualitative.
The study design is best described as a
randomized, controlled trial.
Immediately after the outbreak of foodborne illness, food safety authorities conducted a case-control study in which they interviewed cases who had become ill at the time of the outbreak and controls (same age and neighborhood as cases) who had not become ill. Initially, the investigations pointed to ______ as the source of the outbreak.
raw tomatoes, cucumbers, or leafy greens
Consuming large amounts of ______ may contribute to fatigue.
refined carbohydrates
Vitamin D deficiency during childhood leads to a condition of weak and malformed bones known as ______.
rickets
Data on educational outcomes came from
school standardized test scores.
Before randomization, the study participants were separated into two groups based on the results of a skin-prick test. With a skin-prick test, the skin is lanced with a needle and a drop of allergen (in this case, peanut protein) is applied to the site. The appearance of any wheal (red, swollen, itchy area of skin) is measured. A positive skin-prick test indicates
sensitization to peanut protein.
Results of this study showed that bioavailability of vitamin D was
similar for milks of differing fat contents.
Most picky eating behaviors during the preschool years are a result of
slow rate of growth.
The subjects who received the folic acid + vitamin B-12 supplement experienced ______ increases in blood homocysteine compared to the control group.
smaller
At freezing temperatures, most bacteria
stop growing, but are not dead.
During pregnancy, folate requirements increase to 150% of non-pregnant needs in order to
support increased DNA synthesis.
In the United States, ______ is fortified with iodine.
table salt
HIV can be transmitted from mother to fetus, and approximately 1/3 of infected infants will die within a few years of birth. The risk of mother-infant transmission can be significantly reduced if the infected mother ______ while she is pregnant.
takes highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and receives routine obstetrical care
Urban agriculture influences local communities and economies by increasing
the availability of low-cost, nutrient-dense foods.
When B vitamins are consumed in their coenzyme forms,
the coenzymes are broken down before free B vitamins are absorbed.
The food safety authorities also conducted a recipe-based restaurant cohort study. With the help of the chef, the ingredients consumed by guests who became ill were compared to
the ingredients consumed by guests who ate at the restaurant and did not become ill.
The primary outcome of the study was
the proportion of participants with peanut allergy at 60 months of age.
Data on parental occupation and smoking status were collected because
these were potential confounding variables.
A deficiency of ______ can result in beriberi, a disease that involves muscle weakness and lack of muscular coordination.
thiamin
For this analysis, women from the WHI observational study were considered calcium users if they
took at least 500 mg calcium per day.
The researchers used the doubly labeled water method to assess
total energy expenditure.
Although most water-soluble vitamins have low risk of toxicity, excess ______ can accumulate in tissues and lead to nerve damage.
vitamin B-6
Physiological changes are an inevitable part of the aging process. As the body ages, all of the following decrease except
vitamin D needs.
