Honors USH Chapter 6

King William's War

(1689-1697) war fought largely between French trappers, British settlers, and their respective allies. The colonial theater of the larger war of the League of Augsburg in Europe. a series of colonial conflicts between France and England for supremacy in North America. The major goal, other than prestige, was the control of the fur trade. All of these struggles had European counterparts that were often of greater significance than the American events.

Battle of Quebec

(1759)Historic British victory over French forces on the outskirts of Québec. The surrender of Québec marked the beginning of the end of French rule in North America.A battle between General Wolfe and Marquis de Montcalm which occurred at Quebec. Wolfe's forces surprised the larger forces of Marquis and defeated them. Both Wolfe and Marquis died in battle. Quebec fell on September 13, 1759.Gave Great Britain dominance in North America and became leading naval power in the world.

Explain why Britain's success in defeating the French empire lead to failures in dealing with its colonial subjects

- When british and americans were fighting together against french the british soldiers and leaders looked down on them -they did not get the same pay and were not promoted -this put distance between colonies and britain -also britain had a alot of debt after this war -that led to taxing the colonists

Edict of Nantes

1598, gave limited toleration to French Protestants; allowed France to become united and start turning its eyes towards the New World. Issued to bring peace to France by granting limited toleration to Huguenots which promoted civil unity and reinstated the Huguenots' rights

minister

In politics, a person appointed by the head of state to take charge of some department or agency of government. "France blossomed...led by a series of brilliant ministers..."

sallies (sally)

In warfare, very rapid military movements, usually by small units, against an enemy force or position. "For their part the British colonists failed miserably in sallies against Quebec and Montreal..."

Pontiac's Uprising

during the French and Indian War Chief Pontiac gathered up Native American groups and captured British posts, primitive use of biological warfare on blankets, weakened Indian alliance and British won, Indians came to a peace agreement and British took control of the land.Bloody campaign waged by Ottawa chief Pontiac to drive the Brit out of Ohio Country. It was brutally crushed by the British troops, who resorted to distributing blankets infected with smallpox as a means to put down the rebellion

Louis XIV

king of France from 1643 to 1715; his long reign was marked by the expansion of French influence in Europe and by the magnificence of his court and the Palace of Versailles.French king who took over at age five & took deep interest in starting a colony in the New World.an absolute monarch that built up France's internal strength through finance and military, strengthened army and connected france through trades routes, catholic religiion and the capital versailes and foreign expansion during his reign

guerilla warfare

unconventional combat waged by small military units using hit-and-run tactics. "...so the combatants waged a kind of primitive guerilla warfare."

Albany Congress

A conference in the United States Colonial history form June 19 through July 11, 1754 in Albany New York. It advocated a union of the British colonies for their security and defense against French Held by the British Board of Trade to help cement the loyalty of the Iroquois League. After receiving presents, provisions and promises of Redress of grievances. 150 representatives if tribes withdrew without committing themselves to the British cause.& inter colonial congress summoned by Benjamin Franklin to provide a system for taxes; keep Iroquois loyal to British; defense from France; colonists- did not want to relinquish control of their right to tax themselves, nor unite together.

what did the French and Indian War reveal about Britain's fundamental attitudes toward its North American colonies. How did the British view of the colonists differ from the way the colonists understood themselves and their identity?

After the defeat of the French in the French and Indian war, Britain's attitude toward the colonies helped form the colonists' foundation for revolution. Immediately after the war, Britain passed the Proclamation Act of 1763. This act attempted to halt migration to the west of the Appalachian Mountains. Although this law was enacted to help maintain peace between the colonists and the Indians, this act quickly angered the colonists. The colonists believed that since they had fought alongside the British, they should have claim to the land of their birthright. Through this conflict, Britain revealed its intentions of maintaining a tight grip on the colonies. On top of the Proclamation of 1763, the British attitudes toward the colonial subjects became one of contempt. British looked down upon all colonists. They believed that they were inferior to all Europeans by claiming that the "scum" had fled to the "outhouses of civilization" (Pageant 120). British officers also refused to promote any colonial "boor" above the rank of colonel. Additionally, British officers also acted disappointed by the lack of unity between the colonies. However, they felt no threat to the mother country. If the colonists couldn't unite together to defend themselves, they would never pull together to strike someone else. The colonists had a completely different idea of their own identity. They believed they were the hybrid of the Old World. They believed that they deserved the same rights as the Englishmen across the Atlantic. After watching the British fight, they realized that the British weren't invincible. Finally, the colonists believed that since they had fought and won the war, they deserved to move westward. Most colonists still considered themselves Englishman, but together, the colonies felt a separate destiny from their mother country.

commissions

An official government certification granting a commanding rank in the armed forces. "...the British refused to recognize any American militia commission..."

When the Seven Years' War began, most American colonists were extremely proud and happy to be British citizens, part of the world's greatest empire. When it ended many of them no longer felt that way, even though the British Empire was more powerful than ever. Why?

At the end of the war the Colonists had learned that England was too far away to really govern them. It took weeks to get a message across the Atlantic and with England occupied with a world war, there wasn't a lot of outside support coming in to help the Colonists. The end of the war also left England deeply in debt. It raised taxes and started to enforce laws that had been on the books but never enforced. Having fought the war and also gone into debt the Colonists didn't see that as fair. Last, England gained vast areas of territory from France. The Colonists wanted to expand westward but were prevented by the English government. They didn't want to have the Native Americans start a second war.

French and Indian War--7 Years War

Britain and France fought for control of the Ohio Valley and Canada. The Algonquins, who feared British expansion into the Ohio Valley, allied with the French. The Mohawks also fought for the French while the rest of the Iroquois Nation allied with the British. The colonies fought under British commanders. Britain eventually won, and gained control of all of the remaining French possessions in Canada, as well as India. Spain, which had allied with France, ceded Florida to Britain, but received Louisiana in return. This is significant as France soon ceded all of it's American continental holding to the British and the Spanish, and Britain was the confirmed dominant empire in eastern America. The British statesman William Pitt helped to bring more resources to the British army to make the final breakthrough.

Edward Braddock

British commander during the French and Indian War. He attempted to capture Fort Duquesne in 1755. He was defeated by the French and the Indians. At this battle, he was mortally wounded.

William Pitt

British leader from 1757-1758. He was a leader in the London government, and earned himself the name, "Organizer of Victory". He led and won a war against Quebec. Pittsburgh was named after him. British general; aka "Great Commoner" and "Organizer of Victory"; switched British focus in war from West Indies to Quebec-Montreal area; led 1758 expedition against Louisbourg (first significant British victory); appointed James Wolfe for Quebec expedition, 1759; led to fall of Montreal in 1760 (no more French left in Canada)

James Wolfe

English general, led troops up steep cliff to capture Quebec which marked the beginning on the end of the French/Indian War. British commander sent to America to capture French Quebec. Led the British to victory in the Battle of Quebec on the Plains of Abraham.

Huguenots

French Protestants who were granted toleration by the Edict of Nantes in 1598 but not permitted to settle in New France

Coureurs des bois

French fur-trappers ranged over the woods and waterways of North America in pursuit of beaver. They are known as "runners of the woods". They were free spenders, two-fisted drinkers, free livers and lovers. They littered the land with scores of place names, including Baton Rouge, Terre Haute, Des Moines, and Grand Teton. Far-running, high-living, French fur-trappers.

Acadians

French residents of Nova Scotia, many of whom were uprooted by the British in 1755 and scattered as far south as Louisiana, where their descendants became known as "Cajuns".

Samuel de Champlain

French soldier/explorer who went up the St. Lawrence river and claimed land for King Louis XIV; he befriended the neighbooring Huron Indians and together they defeated the Iroquois Indians. "Father of New France;" he was a leading figure in the establishment of Canadian Quebec Joined Huron Indian Tribe and helped them battle against the Iroquios.

Voyagers

French-Canadian explorers, adventurers, and traders; They also recruited Indians into the fur business.

War of Jenkin's Ear

Land squabble between Britain and Spain over Georgia and trading rights. Battles took place in the Caribbean and on the Florida/Georgia border. The name comes from a British captain named Jenkin, whose ear was cut off by the Spanish. Ear of British naval office that set of an imperial war with Spain.

King George's War

Land squabble between France and Britain. France tried to retake Nova Scotia (which it had lost to Britain in Queen Anne's War). The war ended with a treaty restoring the status quo, so that Britain kept Nova Scotia). This was also known as the War of the Austrian Succession. It was the first time British troops were sent to America.

Queen Anne's War

The second of the four wars known generally as the French and Indian Wars, it arose out of issues left unresolved by King Williams' War (1689-1697) and was part of a larger European conflict known as the War of the Spanish Succession. Britain, allied with the Netherlands, defeated France and Spain to gain territory in Canada, even though the British had suffered defeats in most of their military operations in North America.

why did most Indian peoples fight with the French against Britain and its American colonists in the French and Indian War?

The French had a stronger relationship with the Indians. The French sought to hunt and live peacefully with the Indians, whereas the British wanted to take land away from the Indians because the British thought they were not utilizing the land and they were just letting it go to waste.

Pontiac

The Ottawa chief led several tribes in a campaign to drive the British out of the Ohio Country. Overran all but three British posts west of the Appalachians and killed two thousand soldiers and settlers. The British retaliated by distributing smallpox infested blankets and easily crushed the uprising. He was killed but fiasco convinced British of a need to stabilize relations with Indians.

How did French relations with the Indians compare with the Indian policies of Britain and Spain?

The major difference between the way that the Spanish and the French treated "their" Indians was based on the respective economic and societal needs of the two European nations. The French used the Indians as economic partners, but did not really try to integrate them that much into a colonial society. By contrast, the Spanish used the Indians economically and integrated them into the colonial society. The reason for the difference is that the Spanish wanted to create more of an agricultural and mining economy while the French economy was based on fur. Therefore, the Spanish needed to keep much closer control over the Indians than the French did. This is one reason why they integrated them into their society, making a society that was largely Indian with a small layer of Spaniards on the top. Meanwhile, the French largely left the Indian alone. So France's relations with the Indians were less intimate and controlling than those of Spain.

In what ways were the American colonists involved in the home country's struggle with France?

This question seems to be referring to the Seven Years' War, and the colonists played an important role in that conflict. In fact, the global conflict began in a limited way in the American backcountry, when Virginia militia under George Washington attacked and destroyed a small French force at Jumonville Glen. Washington went on to suffer a humiliating defeat, but his actions sparked the wider conflict. For the rest of the war, (known as the French and Indian War) which lasted until 1761 in the American colonies, colonial militia and soldiers participated in all of the major battles as well as scores of minor conflicts. Their participation was very slow, however, before William Pitt, British prime minister, offered to subsidize colonial legislatures' expenditures for militia and guaranteed that colonial officers would not be treated as inferiors by all British officers.

Proclamation of 1763

This was an English law enacted after gaining territory from the French at the end of the French and Indian War. It forbade the colonists from settling beyond the Appalachian Mountains. The Colonists were no longer proud to be British citizens after the enactment. This caused the first major revolt against the British. Required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move east.

Regulars

Trained professional soldiers, as distinct from militia or conscripts. During the French and Indian War, British generals, used to commanding experienced regulars, often showed contempt for ill-trained colonial militiamen.