HORT 1103 Final Exam
Which one of the following is not an environmental benefit of green roofs?
Creating habitat for underground animals
Green Roofs provide more environmental benefits than trees and they should take priority over planting trees.
False
Green roofs are an example of hard engineering.
False
Green roofs require little to no maintenance.
False
The Arkansas Darter, a fish discovered at Wilson Springs in 1979, needs dark, cave-like habitat.
False
The forbidden fruit tree in the garden of Eden was likely an apple tree, assuming that Eden was in the Fertile Crescent (modern-day Middle East).
False
Vegetables gardens do well in heavily shaded areas because they are shielded from the sun.
False
Benefits of home gardens include:
Source of food and income Increased exercise, nutrition, health Source of education and family activity
Bacterial wilt affected which species of the three sisters?
Squash
Broccoli and cabbage are in the same plant family.
True
Bugs (arthropods) are animals.
True
Bugs evolved and were successful on this planet long before Humans evolved.
True
Bumble bees are social insects.
True
Butter or other food containing fats can neutralize capsaicin in the mouth.
True
Capsaicin evolved as a protective mechanism to discourage mammals from eating fruit.
True
Carbon dioxide is an example of a greenhouse gas
True
Climate can effect heat levels in chili peppers.
True
Early agriculturists were taller and healthier than hunter-gatherers.
True
Examples of community gardens include church gardens, neighborhood gardens, and parks.
True
Flowers provide both protein and carbohydrates for pollinators.
True
Garden seed sales increased by >270% during the pandemic.
True
Garden soil should not be used when growing plants in containers (pots) because the soil will likely stay too wet.
True
Grasses are beneficial in urban environments because they act as a filter for various pollutants.
True
Green mulch is an effective strategy to reduce weeds and hold soil in place
True
High-performance liquid chromatography directly measures capsaicin content in chili peppers.
True
In ecological gardening, always observe and correctly identify insect damage and insects to determine if it is a pest or an important part of an ecosystem.
True
Insects generally have 6 legs.
True
It is estimated that historically Arkansas had over 1 million acres in tallgrass prairie, and possible much more
True
Jennifer Ogle is the Collections Manager at the UARK Herbarium, as well as being a published author.
True
Liberty Gardens in WWl, and Victory or Freedom Gardens in WWll, enabled and encouraged the population of the US to participate in the war effort.
True
Native bees can be ground and cavity dwellers.
True
The original purpose of the Cherokee Nation Seed Bank was genetic preservation of plants, which also provided food to tribe members (aka cultural preservation).
True
What does AES stand for?
Agriculture Experiment Station
Chili pepper and black pepper come from the same plant.
False
Examples of abiotic stress include insect pests, diseases, and nematodes.
False
Gardening has been proven to increase osteroporsis in postmenopausal women.
False
What is one blackberry variety developed at FRS?
Ouachita
Wilson Springs is a restored wetland behind Sam's Club in Fayetteville.
True
How long does it take to release a new variety?
10 years
In big box stores like Lowe's and Walmart, home gardening makes up $_____/year in retail value.
250 billion
______% of American households planted a new garden during the pandemic.
26
Robotic strawberry pickers are projected to replace how many harvest laborers?
30
How many species of native bees are there in the US?
4000
What percent of all known species of animals are bugs (arthropods)?
80-100%
The global human population is expected to reach _____ by 2050?
9 Billion
Which types of plants flower, produce seed within a fruit, and are typically highly evolved?
Angiosperms
What are the Three Sisters in Cherokee Nation lexicon?
Corn, beans, and squash grown together
Which of the following locations is not one of the four main Centers of Crop Domestication?
Australia
Who or what was my roommate in Minnesota?
Bee
Apples are pollinated primarily by
Bees
What insect has been used as farm labor to deliver bio-fungicides?
Bees
What is the most renowned program at FRS?
Blackberry breeding
Historically, Ozark Chinquapin was an important tree to the Cherokee Nation, but was wiped out by this:
Blight
Examples of invasive plant species include:
Bradford pear Burning bush Winter creeper
Why is entomology/horticulture a good career?
Bugs cause billions of dollars of losses each year Pollinators are valued at $14 billion a year in the US Insects and plants are awesome!
Which is NOT a method of building healthy soils?
Bury a plastic bottle filled with fertilizer
How are plants pollinated at FRS for breeding programs?
By hand
What is the chemical compound that gives a pepper its fire?
Capsaicin
Currently, the world's hottest chili pepper at 2.48 million SHU is _____________.
Carolina Reaper
The leading country in apple production is:
China
Where is the University of Arkansas Fruit Research Station (FRS)?
Clarksville AR
In 1493 Columbus brought the first _______ back to the Old World when he returned from his second voyage
Corn
Which group of animals is considered an arthropod?
Crustaceans - Crab, shrimp, lobsters, etc. Myriapods - Milipedes and centipedes Chelicerates - Spiders, scorpions, mites, etc. Insects
Below are ecological and organic land care strategies to remove invasive plants except:
Cussing at it until it gets sad and leaves
Undisturbed grassland soils will many times exhibit a deep layer of:
Decayed organic matter
The most widely grown apple in the US is:
Delicious
Grasses are excellent at controlling soil erosion because of their:
Dense, fibrous root system
The first public community gardens were established in 1897 in:
Detroit
According to Feather Smith, Mother Nature never cooperates, and presents these challenges:
Droughts Floods Late freezes Animals
What is a nectarine variety developed at FRS?
Effie
Which of these foods was determined to be a part of the diet of Otzi, the 5300 year old mummy found in the Italian Alps?
Einkorn wheat
Which of these contains the lowest genetic diversity?
Elite cultivars
Because apple trees can self-pollinate, you only need a single tree on your property to produce apples.
False
Habitat fragmentation encourages the presence of pollinators.
False
How we garden, and our gardening practices, have no effect on an ecosystem.
False
In photosynthesis, the plant uses sunlight, water, and oxygen to make food (carbohydrate) and carbon dioxide.
False
Increased urbanization is causing the area of turfgrass in the United States to decrease.
False
Invasive plants are easily eradicated from a landscape and pose no threat to an ecosystem.
False
Male honeybees collect food for the hive.
False
Materials used to install green roofs have not changed since they were originally used in the Viking Ages
False
Most of the important centers of crop domestication were located in rainforest biomes.
False
Soil health is not an important factor in organic land care.
False
Spaghetti with tomato-based marinara sauce was the foundation of most people diets in Ancient Rome.
False
Specialty crops are lower in value and have lower labor costs than row crops.
False
Ozark Green Roof installed a green roof on a public library in which NWA city?
Fayetteville
Examples of invasive species include:
Feral hogs Emerald Ash Borer Chestnut Blight Fungus
A common bacterial pathogen/disease of apples is:
Fire blight
Which contains the reproductive organs of a plant?
Flower
What was missing in my yard the summer I had 6 beehives?
Flowers
When using binomial nomenclature to refer to a specific plant by its universal name, what 2 components are listed?
Genus and species
Substistence gardening is:
Growing food crops in order to meet the needs of the gardener; gardening to survive.
Community gardens:
Improve quality of life Develop community and stimulate social interaction within and area
Which of the following types of green roofs has a thicker soil profile and can therefore grow plants with a deeper roof system?
Intensive
What is one example of an insect pest of grapes?
Japanese beetles
The green roof at Uptown Apartments is a MODULAR or BUILT UP green roof system?
Modular
When you take a deep breath, what gasses are you actually inhaling?
Nitrogen Oxygen Carbon dioxide
Which 3 essential nutrients are most likely to limit plant growth and are included in most fertilizers?
Nitrogen, Phosphorous, Potassium (N, P, K)
If you plant a seed from a specific variety of grape plant, will that seed represent that same variety?
No
Green roofs were first used as a roofing material in what part of the world?
Northern Europe - Norway, Sweden, Iceland, Faroe Islands
Site analysis includes:
Observing the physical elements (topography, soils) Take note of existing organisms (plants, animals, insects, diseases) Research cultural elements (land history, current use, utilities)
Below are ways to reduce carbon emissions in gardening, except:
Ordering materials 3 states away because the price is 10% lower
Which of the following is a sustainable mulch?
Pine straw
Capsaicin is located in glands in what part of a chili fruit?
Placenta
One who studies fruit such as apples is known as a:
Pomologist
Which of these was proposed as a possible trigger for the invention of agriculture?
Population growth Climate change Seasonal food shortages
What are the 'Three P's' of beneficial insects?
Predators, Parasitoids, Pollinators
Which of the following are benefits of turfgrasses in urban settings?
Provide beauty Provide abundant oxygen Provide areas for exercise and recreation Filter pollutants
Which of these traits is part of the Domestication Syndrome?
Reduced seed dormancy Gigantism of harvested organs Non-shattering seed
Heat content in chili pepper is measured in:
Scoville Heat Units
Which is not considered one of the three major vegetative organs of a plant?
Seed
The caterpillars of which species of butterfly (of special concern in the US) were eating up my coneflowers?
Silvery checkerspot
Apple rootstocks are used to modify tree
Size Fruit sweetness Pest resistance
What is the heaviest component of most green roofs and has a major impact on how well the plants will thrive?
Soil or growing medium
In the US, which season are apples harvested in?
Summer and Fall
All chili peppers originated in the New World.
True
How do insects damage our crops?
They defoliate leaf material They feed on the developing fruit They bore into the stem and branches of the plant They cause leaves to become distorted and misshapen
Impacts of invasive plants on our environment include:
They displace native plant species and the animals that use them They alter ecosystem processes and reduce ecosystem health and productivity They reduce biodiversity
Why are insects important in horticulture?
They feed on the plants we are growing They pollinate the plants we are growing They help control pests
Grasses are effective at carbon sequestration because:
They produce a new root system each year
What makes a plant invasive?
They tolerate a wide variety of habitat conditions They grow FAST They leaf out early They lack natural enemies They produce a-lot of seed They compete for resources with native plants
Historically, members of the Cherokee Nation used American blanket flower for darts. Which plant do the use now?
Thistle
A good rule of thumb for identifying poison ivy is 'leaves of three, let it be'.
True
According to Feather Smith, corn is easy to grow.
True
An Ethnobiologist is someone who studies the dynamic relationship between people and their environment.
True
None of the worlds major staple crops were domesticated in what is now the United States.
True
One way insects decrease our food is by making it unmarketable.
True
Our mission is to conduct research and achieve scientific discoveries that benefit Arkansas citizens.
True
Pollinated crops include almonds, coconut, and peppermint.
True
The Cherokee Nation was originally located in parts of Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and West Virginia.
True
The large, well-manicured lawn is an American cultural phenomenon.
True
The majority of the UA Herbarium is metal cabinets, housing plant specimens, protecting the collection from insect and light damage.
True
The pH of substrate (soil or potting mix) is important because it affects whether essential nutrients like nitrogen, potassium, or iron in the substrate are soluble and available for uptake by plants.
True
The subspecies of elk that grazed Arkansas for millennia is now extinct
True
There are county extension offices in all 75 counties in Arkansas.
True
Turfgrasses are some of the best landscape plants for sequestering carbon
True
What technology can be used to kill powdery mildew and gray mold in greenhouses and fields?
UV Light
Fruit and vegetables are important sources of what?
Vitamins and minerals
The leading state in apple production is:
Washington
Phototropism is:
What causes a plant to grow toward light
Examples of specialty crops are:
fruits, vegetables, and nuts
