HS 107 02 EXAM 2

DOMA

"Defense of Marriage Act," or DOMA, was passed in 1996 by Congress and signed into law by President Bill Clinton. The part that was struck down by the U.S. Supreme Court is called "Section Three," which prevented the federal government from recognizing any marriages between gay or lesbian couples for the purpose of federal laws or programs, even if those couples are considered legally married by their home state. The other significant part of DOMA makes it so that individual states do not legally have to acknowledge the relationships of gay and lesbian couples who were married in another state. Only the section that dealt with federal recognition was ruled unconstitutional.

McLaughlin vs. Florida

(1964), was a case in which the United States Supreme Court ruled unanimously that a cohabitation law of Florida, part of the state's anti-miscegenation laws, was unconstitutional.[1] The law prohibited habitual cohabitation by two unmarried people of opposite sex, if one was black and the other was white.

Perez vs. Sharp

1948 Andrea Perez (a Mexican American woman) and Sylvester Davis (an African American man) met while working in the defense industry in Los Angeles.[2] Perez and Davis applied for a marriage license with the County Clerk of Los Angeles. On the application for a marriage license, Andrea Perez listed her race as "white," and Sylvester Davis identified himself as "Negro." Under the California law, individuals of Mexican ancestry generally were classified as white because of their Spanish heritage.

Griswold vs. Connecticut

1965 The United States Supreme Court overturned the Connecticut law which forbade the use of prophylactics as contraception. The United States Supreme Court ruled that the state law was in direct violation of the right to privacy within a private setting. In addition, the United States Supreme Court explained that the 9th Amendment to the United States Constitution serves as protection with regard to the Bill of Rights. Because of the state's violation of civil liberties and the unlawful expansion of government power, the United States Supreme Court ruled in favor of Griswold.

Civil Union

A civil union is a legal relationship between two people that provides legal protections to the couple only at the state level. A civil union is not a marriage, though. Civil unions do not provide federal protections, benefits, or responsibilities to couples, and a civil union may not be recognized by all states. Civil unions were established primarily as an alternative for same-sex couples in states where marriage was unavailable.

Fault Divorce

Adultery Pregnancy of the wife at the time of marriage unkown to husband Desertion or abandonment (specified length of time depends on state) Abuse (physical, emotional or mental cruelty) or Cruel Treatment Incarceration (specified length of time depends on state) Insanity Impotence Substance abuse Infection with a sexually transmitted disease Marriage between people too closely related

Laurel Hester

After being diagnosed with terminal lung cancer in 2004, Lieutenant Laurel Hester wanted to leave her pension benefits to Stacie Andree, her same-sex domestic partner. When the New Jersey county that Hester worked for refused to change its rules to allow this, she fought to get equal treatment for her relationship. Hester's request was approved shortly before she died at the age of 49 in 2006.

Obergefell vs. Hodges

Decided on June 26, 2015, Obergefell overturned Baker and requires all states to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples and to recognize same-sex marriages validly performed in other jurisdictions.[4] This legalized same-sex marriage throughout the United States, and its possessions and territories.

DOMA

Defense of Marriage Act enacted September 21, 1996, 1 U.S.C. § 7 and 28 U.S.C. § 1738C) was a United States federal law that, prior to being ruled unconstitutional, defined marriage for federal purposes as the union of one man and one woman, and allowed states to refuse to recognize same-sex marriages granted under the laws of other states.

Loving vs. Virginia

In 1958, two residents of Virginia, Mildred Jeter, a black woman, and Richard Loving, a white man, were married in the District of Columbia. The Lovings returned to Virginia shortly thereafter. The couple was then charged with violating the state's antimiscegenation statute, which banned inter-racial marriages. The Lovings were found guilty and sentenced to a year in jail (the trial judge agreed to suspend the sentence if the Lovings would leave Virginia and not return for 25 years).

No Fault Divorce

Living apart for a period of time Irreconcilable differences Irremediable breakdown of marriage The marriage is irretrievably broken

Loving vs. Virginia

Loving v. Virginia, 388 U.S. 1 (1967) is a landmark civil rights decision of the United States Supreme Court, which invalidated laws prohibiting interracial marriage. The case was brought by Mildred Loving (née Jeter), a black woman, and Richard Loving, a white man, who had been sentenced to a year in prison in Virginia for marrying each other

Roe vs. Wade

Roe v. Wade is a landmark decision issued in 1973 by the United States Supreme Court on the issue of the constitutionality of laws that criminalized or restricted access to abortions. The Court ruled 7-2 that a right to privacy under the Due Process Clause of the 14th Amendment extended to a woman's decision to have an abortion, but that this right must be balanced against the state's interests in regulating abortions: protecting women's health and protecting the potentiality of human life.[1] Arguing that these state interests became stronger over the course of a pregnancy, the Court resolved this balancing test by tying state regulation of abortion to the third trimester of pregnancy.

Vermont (Gay Marriage)

Same-sex marriage has been legal in Vermont since September 1, 2009. Vermont was the first state to introduce civil unions in July 2000, and the first state to introduce same-sex marriage by enacting a statute without being required to do so by a court decision

Massachusetts (Gay Marriage)

Same-sex marriage has been legally recognized in Massachusetts since May 17, 2004, as a result of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court (SJC) ruling in Goodridge v. Department of Public Health that it was unconstitutional under the Massachusetts constitution to allow only opposite-sex couples to marry. Massachusetts became the sixth jurisdiction in the world (after the Netherlands, Belgium, Ontario, British Columbia, and Quebec) to legalize same-sex marriage. It was the first U.S. state to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples.[1]

Homeward Bound

Someone who is on their way home, men coming home from the war

Plan B

That's why there's emergency contraception — a safe and effective way to prevent pregnancy up to 5 days after unprotected sex.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 (enacted July 2, 1964) is a landmark civil rights and US labor law in the United States[5] that outlaws discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.[6] It prohibited unequal application of voter registration requirements, racial segregation in schools, employment, and public accommodations.

The Comstock Act

The Comstock Act of 1873 was enacted in an effort to regulate what the U.S. mail service would and would not legally transport enacted to counteract the physical, psychological and moral decay that resulted from the U.S. Civil War during which a new pornography market sprang up, due to the invention of cameras, alongside old war markets for socially inesteemable behaviors.

14th Amendment

The Fourteenth Amendment (Amendment XIV) to the United States Constitution was adopted on July 9, 1868, as one of the Reconstruction Amendments. The amendment addresses citizenship rights and equal protection of the laws and was proposed in response to issues related to former slaves following the American Civil War.

Pace vs. Alabama

The plaintiff, Tony Pace, an African-American man, and Mary Cox, a white woman, were residents of the state of Alabama, who had been arrested in 1881 because their sexual relationship violated the state's anti-miscegenation statute. They were charged with living together "in a state of adultery or fornication" and both sentenced to two years imprisonment in the state penitentiary in 1882.

New York vs. Sanger

This decision allowed doctors to advise their married patients about birth control for health purposes. Sanger later interpreted this ruling as grounds to start legal doctor-staffed birth control clinics in 1923. Margaret Sanger was born Margaret Louise Higgins in Corning, New York on 14 September 1883, one of 11 surviving children. Believing her mother's 18 pregnancies caused her death at age 50, Sanger founded the American birth control movement--and went to jail at least nine times for her efforts. She lived to see birth control become a legal practice throughout the United States in 1965.

Title IX

Title IX was written as a byproduct of the successful passing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 which was written in order to end discrimination in various fields based on biological sex, perceived/actual religion, race or color, perceived or actual age, and national origin in the areas of employment, and public accommodation

United States vs. Thind

United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind, 261 U.S. 204 (1923), was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States unanimously decided that Bhagat Singh Thind, an Indian Sikh man who identified himself as a "high caste Hindu, of full Indian blood," was racially ineligible for naturalized citizenship in the United States. In 1919, Thind filed a petition for naturalization under the Naturalization Act of 1906 which allowed only "free white persons" and "aliens of African nativity and persons of African descent" to become United States citizens by naturalization.

Companionate Marriage

a form of marriage in which the partners agree not to have children and can be divorced by mutual consent, leaving neither spouse legally responsible for the financial welfare of the other.

Margaret Sanger

an American birth control activist, sex educator, writer, and nurse. Sanger popularized the term "birth control", opened the first birth control clinic in the United States, and established organizations that evolved into the Planned Parenthood Federation of America.

Structural Theory of the Mind

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Domestic Union

similar to marriage and can apply to unmarried couples who are living together. Most registered domestic partners tended to be in same-sex relationships prior to the Supreme Court's 2015 Obergefell v. Hodges decision, especially if they lived in a state that banned same-sex marriage. But it remains an option in a few states for partners (same- or opposite-sex) who live together and share a common domestic life. However, some states and cities that offer the arrangement require one of the individuals to be at least 62-years-old.

Traditional Marriage

the primary established form of marriage recognized in a given country or religious or social group at a given time: In that culture, traditional marriage requires the families of the future bride and groom to engage in ritual visits and exchange gifts.