HSB PAPER 2

State ONE reason why fibre is an important part of the diet.

Dietary fiber increases the weight and size of your stool and softens it. A bulky stool is easier to pass, decreasing your chance of constipation

Origin

E

benefits of circumcision

Easier hygiene, easier to wash the penis Decreased risk of sexually transmitted infections. ... Decease penile cancer

As a result of being so hungry, Kenrick eats a very high carbohydrate and fat meal, and soon falls asleep. Suggest what would happen to the excess glucose formed after the digestion of the carbohydrates.

Excess glucose beyond what the body needs for immediate energy is converted into glycogen, a storage form of carbohydrate, or converted into fat and stored in body fat cells.

Name a disease which is MOST likely to develop from a deficiency of EACH of the following: Vitamin C Iron Vitamin D

Iron anemia Vitamin C scurvy Vitamin D osteomalacia (weak bones)

Blood cell with Biconcave disc; lacks a nucleus

Red blood cell erythrocytes

Why does sickle cell anemia cause tiredness

Red blood cells usually live for about 120 days But sickle cells typically die in 10 to 20 days, leaving a shortage of red blood cells so this means insufficient oxygen reaches muscles and other tissues.

Function of the Tricuspid valve

ensures that blood flows from the right atrium to the right ventricle. It also prevents blood from flowing backward between those two chambers

Explain the relationship between plasma and tissue fluid.

high protein present in the blood plasma low protein present in the tissue fluid. blood plasma carries oxygen to the needy tissues. tissue fluid transports nutrients from the blood to the cells

Young vs old person diet

iron, vitamin C, and vitamin B12 can be important to teenagers, as you get older the focus tends to shift towards nutrients such as: Vitamin B12; Calcium; Vitamin D;

Shape of platelets

small discoid shape

How asthma affects the respiratory system

you have asthma, the airways can become inflamed and narrowed at times. This makes it harder for air to flow out of your airways when you breathe out.

Explain THREE steps a community can take to reduce water pollution.

Pick up litter and throw it away in a garbage can. Wash your car or outdoor equipment where it can flow to a gravel or grassy area instead of a street. Use Less Plastic It is very difficult to break down plastic after it is produced. Much of the plastic we consume ends up in the world's water supply, where it is even harder to fish out and safely throw away. Plastic waste spreads decay in water supply Dispose of Toxic Chemicals Properly cleaning chemicals are hazardous when they enter the water supply. If you are emptying containers of household cleaning supplies, do it in the trash can, not in the sink.

Because infectious diseases can be communicable and can, therefore, become a public health issue, they need to be carefully monitored. Explain the link between poor personal hygiene in males and the incidence of cervical cancer in females. In your explanation, include the benefits of circumcision.

Poor hygiene leads to infections, which when chronic, may lead to cervical cancer. Therefore, it is important for women to maintain healthy genital hygiene.Through sexual intercourse with high-risk women, HPVs enter the penis which can then be transmitted.

Discuss how a balanced diet would differ for EACH of the following groups: A pregnant woman versus a nonpregnant woman of the same age balnced diet

Pregnant women need a higher consumption of fruits, which results in a better score for fibre intake. They also report higher consumption of beef and dairy products, non pregnant women still require Calcium, iron, and folic acid

Define the term 'balanced diet'.

A balanced diet contains an adequate amount of all the nutrients required by the body to grow, remain healthy and be disease-free.

Explain the difference between an infectious/communicable and a non-infectious/non-communicable disease and give ONE example from EACH category.

A noninfectious, or noncommunicable, disease is not spread through person-to-person contact. Noncommunicable diseases are not caused by pathogens, and they are not contagious. Contagious diseases, also called infectious or communicable diseases, are spread from person to person through some type of contact. Example of a communicable disease is Covid 19 Example of a noncommunicable disease diabetes

Define the term homeostasis.

A state of balance among all the body systems needed for the body to survive and function correctly.

B

Bicep

Insertation

G

Describe how the drop latrine shown in Figure 3 operates, and recommend a suitable alternative small-scale sewage disposal solution. Justify your recommendation.

How it works is when urine and feces drop down into the pit it will be disposed of by going into the steam that is at the bottom. A chemical toilet could be used, it collects human feces in a holding tank and uses chemicals to minimize odors. They do not require a connection to a water supply which would be better for the environment.

A bacterium often found in raw sewage is Vibrio cholera. State the disease the bacterium causes and give TWO symptoms of the disease.

It causes infection of the intestine The symptoms are diarrhea, nausea and dehydration

Name TWO organs in the body that are involved in homeostasis and state ONE product that EACH organ excretes. Write your answers in the following table.

Kidney: remove waste products and excess fluid from the body Liver bile

Heart Diagram

Left atrium Tricuspid valve

Reza is taking 500 mg of vitamin A daily to treat his poor eyesight. His friend says that all he needs is 90 mg a day and therefore he is wasting his money. What would MOST likely happen with the excess vitamin A?

Liver damage: Vitamin A is stored in the liver. Excess vitamin A builds up in the liver and may cause liver disease

Diana is exercising to tone her muscles. State what is meant by 'muscle tone' and suggest how it could benefit Diana's joints.

Muscle tone is the amount of tension (or resistance to movement) in muscles. muscles that work well may protect joints from excessive wear and tear.

Explain the difference between plasma and serum.

Serum is the liquid that remains after the blood has clotted. Plasma is the liquid that remains when clotting is prevented with the addition of an anticoagulant.

Reshma believes that her sister is having an asthma attack. State TWO signs/symptoms of the disease, TWO factors that may have triggered the disease, and explain to Reshma how asthma affects the respiratory system.

Sign/symptom Shortness of breath, chest tightness or pain Two factors Pet fur Dust mites

The effects of lifestyle-related diseases on the human body can be significantly reduced or managed by diet and exercise. Explain how diet and exercise can reduce the risks of ONE lifestyle-related disease.

The DASH diet is a healthy-eating plan designed to help treat or prevent high blood pressure, food that are rich in potassium calcium and magnesium help control blood pressure Being active and taking regular exercise lowers blood pressure by keeping your heart and blood vessels in good condition

Diana's personal trainer asks her to complete 20 biceps curls. This exercise requires her to flex and extend her arm. Discuss how the biceps and triceps muscles work together to achieve this task.

The biceps and triceps act against one another to bend and straighten the elbow joint. To bend the elbow, the biceps contracts and the triceps relaxes. To straighten the elbow, the triceps contract and the biceps relax.

After digestion of the toast, glucose enters his bloodstream. Explain the role of hormones in causing the glucose to enter the cells of Kenrick's body.

The pancreas produces a hormone called insulin, a chemical messenger essential for the entry of glucose into cells

White blood cell function

They help the body fight infection and other diseases

Around 4:00 p.m., Kenrick begins to feel listless and suspects that it is as a result of not eating. Upon checking his blood glucose level, he realizes that it is very low. Explain what would take place in his body to raise his blood glucose level.

When blood sugar levels are too low, the pancreas releases glucagon. Glucagon instructs the liver to release stored glucose, which causes the body's blood sugar levels to rise.