HSS&101 CHAPTER 4 DOWNERS

35. Which of the following is true about the purity of heroin at the retail level? A. It increases the farther it is from the original source location. B. It varies from 10% to 70%. C. It is relatively constant because it is plant based and natural. D. It is neutralized when mixed with cocaine.

B. It varies from 10% to 70%.

39. Of 1,033 new drugs approved by the FDA between 1989 and 2000, what percentage showed no significant clinical improvement over older and cheaper drugs already in use?

C. more than 50%

42. Which of the following drugs is an opioid antagonist that may be used to prevent an opioid overdose? A. naloxone B. tramadol C. amphetamine D. methamphetamine

naloxone

12. Overdose deaths involving opioids most commonly include their combined use with other legal or licit substances like alcohol, benzodiazepines, or antidepressants.

true

13. One of the symptoms of chronic opiate use is itchy skin.

true

16. Drug tolerance to benzodiazepines develops in part due to the increased efficiency of the liver in processing (metabolizing) a drug that is used regularly.

true

18. Acute withdrawal from heroin is not as life-threatening as acute withdrawal from alcohol or sedative-hypnotics.

true

28. Death from depressants (e.g. opioids) overdose usually involves severe respiratory depression.

true

22. Z-hypnotics like Sonata, Ambien, and Imovane, are short-acting, but they are thought to have a higher risk of addiction than most benzodiazepines.

B. false

23. Benzodiazepines are used by sexual predators to increase sexual desires in their victims.

B. false

25. Heroin and morphine are considered long-acting opioids.

B. false

26. Alcohol is a major stimulant.

B. false

29. Opiate addiction was first documented about 100 years ago.

B. false

36. Why is it dangerous to combine an opioid with a downer like alcohol, barbiturates, or benzodiazepines?

A. because the combination of depressants increases the potential for respiratory depression, overdose, and death

19. Sedatives are medications used to induce sleep.

B. false

8. Human beings have naturally occurring (endogenous) opioids, which cause many of the same effects as those caused by taking opioid drugs (exogenous opioids).

true

2. The number of people in the United States who overdose on heroin is greater than the number who overdose on any other type of opioid, including hydrocodone, oxycodone, and methadone.

B. false

21. Addiction to and withdrawal from benzodiazepines is not generally severe.

B. false

5. An individual who is under the influence of heroin will have dilated pupils.

B. false

34. How long can withdrawal symptoms following detoxification and abstinence from long-acting opioids such as methadone persist?

C. for 14 days or more after detoxification

10. Opiates limit the release of and block receptors for substance P, which is the name of the neurotransmitter that transmits pain messages from nerve cell to nerve cell.

true

20. Benzodiazepine sedative-hypnotics generally have a higher margin of overdose safety than other drugs in this depressant category.

true

24. The major receptor sites for opioids are the mu, delta, kappa, and nociceptin.

true

40. Which of the following statements best describes the effects that depressants have on the the body due to its effects on the central nervous system? A. Depressants increase rate of breathing, blood pressure, and heart rate. B. Depressants decrease rate of breathing and heart rate. C. Depressants cause muscle rigidity and cramping. D. Depressants make people excited and alert.

B. Depressants decrease rate of breathing and heart rate.

41. Which of the following statements is true? A. Prescription drug abuse affects only a select social class. B. Most heroin abusers began by abusing prescription opioids. C. OxyContin affects the body in ways that are entirely different from heroin. D. Making prescription drugs available over the counter would reduce their abuse potential.

B. Most heroin abusers began by abusing prescription opioids.

3. Which of the following statements about opioids is true? A. Alcohol can help counteract the stimulant effects of opioids. B. There is almost no limit to the level of opioid tolerance a human can develop. C. Opioid use is self-limiting. D. Synthetic opiate prescription drugs, such as OxyContin, are not addictive.

B. There is almost no limit to the level of opioid tolerance a human can develop.

32. Which of the following correctly lists the three major classes of depressants? A. liquor, heroin, barbiturates B. alcohol, opiates, sedative-hypnotics C. opiates, opioids, heroin D. sedatives, hypnotics, alcohol

B. alcohol, opiates, sedative-hypnotics

1. The primary illegitimate source for obtaining prescription drugs, such as OxyContin, Vicodin, and Xanax, is over the Internet.

B. false

11. The "stop" switch in the brain, which tells your mind and body that it has had enough and functions to turn of the brain's "go switch", is located in the brain stem.

B. false

14. Opioids, particularly heroin, affect only a select few of the body's organs, mainly the heart, liver, and kidneys.

B. false

15. Opioids, such as hydrocodone (Vicodin), usually suppress nausea and vomiting.

B. false

17. Needing a dose of a drug just to feel "normal" is a sign of tolerance.

B. false

6. Depressants affect the central nervous system by elevating the user's blood pressure, pulse, heart rate, and respiration.

B. false

9. The majority of heroin available in the United States comes from Afghanistan.

B. false

38. The synergistic effect of drugs refers to

B. the combination of two or more depressant drugs, which magnifies their effect on the CNS

37. Of the following semi-synthetic/synthetic opiate drugs, which is not a correct match with the trade pharmaceutical name listed after it? A. oxycodone | Percodan, Percocet B. oxycodone | OxyContin C. diacetylmorphine | Suboxone D. hydrocodone | Vicodin

C. diacetylmorphine | Suboxone

3. Treatment for addiction to opiates requires a physiological and psychological process.

true

30. Heroin was first developed to be a non-addictive medical alternative to morphine.

true

31. Historically, most drug laws were made for political rather than medical considerations.

true

4. Using a needle continuously to inject drugs in the same blood vessels traumatizes them, causing them to become unusable for injection.

true

7. Tolerance to one type of depressant, such as alcohol, can lead to the development of cross-tolerance for another depressant, such as benzodiazepines.

true