HSTAA QUIZ # 3

Gettysburg Address

Civil wars bloodiest battle. Emphasizing liberty and nationhood. "Four score and Seven years ago...our fore fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal..."New sense of national destiny

First Battle of Bull Run

In Virginia, near the city of Manassas, not far from Washington, D.C. It was the first major battle of the American Civil War. The Union forces were slow in positioning themselves, allowing Confederate reinforcements time to arrive by rail. Each side had about 18,000 poorly trained and poorly led troops in their first battle. It was a Confederate victory followed by a disorganized retreat of the Union forces. 3,000 union soldiers wounded, dead, or captured. Confederate Generals: P.G.T. Beauregard and Joseph Johnson (reinforcements). Union Generals: Irvin McDowell, Robert Patterson

14th Amendment

Ratified in 1868 "All persons born or naturalized in the U.S and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the U.S and of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the U.S; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws." Native Americans excluded, not until 1924 would they be considered citizens

Andrew Johnson

(1808- 1875) was the 17th President of the United States, serving from 1865 to 1869. Johnson became president as he was Vice President at the time of President Abraham Lincoln's assassination. A Democrat who ran with Lincoln on the National Union ticket, Johnson came to office as the Civil War concluded. The new president favored quick restoration of the seceded states to the Union. His plans did not give protection to the former slaves, and he came into conflict with the Republican-dominated Congress, culminating in his impeachment by the House of Representatives. The first American president to be impeached, he was acquitted in the Senate by one vote. Johnson was born in poverty in Raleigh, North Carolina. Apprenticed as a tailor, he worked in several frontier. After brief service in the Tennessee Senate, Johnson was elected to the federal House of Representatives in 1843, where he served five two-year terms. He became Governor of Tennessee for four years, and was elected by the legislature to the Senate in 1857. In his congressional service, he sought passage of the Homestead Bill, which was enacted soon after he left his Senate seat in 1862. As Southern states, including Tennessee, seceded to form the Confederate States of America, Johnson remained firmly with the Union. In 1862, Lincoln appointed him as military governor of Tennessee after it had been retaken. In 1864, Johnson, as a War Democrat and Southern Unionist, was a logical choice as running mate for Lincoln, who wished to send a message of national unity in his re-election campaign; their ticket easily won. Johnson was sworn in as vice president in March 1865, giving a rambling and possibly drunken speech, and he then secluded himself to avoid public ridicule. Six weeks later, the assassination of Lincoln made him president. Johnson implemented his own form of Presidential Reconstruction - a series of proclamations directing the seceded states to hold conventions and elections to re-form their civil governments. When Southern states returned many of their old leaders, and passed Black Codes to deprive the freedmen of many civil liberties, Congress refused to seat legislators from those states and advanced legislation to overrule the Southern actions. Johnson vetoed their bills, and Congress overrode him, setting a pattern for the remainder of his presidency. Johnson opposed the Fourteenth Amendment, which gave citizenship to African-Americans. As the conflict between the branches of government grew, Congress passed the Tenure of Office Act, restricting Johnson in firing Cabinet officials. When he persisted in trying to dismiss Secretary of War Edwin Stanton, he was impeached by the House of Representatives, and narrowly avoided conviction in the Senate and removal from office. Returning to Tennessee after his presidency, Johnson sought political vindication, and gained it in his eyes when he was elected to the Senate again in 1875 (the only former president to serve there), just months before his death. Although Johnson's ranking has fluctuated over time, he is generally considered among the worst American presidents for his opposition to federally guaranteed rights for African Americans.

Irish Potato Famine

Beginning in 1845 and lasting for six years, killed over a million men, women and children in Ireland and caused another million to flee the country

Foreign Miner's Tax

Discriminatory taxes imposed by the state of California on Mexican and Asian miners.

Sharecropping

a system of agriculture in which a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crops produced on the land. Sharecropping has a long history and there are a wide range of different situations and types of agreements that have used a form of the system. Some are governed by tradition, and others by law.

Second Industrial Revolution 1817-1914

was a phase of the larger Industrial Revolution corresponding to the latter half of the 19th century, sometime bwtween 1840 and 1860 until World War I. It is considered to have begun around the time of the introduction of Bessemer steel in the 1850s and culminated in early factory electrification, mass production and the production line. It was characterized by the build out of railroads, large scale iron and steel production, widespread use of machinery in manufacturing, greatly increased use of steam power, use of oil, beginning of electricity and by electrical communications. The Second Industrial Revolution saw rapid industrial development, primarily in Germany and the United States

Emancipation Proclamation

was a presidential proclamation and executive order issued by President Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863, as a war measure during the American Civil War, directed to all of the areas in rebellion and all segments of the executive branch (including the Army and Navy) of the United States.[1] It proclaimed the freedom of slaves in the ten states that were still in rebellion.[2] Because it was issued under the President's war powers, it necessarily excluded areas not in rebellion - it applied to more than 3 million of the 4 million slaves in the U.S. at the time. The Proclamation was based on the president's constitutional authority as commander in chief of the armed forces;[3] it was not a law passed by Congress. The Proclamation also ordered that suitable persons among those freed could be enrolled into the paid service of United States' forces, and ordered the Union Army (and all segments of the Executive branch) to "recognize and maintain the freedom of" the ex-slaves. The Proclamation did not compensate the owners, did not outlaw slavery, and did not grant citizenship to the ex-slaves (called freedmen). It made the eradication of slavery an explicit war goal, in addition to the goal of reuniting the Union. Around 20,000 to 50,000 slaves in regions where rebellion had already been subdued were immediately emancipated. It could not be enforced in areas still under rebellion, but as the Union army took control of Confederate regions, the Proclamation provided the legal framework for freeing more than 3 million slaves in those regions. Prior to the Proclamation, in accordance with the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, escaped slaves were either returned to their masters or held in camps as contraband for later return. The Proclamation applied only to slaves in Confederate-held lands; it did not apply to those in the four slave states that were not in rebellion (Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware, and Missouri, which were unnamed), nor to Tennessee (unnamed but occupied by Union troops since 1862) and lower Louisiana (also under occupation), and specifically excluded those counties of Virginia soon to form the state of West Virginia. Also specifically excluded (by name) were some regions already controlled by the Union army. Emancipation in those places would come after separate state actions and/or the December 1865 ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment, which made slavery and indentured servitude, except for those duly convicted of a crime, illegal everywhere subject to United States jurisdiction. On September 22, 1862, Lincoln had issued a preliminary proclamation that he would order the emancipation of all slaves in any state (or part of a state) that did not end their rebellion against the Union by January 1, 1863. None of the Confederate states restored themselves to the Union, and Lincoln's order, signed and issued January 1, 1863, took effect. The Emancipation Proclamation outraged white Southerners who envisioned a race war, angered some Northern Democrats, energized anti-slavery forces, and undermined forces in Europe that wanted to intervene to help the Confederacy. The Proclamation lifted the spirits of African Americans both free and slave. It led many slaves to escape from their masters and get to Union lines to obtain their freedom. The Emancipation Proclamation broadened the goals of the Civil War. While slavery had been a major issue that led to the war, Lincoln's only mission at the start of the war was to maintain the Union. The Proclamation made freeing the slaves an explicit goal of the Union war effort, and was a step toward abolishing slavery and conferring full citizenship upon ex-slaves. Establishing the abolition of slavery as one of the two primary war goals served to deter intervention by Britain and France

Border Ruffians

were pro-slavery activists from the slave state of Missouri, who in 1854 to 1860 crossed the state border into Kansas Territory, to force the acceptance of slavery there. The name was applied by Free-State settlers in Kansas and abolitionists throughout the North.

1912 elections

Progressivism also political party Theodore Roosevelt- Bull Moose Roosevelt 1st presidency 1901-1908. Woodrow Wilson (D) won presidential election. Roosevelt and Taft split the Republican vote

Chinese Exclusion Act, 1882

Was a United States federal law signed by President Chester A. Arthur on May 6, 1882. It was one of the most significant restrictions on free immigration in US history, prohibiting all immigration of Chinese laborers. The act was initially intended to last for 10 years, but was renewed in 1892 and made permanent in 1902. The Act was the first law implemented to prevent a specific ethnic group from immigrating to the United States. It was finally repealed by the Magnuson Act on December 17, 1943.

Homestead Strike

was an industrial lockout and strike which began on June 30, 1892, culminating in a battle between strikers and private security agents (Pinkerton) on July 6, 1892. The dispute occurred at the Homestead Steel Works in the Pittsburgh area town of Homestead, Pennsylvania, between the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers (the AA) and the Carnegie Steel Company. The final result was a major defeat for the union and a setback for their efforts to unionize steelworkers.

Farmer's Alliance

was an organized agrarian economic movement among American farmers that developed and flourished in the 1870s and 1880s. The movement included several parallel but independent political organizations — the National Farmers' Alliance and Industrial Union among the white farmers of the South, the National Farmers' Alliance among the white and black farmers of the Midwest and High Plains, where the Granger movement had been strong, and the Colored Farmers' National Alliance and Cooperative Union, consisting of the African American farmers of the South. One of the goals of the organization was to end the adverse effects of the crop-lien system on farmers in the period following the American Civil War. The Alliance also generally supported the government regulation of the transportation industry, establishment of an income tax to restrict speculative profits, and the adoption of an inflationary relaxation of the nation's money supply as a means of easing the burden of repayment of loans by debtors. The Farmers' Alliance moved into politics in the early 1890s under the banner of the People's Party, commonly known as the "Populists."

Fugitive Slave Act

1850, outraged many northerners It required that all escaped slaves were, upon capture, to be returned to their masters and that officials and citizens of free states had to cooperate in this law. US commissioners (not juries), Ordinary people Commissioners got paid $10 for slaves, $5 for free

Coolie Labor

During the 19th and early 20th century, was a pejorative term for an unskilled laborer, mainly Chinese workers who were brought to the U.S on contract. United States began using them in 1865 on the First Transcontinental Railroad construction. These workers were deceived about their terms of employment to a much greater extent than their Indian counterparts, and consequently, there was a much higher level of Chinese emigration during this period. Superior workers for sugar production

Conscription Act

During the Civil War, the U.S. Congress passes an act that produces the first wartime draft of U.S. citizens in American history. The act called for registration of all males between the ages of 20 and 45, including aliens with the intention of becoming citizens, by April 1. Exemptions from the draft could be bought for $300 or by finding a substitute draftee. This clause led to bloody draft riots in New York City, where protesters were outraged that exemptions were effectively granted only to the wealthiest U.S. citizens. During the Civil War, the government of the Confederate States of America also enacted a compulsory military draft.

Expansion of Federal Power

Homestead Act- 500,000 families received land. The first of the acts, the Homestead Act of 1862, was signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln on May 20, 1862. Anyone who had never taken up arms against the U.S. government (including freed slaves and women), was 21 years or older, or the head of a family, could file an application to claim a federal land grant.---to farm land Land Grant for internal improvements (Transcontinental railroad), Union Pacific and Central Pacific

The Protectors of Our Industries (image)

ghese cartoons illustrate the growing hostility toward the practices of the big businesses that fueled the industrial development of the United States. In "The Protectors of Our Industries" (1883), railroad magnates Jay Gould and Cornelius Vanderbilt, department store tycoon Marshall Field, and financier Russell Sage are buoyed from the rising tide of "hard times" on the backs of workers, whose low wages are on display.

Black Enlistment

is marked by 186,097 (7,122 officers, 178,975 enlisted/soldiers & sailors) African Americans comprising 163 units who served in the United States Army, then nicknamed the "Union Army" during the Civil War. Later in the War many regiments were recruited and organized as the "United States Colored Troops" which reinforced the Northern side substantially in the last two years. Many more African Americans served in the United States Navy also known as the "Union Navy" and formed a large percentage of many ships' crews. Both free African Americans and runaway slaves joined the fight. On the Confederate/Southern side, both free and slave Blacks were used for manual labor, but the issue of whether to arm them, and under what terms, became a major source of debate within the Confederate Congress, the President's Cabinet, and C.S. War Department staff. They were authorized in the last month of the War in March 1865, to recruit, train and arm slaves, but no significant numbers were ever raised or recruited.

Slaveocracy

people angered with disproportion of influence and power slaveholders held in national politics

Bleeding Kansas, 1855-56

was a series of violent political confrontations in the United States involving anti-slavery Free-Soilers (opposed slavery and opposed any blacks in the state) and pro-slavery "Border Ruffian" elements, that took place in the Kansas Territory and the neighboring towns of the state of Missouri between 1854 and 1861. The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 called for "popular sovereignty"—that is, the decision about slavery was to be made by the settlers (rather than outsiders). It would be decided by votes—or more exactly which side had more votes counted by officials. At the heart of the conflict was the question of whether Kansas would allow or outlaw slavery, and thus enter the Union as a slave state or a free state. Pro-slavery forces said every settler had the right to bring his own property, including slaves, into the territory. Anti-slavery "free soil" forces said the rich slaveholders would buy up all the good farmland and work them with black slaves, leaving little or no opportunity for non-slaveholders. As such, Bleeding Kansas was a proxy war between anti-slavery forces in the North and pro-slavery forces from the South over the issue of slavery in the United States. The term "Bleeding Kansas" was coined by Republican Horace Greeley, editor of the New York Tribune; its violence indicated that compromise was unlikely and thus it presaged the Civil War.

Andrew Carnegie/ Carnegie Steel

was a steel producing company created by Andrew Carnegie to manage business at his steel mills in the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania area in the late 19th century. (1835-1919) a Scottish American industrialist who led the enormous expansion of the American steel industry in the late 19th century. He was also one of the highest profile philanthropists of his era and, by the time of his death, he had given away to charities and foundations about $350 million (in 2015, $4.76 billion) - almost 90 percent of his fortune. His 1889 article proclaiming "The Gospel of Wealth" called on the rich to use their wealth to improve society, and it stimulated a wave of philanthropy. Carnegie was born in Dunfermline, Scotland, and emigrated to the United States with his very poor parents in 1848. Carnegie started work as a telegrapher and by the 1860s had investments in railroads, railroad sleeping cars, bridges and oil derricks. He accumulated further wealth as a bond salesman raising money for American enterprise in Europe. He built Pittsburgh's Carnegie Steel Company, which he sold to J.P. Morgan in 1901 for $480 million (in 2015, $13.6 billion), creating the U.S. Steel Corporation. Carnegie devoted the remainder of his life to large-scale philanthropy, with special emphasis on local libraries, world peace, education and scientific research

John Brown's Raid on Harper's Ferry, Virginia, 1859

"Strike terror in hears of the pro-slavery people." Intensely religious, militant abolitionist. By October, 22 men had joined John Brown on his raid. Captured federal arsenal. 10 had died, 5 including Brown were captured. Brown's raid and execution- 6 weeks. Abolitionists made martyr out of John Brown. Northerners felt Brown did not receive justice. Direct confrontation possible---turned many northerners to militant abolitionism

Elizabeth Keckley

(1818-1907) was a former slave who became a successful seamstress, civil activist and author in Washington, DC. She was best known as the personal modiste and confidante of Mary Todd Lincoln, the First Lady. Keckley had moved to Washington in 1860 after buying her freedom and that of her son in St. Louis. She created an independent business in the capital based on clients who were the wives of the government elite. Among them were Varina Davis, wife of Jefferson Davis; and Mary Anna Custis Lee, wife of Robert E. Lee. After the American Civil War, Keckley wrote and published an autobiography, Behind the Scenes: Or, Thirty Years a Slave and Four Years in the White House (1868). It was both a slave narrative and a portrait of the First Family, especially Mary Todd Lincoln, and considered controversial for breaking privacy about them. It was also her claim as a businesswoman to be part of the new mixed-race, educated middle-class that were visible among the leadership of the black community.Keckley's relationship with Mary Todd Lincoln, the President's wife, was notable for its personal quality and intimacy, as well as its endurance over time.

Ulysses S. Grant

(1822-1885) was the 18th President of the United States (1869-1877). In 1865, as Commanding General, Grant led the Union Army to victory over the Confederacy in the American Civil War. He then implemented Congressional Reconstruction, often at odds with President Andrew Johnson. Twice elected president, Grant led the Republicans in their effort to remove the vestiges of Confederate nationalism and slavery, protect African American citizenship, and defeat the Ku Klux Klan. Grant graduated in 1843 from the United States Military Academy at West Point and served in the Mexican-American War. When the Civil War began in 1861, he rejoined the U.S. Army. In 1862, Grant took control of Kentucky and most of Tennessee, and led Union forces to victory in the Battle of Shiloh, earning a reputation as an aggressive commander. He incorporated displaced African American slaves into the Union war effort. In July 1863, after a series of coordinated battles, Grant defeated Confederate armies and seized Vicksburg, giving the Union control of the Mississippi River and dividing the Confederacy in two. After his victories in the Chattanooga Campaign, President Abraham Lincoln promoted him to lieutenant general and Commanding General of the United States. Grant confronted Robert E. Lee in a series of bloody battles in 1864, trapping Lee's army at Petersburg, Virginia. During the siege, Grant coordinated a series of devastating campaigns in other theaters. The war ended shortly after Lee's surrender to Grant at Appomattox. Historians have hailed Grant's military genius, and his strategies are featured in military history textbooks, but a minority contend that he won by brute force rather than superior strategy.After the Civil War, Grant led the army's supervision of Reconstruction in the former Confederate states. Elected president in 1868 and reelected in 1872, Grant stabilized the nation during the turbulent Reconstruction period, enforced civil and voting rights laws, and ordered prosecutions of Ku Klux Klan members. He used the army to build the Republican Party in the South, based on black voters, Northern newcomers ("Carpetbaggers"), and native Southern white supporters ("Scalawags"). After the disenfranchisement of some former Confederates, Republicans gained majorities and African Americans were elected to Congress and high state offices.

Hiram Revels

(1827-1901) was a minister in the African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME), a Republican politician, and college administrator. Born free in North Carolina, he later lived and worked in Ohio, where he voted before the Civil War. He was elected as the first African American to serve in the United States Senate, and in the U.S. Congress overall. He represented Mississippi in the Senate in 1870 and 1871 during the Reconstruction era. During the American Civil War, he had helped organize two regiments of the United States Colored Troops and served as a chaplain. After serving in the Senate, Revels was appointed as the first president of Alcorn Agricultural and Mechanical College (now Alcorn State University), 1871-1873 and 1876 to 1882. Later he served again as a minister.

Jane Addams

(1860 - 1935) was a pioneer American settlement social worker, public philosopher, sociologist, author, and leader in women's suffrage and world peace. In an era when presidents such as Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson identified themselves as reformers and social activists, Addams was one of the most prominent reformers of the Progressive Era. She helped turn America to issues of concern to mothers, such as the needs of children, local public health, and world peace. She said that if women were to be responsible for cleaning up their communities and making them better places to live, they needed to be able to vote to do so effectively. Addams became a role model for middle-class women who volunteered to uplift their communities. She is is recognized as the founder of the social work profession in the United States. Hull House, 1889, "There is nothing after disease, indigence and guilt so fatal to life itself as the want of a proper outlet for active faculties" "Our American citizenship might be built without disturbing these foundation which were laid of old time." Example of Progressivism

The Ignorant Vote

A full-page cover by Thomas Nast appeared a few weeks after the presidential election. It is notable because of the derogatory black caricature by the artist and its placement on the cover of Harper's Weekly. Nast had been an abolitionist and a strong defender of black civil rights during Reconstruction, positions in line with the rest of the publication since late 1863. The artist's previous depiction of blacks was almost uniformly dignified, humane, and sympathetic. Here, however, the black man is a barefooted buffoon who is unfit to vote. During the 1876 campaign Republican politicians continued to "wave the bloody flag"-that is, to associate the Democratic party with the Confederate cause and with opposition to Reconstruction policies. Pro-Republican cartoonists often accomplished that by portraying the violence that black Americans faced in the South. Unlike other Harper's Weekly cartoonists and his own previous work, Nast did not detail the plight of black Americans in 1876. Instead, he linked Tilden to Tammany Hall and other corrupt ventures, pointed out the conflicting positions of Tilden and Hendricks, and raised the specter of the Catholic Church as a threat to public education. Nast's belittling sketch of an ape-like Irish-American Catholic, on the other hand, is a typical stereotype used by Nast and other Harper's Weekly cartoonists over the years. The newspaper was vehemently opposed to what it believed was the increasing political and social influence of the Roman Catholic Church in the United States. The difference in this cartoon is that Nast now considers the black vote in the South to be equally inferior with the Irish vote in the North.

Practical Illustration of the Fugitive Slave Law

A political cartoon produced in 1851 depicts the antagonism antislavery activists directed toward Daniel Webster, a New England politician who supported the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, legislation that allocated increased federal resources to help return escaped slaves to their owners. Abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison (at left) protects an escaped slave and points a pistol at a slave catcher sitting atop Webster, who was then serving as secretary of state. The slave catcher, armed with a noose and manacles, says, "Do'nt back out Webster, if you do we're ruind." Webster, clutching a copy of the Constitution in one hand, comments, "This, though Constitutional, is 'extremely disagreeable.'" A man behind the slave catcher holds two volumes titled Law & Gospel and says, "We will give these fellows a touch of South Carolina." Another man, in a top hat and carrying a ledger book and quill pen, says, "I goes in for Law & Order." The "Temple of Liberty" stands in the background, and in front of it, a well-dressed former slave takes a whip to his old master and tells him, "It's my turn now Old Slave Driver." Another beaten slaveholder lies prostrate on the ground; a caption next to him reads, "This is all your fault Webster." The cartoon was probably produced in Boston, where there was strong opposition to the Fugitive Slave Act.

The caning of Sumner, May 1856

Charles Sumner- free soil abolitionist, delivered two-day tirade against south, throughout his speech he insulted the South- "rape of Kansas" Sumner attacked some Senators personally- Andrew Butlers "slavery was his mistress" then Butler's cousin Preston Brooks beat Sumner with his cane. "barbarism of slavery"

Twenty Negro Law

Confederacy raised age of eligibility to 45 years old. An exemption that allowed white men on plantation with 20 or more slaves to avoid military service. The law came to embody everything that was wrong with the war

Rich Man's War, Poor Man's Fight"

Conscription exempted state and federal officials, farmers, teachers, etc.... Southern men opened false businesses in order to be exempt from conscription. Could hire a replacement or pay a fee to get out of military service. Prevalence of substitution gave rise to the cry of "rich mans war, poor man's fight". The irony is that the legislation that supported the conscription act created a strong centralized state government (to protect loyalist vision of the nation) which is ironic to the reason the confederate went to war in the first place (states rights)

Why they fought

Country divided between state and free states. Sentiments of reform. Question of expansion of slavery into new territories. Violence (bleeding Kansas, caning of Sumner, Raid on Harpers Ferry). Outrage over Dred Scott decision. Laws that were not supported by all. South felt that they had a right to secede and keep slavery safe. Ills w/ slavery. People upset with slave-ocracy---thought there was a conspiracy for a slaveholding U.S—did not want powerful slave-owners to control future of national politics. Disagreement on fundamental concept of expanding slavery into new territories. South threatened by gradual emancipation—infringing on "rights" (South) Slave rights, protecting white women, South represented safety of white families . Feared prospect of northern invasion, feared social changes that came with abolitionism

Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854

Created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, opening new lands for settlement, and had the effect of repealing the Missouri Compromise of 1820 by allowing white male settlers in those territories to determine through popular sovereignty whether they would allow slavery within each territory. The act was designed by Democratic Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois. The initial purpose was to open up many thousands of new farms and make feasible a Midwestern Transcontinental Railroad. It became a problem when popular sovereignty was written into the proposal so that the voters of the moment would decide whether slavery would be allowed or not. The result was that pro- and anti-slavery elements flooded into Kansas with the goal of voting slavery up or down, leading to Bleeding Kansas. - created a lot of abolitionists

American Federation of Labor (AFL)

Founded in 1886, first federation of labor unions. Headed by Samuel Gompers as the first federation of labor unions in the United States. It was founded in Columbus, Ohio, in May 1886 by an alliance of craft unions disaffected from the Knights of Labor, a national labor association. Samuel Gompers of the Cigar Makers' International Union was elected president of the Federation at its founding convention and was reelected every year except one until his death in 1924. The AFL was the largest union grouping in the United States for the first half of the 20th century, even after the creation of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) by unions that were expelled by the AFL in 1935 over its opposition to industrial unionism. While the Federation was founded and dominated by craft unions throughout the first fifty years of its existence, many of its craft union affiliates turned to organizing on an industrial union basis to meet the challenge from the CIO in the 1940s

Black Codes

Laws designed to restrict freedom of black labor force and to keep free black people as close to former slave status as possible Replaced slave-owner with state Forced apprenticeship of black children. Yearly labor contract Vagrancy broadly defined. No black ownership/ rental of land. No interracial marriages. Only testify against other blacks in court. No firearms, cruelty to animals, seditious speeches, insulting gestures were laws passed by Southern states in 1865 and 1866, after the Civil War. These laws had the intent and the effect of restricting African Americans' freedom, and of compelling them to work in a labor economy based on low wages or debt.Since the early 1800s, many laws in both North and South discriminated systematically against free Blacks. In the South, "slave codes" placed significant restrictions on Black Americans who were not themselves slaves. A major purpose of these laws was maintenance of the system of white supremacy that made slavery possible.These codes were modeled after the slave codes that were placed before the civil war. These codes not only restricted the lives of many African Americans, but also created a physical separation between blacks and whites that had not existed before the war. Although African Americans were now legally free, this freedom meant nothing with the black codes in law.

Lincoln and the Slaves

Lincoln often expressed moral opposition to slavery in public and private. Initially, he expected to bring about the eventual extinction of slavery by stopping its further expansion into any U.S. territory, and by proposing compensated emancipation (an offer Congress applied to Washington, D.C.) in his early presidency. Lincoln stood by the Republican Party platform in 1860, which stated that slavery should not be allowed to expand into any more territories. Lincoln believed that the extension of slavery in the South, Mid-west, and Western lands would inhibit "free labor on free soil". In the 1850s, Lincoln was politically attacked as an abolitionist, but he did not consider himself one; he did not call for the immediate end of slavery everywhere in the U.S. until the proposed 13th Amendment became part of his party platform for the 1864 election. In 1842, Abraham Lincoln married Mary Todd, who was a daughter of a prominent slave-owning family from Kentucky. Lincoln returned to the political stage as a result of the 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act and soon became a leading opponent of the "Slaveocracy"—that is the political power of the southern slave owners. The 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act, written to form the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, included language, designed by Stephen A. Douglas, which allowed the settlers to decide whether they would or would not accept slavery in their region. Lincoln saw this as a repeal of the 1820 Missouri Compromise which had outlawed slavery above the 36-30' parallel. During the American Civil War, Lincoln used the war powers of the presidency to issue the Emancipation Proclamation, which declared "all persons held as slaves within any State or designated part of a State, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free" but exempted border states and those areas of slave states already under Union control. As a practical matter, at first the Proclamation could only be enforced to free those slaves who had already escaped to the Union side. However, millions more were freed as more areas of the South came under Union control. Lincoln pursued various plans to colonize free Blacks outside the United States, but none of these had a major effect.

First Reconstruction Act/ Military Occupation

Passed into law on March 2, 1867 over the veto of President Andrew Johnson. The act applied to all the ex-Confederate states in the South, except Tennessee who had already ratified the Fourteenth Amendment. It split the states into five military districts, each under the control of a Northern General whose responsibility it was to protect life and property. The First Reconstruction Act also demanded the need for new state delegates and constitutions, the ratification of the Fourteenth amendment, and the provisions of equal rights for each citizen. The most radical aspect of the Act was the enfranchisement of all citizens, except ex-Confederates, and so provided for the coming of black suffrage. The President attempted to veto the bill, for he regarded it as unconstitutional. In his eyes, the act denied the states a legal government, and therefore did not provide for the protection of rights and property. Johnson saw Reconstruction as the means to establish peace between the North and South, and resume normal relations. However, like many in the South, he saw the Act as antagonistic and contradictive of this aim. Johnson, and the South, also saw the danger in the power bestowed on the military commanders. To them it appeared as if Congress were attempting to establish a military monarchy in the South, in which the will of the commander was law, and in which cruelty against the South could be exercised at a whim. The commander could condemn a person to death without trial, determine the rights of property and the person, and dispose of land and goods. The South considered this their eventual, long feared subjugation to the North. The First Reconstruction act raised further difficulties. Firstly, it took away the equality and validity of the Southern states to which it applied, yet it demanded that they ratified the Fourteenth amendment. Southern politicians argued that Congress had illegally passed the act due to the lack of representation of Southern states. The Southern states were left inactive as neither the military commanders nor the new delegates knew if their role included the responsibility to act in accordance to the law. The bill reduced the secessionist states to little more than conquered territory, dividing them into five military districts, each governed by a Union general. Congress declared martial law in the territories, dispatching troops to keep the peace and protect former slaves. Congress also declared that southern states needed to redraft their constitutions, ratify the Fourteenth Amendment, and provide suffrage to blacks in order to seek readmission into the Union.

Dred Scott v. Sanford, 1857

Slave from Maryland Did residence in a free sate make Scott free? Did Scott, a slave and a black person, have the right to sue? Did Congress have the authority to ban slavery in the territories, as it had done in 1820s. Scott had lived with his slave owner, Dr. John Emerson, in states and territories where slavery was illegal according to both state laws and the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, including Illinois and Minnesota (which was then part of the Wisconsin Territory). The United States Supreme Court decided 7-2 against Scott, finding that neither he nor any other person of African ancestry could claim citizenship in the United States, and therefore Scott could not bring suit in federal court under diversity of citizenship rules. Moreover, Scott's temporary residence outside Missouri did not bring about his emancipation under the Missouri Compromise, which the court ruled unconstitutional as it would improperly deprive Scott's owner of his legal property. While Chief Justice Roger B. Taney had hoped to settle issues related to slavery and Congressional authority by this decision, it aroused public outrage and deepened sectional tensions between the northern and southern U.S. states. President Abraham Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation in 1863, and the post-Civil War Thirteenth, Fourteenth and Fifteenth amendments nullified the decision. The ruling did not establish slavery in the new territories, nor did it outlaw it. Gave credibility to the claim that there was a national conspiracy by the slaveocracy to have slavery in every state across the country-

The Compromise of 1850

The Compromise of 1850 consists of five laws passed in September of 1850 that dealt with the issue of slavery. In 1849 California requested permission to enter the Union as a free state, potentially upsetting the balance between the free and slave states in the U.S. Senate. Senator Henry Clay introduced a series of resolutions on January 29, 1850, in an attempt to seek a compromise and avert a crisis between North and South. As part of the Compromise of 1850, the Fugitive Slave Act was amended and the slave trade in Washington, D.C., was abolished. Furthermore, California entered the Union as a free state and a territorial government was created in Utah. Also, an act was passed settling a boundary dispute between Texas and New Mexico that also established a territorial government in New Mexico.

Twelve Hundred More (song)

The news that's goin' round? Another China steamer Has been landed here in town. Today I read the papers, And it grieved my heart full sore To see upon the title page, 0, just "Twelve Hundred More!" 0, California's coming down, As you can plainly see. They are hiring all the Chinamen and discharging you and me; But strife will be in every town Throughout the Pacific shore, There was more to the anti-Chinese movement than jobs were hard to find. The nativist view, that America should remain a white, Protestant country, had found widespread support by now. Many whites considered the Chinese to be racially inferior and incapable of assimilation.

The Election of Abraham Lincoln

The very last straw for South—election of Lincoln to presidency without carrying a single slaveholding state. Lincoln supported gradual emancipation, against expansion of slavery, saw an eventual end of slavery which threatened the South. South Carolina 1st state to secede, on Feb 9, 1861 newly formed confederacy government elected Jefferson Davis as President of the Confederacy

Anaconda Plan

Union strategy plan to constrict south by blocking the south at sea and the Mississippi river. By 1864 Anaconda plan was abandoned, Grant in command of all armies and William T. Sherman's march to the sea.

3/5s compromise

Was a compromise reached between delegates from southern states and those from the northern states during the 1787 U.S constitutional convention. The debate was over if, and if so, how, slaves would be counted when determining a states total population for legislative representation and taxing purposes. The compromise was one slave was determined to equal 3/5 of a person when considering the population of a state The issue was important, as this population number would then be used to determine the number of seats that the state would have in the United States House of Representatives for the next ten years, and to determine what percentage of the nation's direct tax burden the state would have to bear. The compromise was proposed by delegates James Wilson and Roger Sherman. A compromise which was finally agreed upon—of counting "all other persons" as only three-fifths of their actual numbers—reduced the representation of the slave states relative to the original proposals, but improved it over the Northern position.[1] An inducement for slave states to accept the Compromise was its tie to taxation in the same ratio, so that the burden of taxation on the slave states was also reduced

Radical Republicans

Were a faction of American politicians within the Republican Party from about 1854 (before the American Civil War) until the end of Reconstruction in 1877. They were opposed during the war by the Moderate Republicans (led by Abraham Lincoln), by the Conservative Republicans, and by the pro-slavery Democratic Party. After the war, the Radicals were opposed by self-styled "conservatives" (in the South) and "liberals" (in the North). Radicals strongly opposed slavery during the war and after the war distrusted ex-Confederates, demanding harsh policies for the former rebels, and emphasizing civil rights and voting rights for freedmen (recently freed slaves). During the war, Radical Republicans often opposed Lincoln in terms of selection of generals (especially his choice of Democrat George B. McClellan for top command) and his efforts to bring states back into the Union. The Radicals passed their own reconstruction plan through Congress in 1864, but Lincoln vetoed it and was putting his own policies in effect when he was assassinated in 1865.[2] Radicals pushed for the uncompensated abolition of slavery, while Lincoln wanted to pay slave owners who were loyal to the union. After the war, the Radicals demanded civil rights for freedmen, such as measures ensuring suffrage. They initiated the Reconstruction Acts, and limited political and voting rights for ex-Confederates. They bitterly fought President Andrew Johnson; they weakened his powers and attempted to remove him from office through impeachment (they were one vote short). The Radicals were vigorously opposed by the Democratic Party and often by moderate and Liberal Republicans as well.

Bread Riots

Were events of civil unrest in the Confederacy, perpetrated mostly by women in March and April 1863. During these riots, which occurred in cities throughout the South, women and men violently invaded and looted various shops and stores.The riots were triggered by the women's lack of money, provisions, and food; all of which were the result of these factors: Foraging armies, both Union and Confederate, ravaged crops and devoured farm animals. Inflation created by the Confederate government was staggering.The drought of 1862 created a poor harvest that did not yield enough in a time when food was already scarce. Salt, which at the time was the only practical meat preservative, was very expensive (if available at all) because it was generally an imported item. The Union blockade prevented imports, and the capture of Avery Island, with its salt-mine, exacerbated the problem.

Populism

an idea, a movement, "a believer in the rights, wisdom, or virtues of the common people"A political party, the Peoples party (1892-1896) Opposed Stateism Populist- Mostly northern workers and southern farmers

Free Soilers

anti-slavery, Opposed slavery and opposed any blacks in the state. The party leadership consisted of former anti-slavery members of the Whig Party and the Democratic Party. Its main purpose was opposing the expansion of slavery into the western territories, arguing that free men on free soil comprised a morally and economically superior system to slavery.

Settlement House Movement

as a reformist social movement, beginning in the 1880s and peaking around the 1920s in England and the US, with a goal of getting the rich and poor in society to live more closely together in an interdependent community. Its main object was the establishment of houses in poor urban areas, in which volunteer middle-class "settlement workers" would live, hoping to share knowledge and culture with, and alleviate the poverty of, their low-income neighbors. They provided services such as daycare, education, and healthcare to improve the lives of the poor in these areas.Child care, bath houses, music, art and sports enrichment activities for children, classes for adults immigrants could learn housekeeping etc.. and provided basic medical care. Advocated for open space for children to play in- existence of playgroundsThe work of establishing these settlement houses were done by young, educated white women These progressive women really reimagined the place of women in a larger society. They feminized the public space. All before the 19th amendment. Women were voting in a lot of state and municipal elections. Would flourish from 1895-1935. Example of Progressivism

Knights of Labor

as the largest and one of the most important American labor organizations of the 1880s. Its most important leader was Terence V. Powderly. The Knights promoted the social and cultural uplift of the workingman, rejected Socialism and radicalism, demanded the eight-hour day, and promoted the producers ethic of republicanism. In some cases it acted as a labor union, negotiating with employers, but it was never well organized, and after a rapid expansion in the mid-1880s, it suddenly lost its new members and became a small operation again. It was established in 1869, reached 28,000 members in 1880, then jumped to 100,000 in 1884. Then it ballooned to nearly 800,000 members in 1886, but its frail organizational structure could not cope as it was battered by charges of failure and violence and calumnies of the association with the Haymarket Square riot. Most members abandoned the movement in 1886-87, leaving at most 100,000 in 1890.Furthermore, the economic depression (the Panic of 1893),terminated the Knights of Labor's importance.

15th Amendment

the United States Constitution prohibits the federal and state governments from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that citizen's "race, color, or previous condition of servitude." It was ratified on February 3, 1870, as the third and last of the Reconstruction Amendments. In the final years of the American Civil War and the Reconstruction Era that followed, Congress repeatedly debated the rights of the millions of black former slaves. By 1869, amendments had been passed to abolish slavery and provide citizenship and equal protection under the laws, but the election of Ulysses S. Grant to the presidency in 1868 convinced a majority of Republicans that protecting the franchise of black voters was important for the party's future. After rejecting more sweeping versions of a suffrage amendment, Congress proposed a compromise amendment banning franchise restrictions on the basis of race, color, or previous servitude on February 26, 1869. The amendment survived a difficult ratification fight and was adopted on March 30, 1870.

The Freedmen's Bureau

was a U.S. federal government agency that aided distressed freedmen (freed slaves) during the Reconstruction era of the United States. The Freedmen's Bureau Bill, which established the Freedmen's Bureau on March 3, 1865, was initiated by President Abraham Lincoln and was intended to last for one year after the end of the Civil War.[2] The Freedmen's Bureau was an important agency of the early Reconstruction, assisting freedmen in the South. The Bureau was part of the United States Department of War. Headed by Union Army General Oliver O. Howard, the Bureau started operations in 1865. Throughout the first year, it became clear that these tasks were more difficult than had been previously believed as conservative Southerners established Black Codes detrimental to African-American civil rights. Not withstanding, the Bureau's powers were expanded to help find lost families for African Americans and teach them to read and write so they could better themselves. Bureau agents also served as legal advocates for African Americans in both local and national courts, mostly in cases dealing with family issues. The Bureau encouraged former plantation owners to rebuild their plantations, urged freed Blacks to gain employment, kept an eye on contracts between labor and management, and pushed both whites and blacks to work together as employers and employees rather than as masters and as slaves.In 1866, Congress renewed the charter for the Bureau, which President Andrew Johnson vetoed because he felt that it encroached into states' rights, used the military in peacetime, and would keep freed slaves from becoming independent. By 1869, the Bureau had lost most of its funding and as a result been forced to cut much of its staff. By 1870 the Bureau had been considerably weakened due to the rise of Ku Klux Klan violence in the South. In 1872, Congress abruptly abandoned and shut down the Bureau, without informing Howard, who had been controversially transferred to Arizona by President Ulysess S. Grant to settle hostilities between the Apache Indians and settlers. Grant's Secretary of War William W. Belknap, was hostile to Howard's leadership and authority at the Bureau. Howard had approved of the closure, believing the Bureau to be temporary, but he was upset that he had not been at his office in Washington D.C. when the Bureau closed

Contrabands

was a term commonly used in the United States military during the American Civil War to describe a new status for certain escaped slaves or those who affiliated with Union forces. The Army (and the United States Congress) determined that the US would not return escaped slaves who went to Union lines and classified them as contraband. They used many as laborers to support Union efforts and soon began to pay them wages. The former slaves set up camps near Union forces, and the Army helped support and educate both adults and children among the refugees. Thousands of men from these camps enlisted in the United States Colored Troops when recruitment started in 1863. At war's end, more than 100 contraband camps existed in the South, including the Freedmen's Colony of Roanoke Island, where 3500 former slaves worked to develop a self-sufficient community. As Union armies moved into the South, thousands of slaves fled to their camps. Although some Union officers sent them back to their masters, others allowed them to remain with their troops, using them as a work force and dubbing them "_____ of war."

Missouri Compromise

was an effort by Congress to defuse the sectional and political rivalries triggered by the request of Missouri late in 1819 for admission as a state in which slavery would be permitted. At the time 22 states evenly divided between slave and free. The compromise, devised by Henry Clay, was agreed to by the pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States Congress and passed as a law in 1820. It prohibited slavery in the former Louisiana Territory north of the parallel 36°30′ north, except within the boundaries of the proposed state of Missouri. The passage took place during the presidency of James Monroe