HTY 104 Exam I
15th amendment
"right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude."
Triple Alliance
Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary
Battle of Little Bighorn
1876 - indians slaughtered Custer's cavalry. represents a continuance of hostile native and european relations.
FDR
32nd president of the united states. argued for social security, public works programs - came up with the New Deal which altered political party system
NSC-68
58-paged top secret policy paper issued by the United States National Security Council on April 14, 1950, during the presidency of Harry S. Truman. It was one of the most significant statements of American policy in the Cold War. NSC-68 largely shaped U.S. foreign policy in the Cold War for the next 20 years, and involved a decision to increase the pressure of Containment against global Communist expansion a high priority. It rejected the alternative policies of friendly Détente or aggressive Rollback.[1]
Kennan's Long Telegram
8,000-word telegram to the Department of State detailing his views on the Soviet Union, and U.S. policy toward the communist state. Kennan's analysis provided one of the most influential underpinnings for America's Cold War policy of containment.
Lincoln's Second Inaugural Adress
A speech that Lincoln gave on the day of his inauguration in march of 1865. In his speech he spoke of Reconstruction, and how the only way to rectify the civil war is to attain for the truth and justice of both side's wrong doings. He promised "with malice toward none" - the exact opposite of what happened. The significance of this speech is that lincoln opened up the doors to reconstruction, but a month later - he was assassinated and his views of reconstruction came to a standstill.
Frederick Douglas
African-American social reformer, orator, writer, and statesman. After escaping from slavery, he became a leader of the abolitionist movement, gaining note for his dazzling oratory and incisive antislavery writing.
D-Day
Allied invasion on Normandy France on 6/6/1944
Norman Thomas
American Presbyterian minister who achieved fame as a socialist, pacifist, and six-time presidential candidate for the Socialist Party of America.
Lewis Hines
American sociologist and photographer. used his camera as a tool for social reform. His photographs were instrumental in changing the child labor laws in the United States.[1]
Eugene V. Debs
American union leader, one of the founding members of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW or the Wobblies), and five times the candidate of the Socialist Party of America for President of the United States.[1] Through his presidential candidacies, as well as his work with labor movements, Debs eventually became one of the best-known socialists living in the United States.
Social Security
An act to provide for the general welfare by establishing a system of Federal old-age benefits, and by enabling the several States to make more adequate provision for aged persons, blind persons, dependent and crippled children, maternal and child welfare, public health, and the administration of their unemployment compensation laws; to establish a Social Security Board; to raise revenue; and for other purposes.
Andrew Johnson
Andrew Johnson was Lincoln's second VP who succeeded him after his assassination. Andrew Johnson, being a Democrat, tried to usher the south back into the union without atoning for their "crimes". The republican-controlled congress didn't like this, and this represents one of the first points in our history where two branches of government cannot work together - they butted heads so much that the House impeached Johnson (something that had never been done before up to that point in history). It can be argued that it was Johnson's presidency which caused the failure of reconstruction...
WEB DuBois
Black political-rights activist: established of "life theories" with regard to formerly enslaved African Americans. While the U.S. refused to send the freed slaves back to Africa, they had no idea how to go about establishing them as free and equal members of society. DuBois posited that 10% of African Americans should be highly educated and elite. These persons called "The Talented Tenth" would then educate and groom the remaining 90% in the ways of proper, American conduct. His views were highly favored by whites and helped in the establishment of Black colleges and universities, agricultural training and social clubs across the country. Equality before economy
Booker T Washington
Black political-rights activist: He felt that Blacks first had to become economically independent before they could fight for equal civil rights given to the Whites. However Du Bois disagreed with him and ridiculed him for this claim, because he felt that civil rights needed to be fought for immediately, regardless of the Blacks' economic success. Economy before equality.
Reconciliation
Book written by John Paul Lederach, in which he defines reconciliation as truth, justice, mercy, and peace...(essay)
Triple Entente
Brittian, France, and Russia (USA)
CCC
Civilization Conservation Corp - a public work relief program that operated from 1933 to 1942 in the United States for unemployed, unmarried men from relief families as part of the New Deal.
Jacob Riis
Danish American social reformer, "muckraking" journalist and social documentary photographer. He is known for using his photographic and journalistic talents to help the impoverished in New York City; those impoverished New Yorkers were the subject of most of his prolific writings and photography.
Radical Repubicans
House and Senate majority during the civil war and reconstruction. Lead by Thaddeus Stevens, the RRs did everything in their power to keep the south in-line, while ignoring presidential threats, overriding presidential vetoes, and even being the first congress in our history to successfully impeach a president. Arguably, it was this congress that caused the bad treatment towards the south.
Washington's Farewell Adress
In his farewell Presidential address, George Washington advised American citizens to view themselves as a cohesive unit and avoid political parties and issued a special warning to be wary of attachments and entanglements with other nations.
Sherman Anti-trust Act
It prohibits certain business activities that federal government regulators deem to be anti-competitive, and requires the federal government to investigate and pursue trusts.
TVA
Tennessee valley Authority - a federally owned corporation in the United States created by congressional charter in May 1933 to provide navigation, flood control, electricity generation, fertilizer manufacturing, and economic development in the Tennessee Valley, a region particularly affected by the Great Depression.
Monroe Doctrine
The Monroe Doctrine was a U.S. foreign policy regarding European countries in 1823. It stated that further efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed as acts of aggression, requiring U.S. intervention.
Truman Doctrine
The Truman Doctrine, 1947. With the Truman Doctrine, President Harry S. Truman established that the United States would provide political, military and economic assistance to all democratic nations under threat from external or internal authoritarian forces.
Goals of Civil War
The goal of the civil war in the mind of president Lincoln was to keep the union intact. America united is stronger. In the mind of those, the civil war was a war of independence in which the south wished to secede from the union. (Unlikely to be a short-answer question)...
WPA
Works Progress Administration - the largest and most ambitious American New Deal agency, employing millions of unemployed people (mostly unskilled men) to carry out public works projects,[1] including the construction of public buildings and roads.
Chief Joseph's Lament
a "poem" in which chief joseph expresses his grievances and how he believes his peoples' way of life is gone.
Andrew Carnegie
a Scottish American industrialist who led the enormous expansion of the American steel industry in the late 19th century...vertical monopoly
Pearl Harbor
japanese bombing of pearl harbor. drew america into the war
chinese exclusion act
a United States federal law signed by President Chester A. Arthur on May 6, 1882. It was one of the most significant restrictions on free immigration in US history, prohibiting all immigration of Chinese laborers.
horizontal monopoly
a monopoly in which one producer buys-out all other similar producers and is then able to set prices to whatever they want...drawback: eliminates competition...which leads to lower prices...good efficiency, bad equality...
Pullman Strike
a nationwide railroad strike in the United States in the summer of 1894. It pitted the American Railway Union (ARU) against the Pullman Company, the main railroads, and the federal government of the United States under President Grover Cleveland. The strike and boycott shut down much of the nation's freight and passenger traffic west of Detroit, Michigan. The conflict began in Pullman, Chicago, on May 11 when nearly 4,000 factory employees of the Pullman Company began a wildcat strike in response to recent reductions in wages.
Reconstruction
a period in our history (1863-1877) in which the civil war ended, slaves were freed, and the south's economy/way of life was significantly altered. this time period also tested the relationships between two of our governing branches, and defined new laws of the constitution. (Give examples)... Most importantly, this time period saw the literal reconstruction of the south with laws, infrastructure, economy, and daily life. (Unlikely to be a short-answer question)...
lend-lease program
a program under which the United States supplied Free France, Great Britain, the Republic of China, and later the USSR and other Allied nations with food, oil, and materiel between 1941 and August 1945. It was signed into law on March 11, 1941 and ended in September 1945. In general the aid was free, although some hardware (such as ships) were returned after the war. In return, the U.S. was given leases on bases in Allied territory during the war.
Compromise of 1876
a purported informal, unwritten deal that settled the intensely disputed 1876 U.S. presidential election (Hayes v. tilden...), pulled federal troops out of state politics in the South, and ended the Reconstruction Era. Did it end hostilities though? if this retraction of troops signifies the end of reconstruction, did reconstruction only represent the years during which the south was controlled by troops? If we go by this logic, does that not mean the south is still going through reconstruction? (Trayvon Martin, Ferguson, KKK presence)...
New Deal
a series of domestic programs enacted in the United States between 1933 and 1938, and a few that came later. They included both laws passed by Congress as well as presidential executive orders during the first term (1933-37) of President Franklin D. Roosevelt.
13th amendment
abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime.
Roosevelt Corollary
addition to the Monroe Doctrine articulated by President Theodore Roosevelt in his State of the Union address in 1904 after the Venezuela Crisis of 1902-03. The corollary states that the United States will intervene in conflicts between European countries and Latin American countries to enforce legitimate claims of the European powers, rather than having the Europeans press their claims directly.
AAA
agricultural adjustment act - reduced agricultural production by paying farmers subsidies not to plant on part of their land and to kill off excess livestock. Its purpose was to reduce crop surplus and therefore effectively raise the value of crops. The money for these subsidies was generated through an exclusive tax on companies which processed farm products.
WWI Industrialization
america was booming - it just got out of the gilded age, things were moving pretty quickly for the american economy - we were stockpiling our military.
John D. Rockefeller
an American business magnate and philanthropist. He was a co-founder of the Standard Oil Company, which dominated the oil industry and was the first great U.S. business trust - revolutionized the petroleum industry...horizontal monopoly (adjusted for inflation, Rockefeller was the 2nd richest person in world history).
JP Morgan
an American financier, banker, philanthropist and art collector who dominated corporate finance and industrial consolidation during his time.
gospel of wealth
an article written by Andrew Carnegie in 1889[4] that describes the responsibility of philanthropy by the new upper class of self-made rich. Carnegie proposed that the best way of dealing with the new phenomenon of wealth inequality was for the wealthy to redistribute their surplus means in a responsible and thoughtful manner. significance...lead to a more fascist-style of economics - early writings
Laissez-Faire
an economic system in which transactions between private parties are relatively free from government interference such as restrictions, privileges, tariffs, and subsidies. The phrase _________ is French and literally means "let [them] do," but it broadly implies "let it be," "let them do as they will," or "leave it alone."
Dawes Act
authorized the President of the United States to survey American Indian tribal land and divide it into allotments for individual Indians. Those who accepted allotments and lived separately from the tribe would be granted United States citizenship. ethnic cleansing and melting pot scenarios
Black Codes
aws passed by Southern states in 1865 and 1866, after the Civil War. These laws had the intent and the effect of restricting African Americans' freedom, and of compelling them to work in a labor economy based on low wages or debt
Great Depression
caused by overproduction paired with underconsumption.
Election of 1936
election between FDR and alf landon...complete landslide...FDR wiped the floor with Landon.
FDIC
federal depository insurance corporation - guaranteed your savings up to x amount of money
14th amendment
granted citizenship to "all persons born or naturalized in the United States," which included former slaves recently freed.
Iron Curtain
line drawn on a map - On the east side of the Iron Curtain were the countries that were connected to or influenced by the Soviet Union. On either side of the Iron Curtain, states developed their own international economic and military alliances:
Yalta conference
meeting of the heads of government of the United States, the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union, represented by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Premier Joseph Stalin, respectively, for the purpose of discussing Europe's post-war reorganization. The conference convened in the Livadia Palace near Yalta in Crimea. The meeting was intended mainly to discuss the re-establishment of the nations of war-torn Europe. Within a few years, with the Cold War dividing the continent, Yalta became a subject of intense controversy. To some extent, it has remained controversial.
Francis Townsend
old physician who called for old-age pensions...?
Space Race & Arms Race
race b/w USSR and USA for top military power position in the world.
Muckraker
refers to reform-minded journalists who wrote largely for all popular magazines and continued a tradition of investigative journalism reporting; those often worked to expose social ills and corporate and political corruption
Huey P. Long
senator - share the wealth mentality. advocated federal spending on public works, schools and colleges, and old age pensions. He was an ardent critic of the policies of the Federal Reserve System.
homestead act
signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln on May 20, 1862. Anyone who had never taken up arms against the U.S. government (including freed slaves and women), was 21 years or older, or the head of a family, could file an application to claim a federal land grant.
sharecropping
system of agriculture in which a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crops produced on the land.
Gilded Age
term coined by Mark Twain that spans from 1870-1900. This period saw serious social problems with the "gilded" lining of exponential economic growth. [Provide examples of social problems and of capitalistic "improvements"]
Zimmerman Telegram
the Zimmerman Telegram was a telegram sent to Mexico from germany, intercepted by the British, which said that Germany will help mexico reclaim the southwest portion of america.
Civil Rights Act of 1866
the first United States federal law to define US citizenship and affirmed that all citizens were equally protected by the law. It was mainly intended to protect the civil rights of African-Americans, in the wake of the American Civil War
Age of Empire
the idea that when main power's spheres of influences got into contact with one another - conflicts arose. WWI as a whole signals the end of the Age of Empire - which was what drove europe through the age of monarchs until WWI
Social Darwinism
theory of society that emerged in the United Kingdom, North America, and Western Europe in the 1870s, and which are claimed to have applied biological concepts of natural selection and survival of the fittest to sociology and politics...rich get richer, poor get poorer...
John Keynes
was a British economist whose ideas have fundamentally affected the theory and practice of modern macroeconomics and informed the economic policies of governments. Spend even if you're in debt
Cornelius Vanderbilt
was an American business magnate and philanthropist who built his wealth in railroads and shipping
Marshal Plan
was an American initiative to aid Europe, in which the United States gave $17 billion (approximately $120 billion in current dollar value) in economic support to help rebuild European economies after the end of World War II. The plan was in operation for four years beginning in April 1948. The goals of the United States were to rebuild war-devastated regions, remove trade barriers, modernize industry, and make Europe prosperous again.[1]
Freedman's Bureau
was established in 1865 by Congress to help former black slaves and poor whites in the South in the aftermath of the U.S. Civil War
vertical monopoly
when companies own all factors of input for a specific commodity. (E.g., car company owns the company that makes the steel or specific parts to the car) - drawback: inhibits the capitalistic-style ecnonomy by preventing people from entering into the market. also, centralizes the market around one conglomerate that owns all means of production. Good efficiency, bad equality...
KKK
white supremacist group which formed during reconstruction. acts are based off christian beliefs and to belittle non-whites/christians. formed as a response to a lack of southern congressional power.
Wilson & WWI
wilson: originally wanted to stay out of the war...the sinking of the Lusitania and the Zimmerman telegram kicked america into the war. America will be respected, all while preserving democracy. Continued trade with the Entente
