Human A&P: Chapter 22- Digestive System

Choose the correct statement regarding the liver. A) It functions in the maintenance of normal concentrations of glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids in the bloodstream. B) It temporarily stores the bile it produces. C) The round ligament extends along the edges of the bare area. D) The porta hepatis carries bile from the gallbladder to the duodenum.

A) It functions in the maintenance of normal concentrations of glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids in the bloodstream.

Which of the following is characteristic of the intestinal phase of gastric secretion? A) It involves the enterogastric reflex. B) During this phase, gastrin stimulates contractions in the muscularis externa of the stomach and intestinal tract. C) It is stimulated by the presence of undigested materials in the stomach. D) It involves postganglionic parasympathetic innervation of mucous cells, chief cells, parietal cells, and G cells of the stomach.

A) It involves the enterogastric reflex.

Which of the following is NOT a function of hydrochloric acid in the stomach? A) Breaking down disaccharides into monosaccharides B) Killing microorganisms C) Activating pepsin D) Facilitating protein digestion

A) Breaking down disaccharides into monosaccharides

The enteroendocrine cells of the intestinal glands are responsible for producing which intestinal hormones? A) Cholecystokinin and secretin B) Biliverdin and bilirubin C) Gastrin and pepsinogen D) Enterokinase and aminopeptidase

A) Cholecystokinin and secretin

Which peptide hormone causes the secretion of insulin from the pancreatic islets? A) GIP B) CCK C) VIP D) GTP

A) GIP

Which description of the alkaline tide is true? A) A countertransport mechanism ejects the bicarbonate ions into the interstitial fluid. B) Hydrogen ions are generated inside chief cells. C) The hydrogen ions diffuse across the cell and exit through channels into the lumen of the gastric gland. D) The chloride ions are actively transported into the lumen of the gastric gland.

A) A countertransport mechanism ejects the bicarbonate ions into the interstitial fluid.

Why would you NOT be able to swallow a completely dry food bolus? A) All of the listed responses are correct. B) Friction with the walls of the esophagus would make peristalsis ineffective. C) The dry food would stimulate sympathetic activity, inhibiting peristalsis. D) The dry food would inhibit parasympathetic activity in the esophagus.

A) All of the listed responses are correct.

The absorption of which vitamin would be impaired if the stomach were removed? A) B12 B) B6 C) B3 D) B2

A) B12

Which characteristic of H. pylori is most likely an adaptation to deal with the stomach's powerful muscle contractions that churn its contents? A) Its surface adhesins B)Its stimulation of G cells C)Its ability to sense chemical gradients D)Its preference for the pyloric antrum

A) Its surface adhesins

Which process is NOT involved in the secretion of hydrochloric acid by the parietal cells of the stomach? A) Movement of Cl- from the intestinal lumen to the interstitial fluid. B) Countertransport of Cl- and HCO3- C) CO2 reacts with H2O. D) Active transport of H+ and diffusion of Cl-

A) Movement of Cl- from the intestinal lumen to the interstitial fluid.

Which cells secrete intrinsic factor? A) Parietal cells B) Mucous cells C) Chief cells D) G cells

A) Parietal cells

Which of the following is NOT produced by the gastric glands in the stomach of an adult? A) Rennin B) HCl C) Intrinsic factor D) Pepsinogen

A) Rennin

Which of the following major layers of the digestive tract is described as a layer of dense, irregular connective tissue filled with blood vessels and the plexus of Meissner? A) Submucosa B) Muscularis externa C) Mucosa D) Serosa

A) Submucosa

How does the mucosa of the rectum compare with that of the colon and the cecum? A) The colon and the cecum are lined with a simple columnar epithelium for absorption, whereas the rectum is lined with a stratified squamous epithelium because the rectum is next to the opening to the exterior of the body. B) The colon and the cecum are lined with a simple columnar epithelium, whereas the rectum is lined with a stratified columnar epithelium. C) The colon and the cecum are lined with a simple cuboidal epithelium for absorption, whereas the rectum is lined with a transitional epithelium, which allows for expansion during defecation. D) The epithelial lining is constant throughout the large intestine.

A) The colon and the cecum are lined with a simple columnar epithelium for absorption, whereas the rectum is lined with a stratified squamous epithelium because the rectum is next to the opening to the exterior of the body.

What is the hormone secreted by the small intestine that dilates capillaries in the small intestine area? A) VIP B) Enterocrinin C) CCK D) GIP

A) VIP

Part complete Multi-unit smooth muscle cells __________. A) form the smooth muscle tissue located in the iris of the eye B) are arranged in sheets or layers, with adjacent muscle cells electrically connected by gap junctions C) show rhythmic cycles of activity triggered by pacesetter cells D) lack a direct contact with any motor neuron

A) form the smooth muscle tissue located in the iris of the eye

Which digestive hormone is secreted when fats and carbohydrates, especially glucose, enter the small intestine? A) gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) B) cholecystokinin (CCK) C) vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) D) secretin

A) gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)

An error in swallowing is most likely detected by the __________. A) larynx B) esophagus C) root of the tongue D) soft palate

A) larynx

Many visceral smooth muscle networks have rhythmic cycles of activity in the absence of neural stimulation because of __________. A) pacesetter cells that spontaneously depolarize and trigger the contraction of entire muscular sheets B) an action potential generated and conducted over the sarcolemma C) the single motor units that contract independently of each other D) direct contact with motor neurons carrying impulses to the CNS

A) pacesetter cells that spontaneously depolarize and trigger the contraction of entire muscular sheets

Which of the following is correct for adult dentition? A) 8 incisors, 4 canines, 6 bicuspids, and 12 molars in total B) 4 incisors, 2 canines, 4 bicuspids, and 6 molars on each side C) 4 incisors, 4 canines, 2 bicuspids, and 6 molars on each side D) 6 incisors, 4 canines, 6 bicuspids, and 12 molars in total

B) 4 incisors, 2 canines, 4 bicuspids, and 6 molars on each side

Which is incorrect regarding smooth muscle in the digestive tract? A) Hormonal factors can alter the degree of tension. B) A smooth muscle fiber has an extensive network of T tubules. C) Smooth muscle can contract over a range of lengths due to plasticity. D) Wherever smooth muscle tissue forms layers, the cells are aligned parallel to one another.

B) A smooth muscle fiber has an extensive network of T tubules.

The primary functions of intestinal juices include which of the following? A) To moisten the chyme B) All of the listed responses are correct. C) To assist in buffering acids D) To dissolve digestive enzymes and the products of digestion

B) All of the listed responses are correct.

What is the benefit of the stomach having rugae? A) More surface area for absorption B) Allowing the expansion of the lumen C) Greater number of gastric glands D) Protection from stomach acid

B) Allowing the expansion of the lumen

What is the main stimulus that triggers the defecation reflex? A) Sympathetic stimulation B) Distension of the rectum C) Material passed into the cecum D) Chemical composition of the feces

B) Distension of the rectum

Which of the following is not found in the lamina propria? A) Areolar connective tissue B) Epithelial tissue C) Lymphatic tissue D) Smooth muscle cells

B) Epithelial tissue

Which of the following is not a function of saliva? A) Helping clean oral surfaces B) Increasing dental caries C) Moistening food D) Producing amylase

B) Increasing dental caries

What type of tooth can have two or three roots and is best suited for helping in mastication by grinding and crushing food? A) Cuspids B) Molars C) Incisors D) Bicuspids

B) Molars

Which of the following digestive regions is responsible for the propulsion of materials into the esophagus? A) Salivary glands B) Pharynx C) Gallbladder D) Stomach

B) Pharynx

Which of the following does not properly describe tooth structure? A) Blood vessels and nerves enter the root canal to supply the pulp cavity. B) The bulk of each tooth consists of a mineralized matrix simiar to bone called enamel. C) The root of each tooth sits in a bony cavity called the alveolus. D) A layer of cement covers the dentin of the root and helps to anchor the toot the periodontal ligament.

B) The bulk of each tooth consists of a mineralized matrix simiar to bone called enamel.

What is perhaps the most important function of the large intestine? A) Storage B) Water reabsorption C) Digestion D) Nutrient absorption

B) Water reabsorption

Which of the following is a stimulus that initiates the gastric phase of gastric secretion? A) shrinkage of the stomach B) an increase in the pH of the gastric contents C) when one sees, smells, tastes, or thinks of food D) chyme first enters the small intestine

B) an increase in the pH of the gastric contents

The numerous transverse folds in the small intestine that serve to increase the surface area for absorption are the __________. A) rugae B) circular folds (plicae cicrulares) C) teniae coli D) haustra

B) circular folds (plicae cicrulares)

The esophagus enters the abdominopelvic cavity by passing through the ________________ of the diaphragm. A) portal triad B) esophageal hiatus C) greater curvature D) lower esophageal sphincter

B) esophageal hiatus

The muscular sphincter that guards the opening between the ileum and the cecum is the __________. A) cardiac sphincter B) ileocecal valve C) pyloric sphincter D) gastrointestinal sphincter

B) ileocecal valve

The primary effect of secretin is to __________. A) increase gastric motility and secretory rates B) increase the secretion of bile and buffers by the liver and the pancreas C) decrease duodenal submucosal secretions D) decrease the release of bile from the gallbladder into the duodenum

B) increase the secretion of bile and buffers by the liver and the pancreas

Chymotrypsin, trypsin, carboxypeptidase, and elastase are examples of which type of major pancreatic enzymes that break down proteins? A) nucleases B) pancreatic lipase C) proteolytic enzymes D) pancreatic alpha-amylase

C) proteolytic enzymes

The plicae of the intestinal mucosa, which bears the intestinal villi, are structural features that __________. A) stabilize the mesenteries attached to the dorsal body wall B) increase the total surface area for absorption C) provide for gastric contractions that churn and swirl the gastric contents D) initiate enterogastric reflexes that accelerate the digestive process

B) increase the total surface area for absorption

What is the importance of the mesenteries? A) Preventing the intestines from becoming entangled B) Stabilizing the attached organs C) All the listed choices are correct. D) A route for blood vessels to and from the digestive tract

C) All the listed choices are correct.

Which hormone is secreted when chyme, especially when it's rich in lipids and partially digested proteins, enters the duodenum? A) Secretin B) VIP C) CCK D) Gastrin

C) CCK

Which macromolecules begin being digested in the oral cavity? A) Carbohydrates and proteins B) Carbohydrates C) Carbohydrates and lipids D) Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins

C) Carbohydrates and lipids

Which of the following is not a step in the overall digestive process? A) Secretion B) Mechanical digestion C) Excretion D) Absorption

C) Excretion

What is the benefit of the large folds of the lining of the esophagus? A) Better secretion of digestive enzymes B) Increased surface for absorption C) Expansion for swallowing D) More smooth muscle

C) Expansion for swallowing

What component of the food would increase the number of chylomicrons in the lacteals? A) Carbohydrates B) Proteins C) Fats D) Nucleic acids

C) Fats

What are the pouches that give the colon its typical appearance? A) Plica circulares B) Flexures C) Haustra D) Rugae

C) Haustra

Which of the following produces, on a daily basis, the least number of the peristaltic contractions that force food through the digestive tract? A) Stomach B) Small intestine C) Large intestine D) Esophagus

C) Large intestine

The digestive tract motility and secretions are controlled by a complex set of mechanisms. Which of the following is NOT a normal way the digestive tract functioning is controlled? A) pH changes B) Hormones C) Somatic motor neurons D) Myenteric reflexes

C) Somatic motor neurons

Which two factors play important parts in moving the chyme from the stomach into the small intestine? A) Sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation B) CNS and ANS regulation C) Stomach distension and gastrin release D) Release of HCl and gastric juices

C) Stomach distension and gastrin release

What type of epithelium makes up the oral mucosa? A) Simple squamous B) Simple columnar C) Stratified squamous D) Psuedostratified columnar

C) Stratified squamous

H. pylori probably prefers the pyloric antrum, because A) Gastrin is produced in the antrum B) More pepsinogen can be found in that region C) The environment is slightly less acidic D) Fewer immune system cells that could kill the bacteria reside there

C) The environment is slightly less acidic

Which is the function of parietal cells? A) They produce a variety of hormones. B) They secrete an inactive proenzyme called pepsinogen. C) They secrete a glycoprotein that facilitates the absorption of vitamin B12 across the intestinal lining. D) They produce enzymes important for the digestion of milk.

C) They secrete a glycoprotein that facilitates the absorption of vitamin B12 across the intestinal lining.

The small, slender structure that is attached to the large intestine and is suffused with lymphoid nodules is the __________. A) taenia coli B) cecum C) appendix D) ileum

C) appendix

Triglycerides coated with proteins create complexes known as __________. A) micelles B) glycerolproteinases C) chylomicrons D) a cotransport

C) chylomicrons

The chemical breakdown of food into small organic fragments that can be absorbed by the digestive epithelium is __________. A) mechanical processing B) ingestion C) digestion D) secretion

C) digestion

A large connective tissue structure, composed mostly of fat, that hangs like an apron from the lateral and inferior borders of the stomach describes the ________________. A) mesentery proper B) mesocolon C) greater omentum D) lesser omentum

C) greater omentum

What is the correct sequence of events in moving a bolus of food to the stomach? A) Esophageal peristalsis; bolus is moved to oropharynx; epiglottis folds over glottis; opening of lower esophageal sphincter B) Epiglottis folds over glottis; bolus is moved to oropharynx; esophageal peristalsis; opening lower esophageal sphincter C) Opening lower esophageal sphincter; epiglottis folds over glottis; bolus is moved to oropharynx; esophageal peristalsis D) Bolus is moved to oropharynx; epiglottis folds over glottis; esophageal peristalsis; opening of lower esophageal sphincter

D) Bolus is moved to oropharynx; epiglottis folds over glottis; esophageal peristalsis; opening of lower esophageal sphincter

Put the regions of the stomach in the order through which food and chyme would pass. A) Fundus, cardia, body, pyloric part B) Cardia, body, fundus, pyloric part C) Pyloric part, body, fundus, cardia D) Cardia, fundus, body, pyloric part

D) Cardia, fundus, body, pyloric part

Which of the following is the term for swallowing? A) Digestion B) Absorption C) Mastication D) Deglutition

D) Deglutition

What cells in the digestive epithelium produce hormones that help regulate the digestive tract? A) Epithelial cells in the mucosa B) Mucosal glands C) Submucosal glands D) Enteroendocrine cells

D) Enteroendocrine cells

Which type of tooth is responsible for clipping and cutting? A) Cuspid B) Bicuspid C) Molar D) Incisor

D) Incisor

Which statement accurately describes the pharyngeal phase of swallowing? A) It begins as the contraction of pharyngeal muscles forces the bolus through the entrance to the esophagus. B) It begins with the compression of the bolus against the hard palate. C) It is strictly voluntary. D) It begins when tactile receptors on the palatal arches and uvula are stimulated.

D) It begins when tactile receptors on the palatal arches and uvula are stimulated.

Why might the positive feedback loop described above potentially cause damage to digestive organs? A) It will result in very high gastrin concentrations, which are toxic to the body B) It will diminish the activity of parietal cells C) It will lead to indigestion and constipation D) It will cause the stomach pH to get lower and lower

D) It will cause the stomach pH to get lower and lower

Why is diarrhea potentially life threatening? A) Loss of vital nutrients B) Loss of vitamins C) Loss of bicarbonate ions D) Loss of water and electrolytes

D) Loss of water and electrolytes

What is the order of the layers of the gastrointestinal tract, starting with the layer in contact with the food? A) Serosa; muscularis externa; submucosa; mucosa B) Submucosa; mucosa; muscularis externa; serosa C) Serosa; submucosa, mucosa; muscularis externa D) Mucosa; submucosa; muscularis externa; serosa

D) Mucosa; submucosa; muscularis externa; serosa

Which of the following does NOT digest carbohydrates? A) Lactase B) Pancreatic alpha-amylase C) Sucrase D) Pancreatic lipase

D) Pancreatic lipase

Which of the following enzymes is active at the lowest pH? A) Amylase B) Lactase C) Chymostrpsin D) Pepsin

D) Pepsin

Which oral structure(s) is/are responsible for manipulating food to assist in chewing and in the production of the enzyme lipase? A) Gingival sulcus B) Labia C) Soft palate D) Tongue

D) Tongue

The active process that occurs when food enters the digestive tract via the mouth is __________. A) secretion B) excretion C) absorption D) ingestion

D) ingestion

Fatty acids and lipids are absorbed into the ____________ found in each villus of the small intestine. A) ileoceal valve B) capillaries C) duodenal ampulla D) lacteal

D) lacteal

Which component of the mucosa consists of a layer of areolar tissue that also contains blood vessels, sensory nerve endings, and many other structures? A) villi B) submucosal plexus C) muscularis mucosae D) lamina propria

D) lamina propria

Chief cells in the gastric glands secrete ________________. A) hydrochloric acid B) intrinsic factor C) pepsin D) pepsinogen

D) pepsinogen

Which major layer of the digestive tract is a dense layer of irregular connective tissue that has large blood vessels and lymphatic vessels? A) mucosa B) muscularis externa C) serosa D) submucosa

D) submucosa