Human Anatomy & Physiology 2

Place a single word into each sentence to make it correct, then place each sentence into a logical paragraph order describing hemostasis.

There are THREE hemostatic mechanisms. First, VASCULAR spasm constricts the broken blood vessel, reducing hemorrhage. In platelet plug formation, a large mass of platelets AGGREGATE and undergo degranulation. Degranulation PROMOTES hemostasis. COAGULATION finishes the process by clotting the blood and protecting the body from excess blood loss.

Which of the following is NOT a function of platelets?

They inhibit procoagulants.

Choose the correct statement regarding the function of platelets.

They secrete procoagulants, or clotting factors, which promote blood clotting.

What are the two principal functions of erythrocytes?

To pick up oxygen from the lungs and deliver it to tissues and to pick up carbon dioxide from the tissues and unload it in the lungs

Incompatibility of one person's blood with another results from the action of plasma antibodies against the RBCs' antigens.

True

Lymphocytes secrete antibodies, coordinate action of other immune cells, and serve in immune memory.

True

An individual with A antigens on their RBCs, but no B antigens, has which ABO blood type?

Type A

The main reason why an individual with type AB, Rh-negative blood cannot donate blood to an individual with type A, Rh-positive blood is because __________.

anti-B antibodies in the recipient will agglutinate RBCs of the donor

Viscosity and osmolarity will both increase if the amount of ____________ in the blood increases.

erythrocytes and protein

Serum is essentially identical to plasma except for the absence of __________.

fibrinogen

An increased erythropoietin (EPO) output by the kidneys would lead to all of the following except __________.

increased hypoxemia

After tissue repair is completed, factor XII catalyzes the formation of a plasma enzyme called kallikrein, that in turn converts an inactive plasminogen into _________, a fibrin-dissolving enzyme that breaks up the clot.

plasmin

In healthy blood vessels, platelets do not adhere because the smooth endothelium is coated with ______________.

prostacyclin

A deficiency of __________ can cause pernicious anemia.

vitamin B12

Place a single word into each sentence to make it correct.

-In the ABO blood group, TRANSFUSIONS need to be matched. -It is important that the ANTIBODIES in the plasma do not react with the RBCs. -If an incorrect match is made, DONOR RBCs become agglutinated. -This clumping will occur in the recipient's plasma and will affect blood FLOW to vital organs.

Place a single word into each sentence to make it correct.

-In the Rh blood group, hemolytic disease of the newborn can occur if there is a MISMATCH between mother and fetus. -If an Rh- mother has an Rh+ fetus during the first pregnancy, the PLACENTA prevents mixing of the blood. -At birth, tearing can expose the mother to Rh+ blood and she will begin to produce ANTI-D antibodies. -During subsequent pregancies, her antibodies may cross the placenta and cause ANEMIA in the newborn.

Indicate whether the number of the cell type would increase, decrease, or not be affected by each given situation.

-Increase Erythrocytes: high altitude Erythrocytes: long term hypoxia B lymphocytes: influenza infection Basophils: chronic asthma Eosinophils: tapeworm infection -Relatively No Change Erythrocytes: acute viral infection -Decrease Erythrocytes: dietary iron deficiency Erythrocytes: erythropoietin hyposecretion Erythrocytes: declining intrinsic factor Erythrocytes: acute, profuse hemorrhage

Which values are correct for human blood? Check all that apply.

-Osmolarity: 280-296 mOsm/L -pH: 7.35 - 7.45 -Volume in females: 4-5 L; volume in males: 5-6 L -Total WBC count: 5,000 - 10,000/microliter

Drag each of the labels into the appropriate position to indicate whether the item is classified as a formed element or a component of plasma.

-Plasma Glucose Chloride Antibodies Fibrinogen Hormones -Formed Elements Erythrocytes Leukocytes Platelets Neutrophils Monocytes

Match each erythrocyte disorder to its cause or definition.

-Primary Polycythemia Due to cancer of the erythropoietic line of the red bone marrow -Pernicious Anemia Occurs when stomach glands fail to produce intrinsic factor -Iron Deficiency Anemia Usually caused by blood loss without sufficient compensatory iron ingestion -Thalassemia A deficiency or absence of alpha or beta hemoglobin -Secondary Polycythemia Can result from dehydration -Sickle Cell Disease Caused by a recessive allele that modifies the hemoglobin beta chain

Match each red blood cell measurement to its definition.

-RBC Count The total number of red blood cells in the blood -Hemoglobin Concentration The measure of concentration of hemoglobin in a given volume of packed red blood cells -Hematocrit The percentage of whole blood volume composed of RBS'S

Classify the following statements and characteristics with the appropriate method of clotting prevention.

-Repulsion It occurs when blood vessels are undamaged Prostacyclin coats the vessel walls -Dilution Normal rates of blood flow account for it Circulatory shock interferes with it -Anticoagulants Antithrombin deactivates thrombin before it can act on fibrinogen Heparin interferes with the formation of prothrombin activator Heparin blocks the action of thrombin on fibrinogen Heparin promotes the action of antithrombin

Match each erythrocyte disorder to its cause or definition.

-Septicemia Bacteria in the bloodstream -Thrombocytopenia A platelet count below 100,000/mL -Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation Widespread clotting within unbroken vessels -Thalassemia A deficiency or absence of alpha or beta hemoglobin -Infectious Mononucleosis Infection of B lymphocytes with Epstein-Barr virus

Choose the accurate statement(s) about the two reaction pathways that lead to the common pathway of coagulation. Check all that apply.

-The intrinsic mechanism uses only clotting factors found in the blood itself. -In most cases of bleeding, both the extrinsic and intrinsic mechanisms work simultaneously to contribute to hemostasis. -The extrinsic mechanism is initiated by clotting factors released by the damaged blood vessel and perivascular tissues.

Place a single word into each sentence to make it correct.

-The structure of hemoglobin consists of FOUR chains. -Two of the chains are ALPHA and two are beta proteins. -Each of the protein chains are conjugated to a nonprotein HEME group. -This group contains an IRON ion in the center. -This center portion will reversibly bind OXYGEN and carbon dioxide.

Individuals with which blood types will have anti-A agglutinins in their plasma? Check all that apply.

-Type B -Type O

Classify each of the statements below as pertaining to viscosity or osmolarity.

-Viscosity The resistance of a fluid to flow It results from the cohesion of a fluid's particles It is the thickness or stickiness of a fluid If it is too high, the flood flows too sluggishly -Osmolarity Reabsorption between the bloodstream and tissue fluid is governed by it Transfer of fluids is a balance between filtration from the capillary and reabsorption If it is too high, the blood stream absorbs too much water, raising the blood pressure

A normal hematocrit is __________ of the total blood volume.

37% to 52%

A person with type AB blood has __________ RBC antigen(s).

A and B

Which of the following would not decrease the blood colloid osmotic pressure (COP)?

A diet predominantly based on red meat

A person with type A blood can safely donate RBCs to someone of type __________ and can receive RBCs from someone of type __________.

AB O

What is the most abundant protein in plasma?

Albumin

Which of the following is not contained in the buffy coat?

Erythrocytes

A person develops anti-A antibodies only after he is exposed to antigen A, and anti-B antibodies only after he is exposed to antigen B.

False

Blood viscosity stems mainly from electrolytes and monomers dissolved in plasma.

False

Hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit are interchangeable terms used to describe the percentage of whole blood composed of RBCs.

False

Hemostasis is the production of formed elements of blood.

False

Rh incompatibility between a sensitized Rh+ woman and an Rh- fetus can cause hemolytic disease of the newborn.

False

What is the function of fibrin?

Fibrin creates the framework of a blood clot.

How many heme groups are there in each hemoglobin molecule?

Four

What are the components of the circulatory system?

Heart, blood vessels, and blood

Which of the following is not true regarding sickle-cell disease?

It is a cause of malaria.

The universal donor of RBCs, but not necessarily plasma, is blood type __________.

O, Rh-negative

Where does myeloid hemopoiesis take place in adults?

Red bone marrow

Place a single word into each sentence to make it correct.

-Blood types A, B, AB, and O form the ABO blood group. -Your ABO blood type is determined by the presence or absence of ANTIGENS on your RBCs. -Each antigen will have a different CARBOHYDRATE complex on the surface of the RBC. -Additionally, PLASMA will contain antibodies. -These antibodies react with FOREIGN RBC antigens.

Indicate whether the given transfusion is compatible or not compatible.

-Compatible O- given to A+ O- given to O+ B- given to AB+ -Not Compatible A+ given to O- AB- given to O+ AB- given to A+ AB- given to B- AB+ given to O- B+ given to A+