Human Anatomy & Physiology - Chapter 3: Membrane Transport

Which membrane transport process consumes ATP and uses a carrier?

Active

Which carrier transports two or more solutes in opposite directions across a cell membrane?

Antiport

What are the membrane channels that allow the movement of water across a membrane called?

Aquaporins

Water and electrolytes can cross a cell membrane through which of the following?

Channels

Match the direction of particle movement with the term that describes this movement.

Down a gradient: from a region of high to low concentration Up a gradient: from a region of low to high concentration

The general term for the cell process in which the membrane invaginates, forming vesicles that bring extracellular particles or droplets of fluid into the cell, is known as ______ .

Endocytosis

Which form of vesicular transport uses motor proteins to bring fluid and solutes into the cell?

Endocytosis

Which are types of vesicular transport?

Endocytosis and exocytosis

In which process does a secretory vesicle fuse with a cell membrane and release its contents into the extracellular space?

Exocytosis

The vesicular transport process of discharging material from a cell is called _____ .

Exocytosis

What are all body fluids that are located outside of cells called?

Extracellular fluid

The process of using a carrier to passively transport a solute through a membrane down its concentration gradient is known as _______ diffusion.

Facilitated

Which mechanism of carrier-mediated transport moves a solute through a membrane without use of energy?

Facilitated diffusion

The greater or steeper the concentration gradient, the ______ the rate of diffusion.

Faster

The rate of diffusion across the cell membrane is ______ at high temperatures than at low temperatures.

Faster

Smaller molecules diffuse ______ larger molecules.

Faster than

When the concentration of a substance differs from one area to another, this creates a concentration _____.

Gradient

When the concentration of a substance gradually changes from one area to the next, we say it exhibits a concentration ______.

Gradient

The greater the concentration of a nonpermeating solute present in a solution, the ______ the osmotic pressure of that solution.

Higher

The physical force generated by a liquid, such as blood or tissue fluid, is known as _______ pressure.

Hydrostatic

Which pressure allows for the filtration of fluid from blood vessels into the extracellular fluid?

Hydrostatic

A cell placed into which solution will lose water by osmosis?

Hypertonic

A solution that has a lower osmotic pressure than the intracellular fluid of the cell and tends to cause osmotic swelling and lysis of cells is called a(n) ________ solution.

Hypotonic

Cells can ______ the rate of osmosis by installing more aquaporins.

Increase

The rate of diffusion is increased by ______ the surface area of the cell membrane.

Increasing

Tissue fluid is also called ______.

Interstitial fluid

When cells are placed in which solution, there is no change in cell volume or shape?

Isotonic

As the molecular weight of a substance increases, what happens to its diffusion rate?

It decreases.

As a membrane surface area increases, what happens to it's diffusion rate?

It increases.

As temperature increases, what happens to the rate of diffusion?

It increases.

Larger molecules diffuse through the cell membrane ______ than smaller molecules.

More slowly

By what term is the number of milliosmoles of solute per liter of water that is used to express the osmotic concentration of a solution known?

Osmolarity

At tissue capillary beds, fluid leaves the capillaries by filtration while it moves back into the capillaries by which process?

Osmosis

The movement of specifically water from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration across a semipermeable membrane is called _______.

Osmosis

What is the net flow of water down its concentration gradient through a selectively permeable membrane called?

Osmosis

Transport mechanisms like filtration, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis are examples of which of the following forms of transport?

Passive (they don't require ATP)

Neutrophils engulf bacteria by surrounding them with pseudopods and drawing them into the cell by which process?

Phagocytosis

The process of engulfing particles (such as bacteria) by surrounding the particle and drawing it into the cell is referred to as ____ .

Phagocytosis

What drives filtration through a membrane?

Physical pressure

In which process does the plasma membrane dimple (or cave in) and take in droplets of ECF within a vesicle?

Pinocytosis

The process by which a cell can take in large droplets of ECF (water) is called _____ .

Pinocytosis

Which process uses a carrier to move a substance against its concentration gradient using ATP?

Primary active transport

In which process do receptors bind their ligand, cluster together into a pit, and then taken into the cell within a vesicle?

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Mechanical pressure can be applied to one side of a membrane in order to drive water through the membrane against its concentration gradient. This process is called ______ osmosis.

Reverse

When all carriers have bound ligand and no further ligand can be transported they are said to be what?

Saturated

Sodium-glucose transporters do not directly use ATP. Their ability to move glucose is due to the previous active removal of sodium from the cell. The sodium gradient that resulted from active transport "drives" the transporter, bringing both sodium and glucose into the cell. This is an example of which of the following?

Secondary active transport

Which membrane type allows some things through and restricts the passage of others?

Selectively permeable

Which of the following assures that the ECF concentration of sodium remains much higher than the ICF concentration?

Sodium-potassium pump

Plasma membranes are selectively permeable. What does this mean?

Some compounds can permeate (pass through) the membrane while others cannot.

A carrier protein binds and transports only its particular ligand. What quality does this demonstrate?

Specificity

Which type of carrier moves two solutes through a plasma membrane in the same direction at the same time?

Symport

Which of the following correctly defines tonicity?

The ability of a solution to cause osmosis, affecting volume and pressure in the cell

As a solute concentration rises, its rate of transport through a membrane increases up to the point where all the carriers are saturated. This point of saturation is called what?

The transport maximum

The concentration of solutes in a cell affects the fluid volume and pressure within the cell. This is referred to as the _______ of the solution.

Tonicity

A process in which a substance is taken up at one side of a cell and released from the other side is called ______ . This allows substances to be transported across an entire cell.

Transcytosis

When all carriers are saturated, the transport of the molecule levels off at a rate called what?

Transport maximum

What is a carrier that carries only one type of solute called?

Uniport

Which of the following moves large particles and fluid droplets across the cell membrane?

Vesicular transport

A hydration sphere consists of a solute particle surrounded by ______ molecules.

Water

Reverse osmosis uses a mechanical pressure to drive water through a membrane ______ its concentration gradient.

against

If an antiport carrier moves solutes in opposite directions across a cell membrane, this is called _____ .

countertransport

Passive mechanisms of membrane transport ______.

do not require ATP

In blood capillaries, blood pressure forces fluid through gaps in the capillary wall in a process called _______.

filtration or capillary filtration

A solution that has a higher osmotic pressure than the intracellular fluid of cells and tends to cause the cells to undergo osmotic shrinkage is called a(n) _______ solution.

hypertonic

Cells placed in a(n) ______ solution will swell and burst due to water moving into the cell.

hypotonic

Consider two solutions of different sodium concentrations separated by a selectively permeable membrane. The net movement of water across the membrane will be from the area of ______ sodium concentration to the area of ______ sodium concentration.

lower, higher

The number of milliosmoles per liter of solution is the ______ of a solution.

osmolarity

In which process do receptors bind their ligand, cluster together into a pit, and then taken into the cell within a vesicle?

receptor-mediated endocytosis

The type of carrier protein that moves two solutes, such as glucose and sodium, in the same direction across a membrane is a(n) ______ .

symport or contransport

A carrier that transports only one type of solute at a time is called a(n) ______ .

uniporter

What are three mechanisms of carrier-mediated transport?

- facilitated diffusion - secondary active transport - primary active transport

Which factors would increase the rate of diffusion?

-Increased concentration difference -Increased cell surface area -Decreased molecular weight of diffusing compound

Which of the following molecules can readily diffuse through a cell membrane?

-Nonpolar molecules -Hydrophobic molecules -Lipid-soluble molecules

Mechanisms for moving substances across the plasma membrane that require the use of cellular ATP include ______.

-vesicular transport -active transport

Which salt solution would be isotonic to human red blood cells?

0.9%

The Na+-K+ pump moves ______ Na+ ions from the ICF to the ECF while simultaneously moving ______ K+ ions from the ECF into the ICF.

3, 2

What is a protein that participates in transmembrane transport called?

A carrier

Water molecules can form a loose reversible relationship with a solute particle by assembling into what?

A hydration sphere.

In which process does a solute bind to a carrier in the plasma membrane that then changes shape and releases the solute to the other side of the membrane?

Carrier-mediated transport

What is the net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration called?

Diffusion

The heart generates pressure that drives fluid out of the capillaries and into the spaces between cells. What is this process called?

Capillary filtration

Facilitated diffusion, primary, and secondary active transport are all mechanisms of which of the following?

Carrier-mediated transport

Movement of gas molecules (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the air in the lungs and the blood or between the blood and the tissues is by which process?

Diffusion