Human anatomy ch 1

Cardiovascular System

1) Cardiovascular system includes the heart, which pumps blood and the blood vessels, which carry blood to and from body parts 2) Blood transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones and wastes.

Digestive System

1) Digestive system receives foods, breaks down nutrients into forms that can pass through cell membranes and eliminates unabsorbed materials. 2) Some digestive organs produce hormones. 3) The digestive system includes the mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, sm int, lg int.

What other factors stimulated an interest in the human body?

1) Doctors began to learn how certain herbs and tonics effected body function. 2) The idea that humans could understand forces that caused natural events led to the development of modern science. 3) A set of term originating from Greek and Latin formed the basis for the language of Anatomy and Physiology.

Endocrine System

1) Endocrine system consists of glands that secrete hormones. 2) Hormones help regulate metabolism by stimulating target tissue. 3) It includes the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, testes, pineal gland and thymus.

Lymphatic System

1) Lymphatic system is composed of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus and spleen 2) It transports lymph from tissue spaces to the bloodstream and carries certain fatty substances away from the digestive organs. Lymphocytes defend the body against disease causing agents.

Muscular System

1) Muscular system includes the muscles of the body. 2) It moves body parts, maintains posture and produces body heat.

Nervous System

1) Nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sense organs 2) It receives impulses from sensory parts, interprets these impulses, and acts on them, stimulating muscles or glands to respond.

Anatomical Terminology

1) Relative Position- this describes the location of one part with respect to another part. 2) Body Sections- Body sections are planes along which the body may be cut to observe the relative locations and arrangements of internal parts. 3) Body Regions- Special terms designate various body regions

Respiratory System

1) Respiratory system takes in and releases air and exchanges gases between the blood and air. 2) It includes the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs

Skeletal System

1) Skeletal system is composed of bones and ligaments, and cartilages that bind bones together. 2) Provides framework, protective shields, and attachments for muscles, it also produces blood cells and stores inorganic salts.

Integumentary System

1) The integumentary system covers the body ( most superficial) 2) It includes skin, nails, hair, sweat glands and sebaceous glands. 3) It protects underlying tissues, regulated body temp, houses sensory receptors and synthesizes substances.

Reproductive System

1) The reproductive system enables an organism to reproduce progeny. 2) Male reproduction system produces, maintains and transports male sex cells. It includes the scrotum, testes, epididymides, ductus deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, urethra and penis. 3) Female reproductive system produces, maintains and transports female sex cells. It includes the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris and vulva.

Urinary System

1) Urinary system includes the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra. 2) It filters wastes from the blood and helps maintain fluid and electrolyte balance.

Levels of organization - the body is composed of parts that can be considered at different levels of organization.

1) matter is composed of atoms, which are composed of subatomic particles. 2) atoms join to form molecules. 3) organelles consist of aggregates of interacting large molecules (macromolecules). 4) cells, composed of organelles, are the basic units of structure and function of the body. 5) cells are organized into layers or masses called tissues. 6) tissue are organized into organs. 7) organs form organ systems 8) organ systems constitute the organism.

Characteristics of life

1) movement-changing body position 2) responsiveness-reacting to internal/external changes 3) growth-increase in size w/o change in shape 4) reproduction-producing offspring 5) respiration-obtaining oxygen,using oxygen release energy from foods and removing gaseous waste 6) digestion-breaking down food substances into forms that can be absorbed

Which requirements does the external environment provide?

1)water-transports substances and regulates temp 2)food-substance provides nutrients which provide energy and raw materials for building new matter. 3)oxygen-used to release energy from nutrients. The energy in turn, is used to drive metabolic processes. 4)heat-is a form of energy present in our environment. It is a product of metabolic reactions and it controls the rate at which these reactions occur. Temp is a measure of the amount of heat present. 5)pressure-an applicationof force on an object or substance.

How does the human body illustrate levels of organization?

Begins with subatomic particles, atoms, molecules, macromolecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ system organism.

Organization of the human body-Body Cavities

Body Cavities a) The Axial portion of the body contains the cranial cavity and vertebral canal, the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities, separated by diaphragm. b) The organs within thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities are called Viscera. c) Other body cavities include the oral, nasal, orbital, and middle ear cavities.

Maintenance of Life Cont...

5) Pressure-is an application of force, in humans, atmospheric and hydrostatic pressures help breathing and blood movements. Homeostasis-if an organism is to survive, the conditions w/i the body need to be stable The tendency to maintain a stable internal environment this is called homeostasis Homeostatic mechanisms involves the following: sensory receptor, control center w/ set point, and effectors

Characteristics of life cont...

7) absorption-moving substances through membranes and into body fluids 8) circulation-moving substances through the body in body fluids 9) assimilation- changing substances into chemically different forms 10) excretion-removing body wastes. Metabolism is the acquisition and use of energy by an organism

What is an organism?

A group of organs that function closely together comprise organ systems. Interacting organ systems make up an organism.

Abdominopelvic membrane

Abdominopelic membrane 1) Peritoneal membranes line the abdominopelvic cavity and cover the organs inside. 2) The peritoneal cavity is a potential space between these membranes

Life Span Changes

Aging occurs from conception on and has effects at the cell, tissue and organ system levels. 1) first sign of aging are noticeable in ones's 30's, female fertility begins to decline during this time. 2) In the 40's-50's, adult-onset disorders may begin. 3) Skin changes reflect less elastin, collagen and subcutaneous fat. 4) older people may metabolize certain drugs at different rates than younger people. 5) Cells divide a limited number of times. As DNA repair falters. 6) Metabolism slows down.

Describe the difference between Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy deals with the form and organization of body parts. Physiology deals with the function of these parts. The function of a part depends on the way it is constructed

What are the differences between anatomy and physiology?

Anatomy(cutting up) examines the structure of the body parts. Physiology(relationship to nature)considers the functions of the body parts.

How did human health change as lifestyle changed?

As people became more sedentary and diets changed, people became malnourished.

Why is it difficult to separate the topics of anatomy and physiology?

It is difficult because anatomical structures make possible their functions. Each part conribute to the whole. Parts form a well organized unit-the human organism.

Why is homeostasis so important for survival?

It is important because homeostasis maintains a stable internal environment. When we become over heated, there is a internal set point that indicates to the hypothalamus to trigger a change in body temp to reduce the heat in the body. Sweat glands in the skin secrete watery perspiration, this allows the body to cool down. * Concentrations of water, nutrients, and oxygen in the internal environment must be maintained within certain ranges to sustain life.

What types of activities helped promote the development of modern medical science?

Techniques for making accurate observations and performing careful experiments evolved and knowledge of the human body expanded. This new knowledge required a new specialized language.

What is the relationship between oxygen use and heat production?

The body's maintenance of a stable internal environment is called homeostasis and it is so important that it requires most of our metabolic energy.

What factors stimulated an early interest in the human body?

The change from hunter-gatherer to an agricultural lifestyle. This life style change brought on other changes such as diet, stresses and diseases. The rise in medical science paralleled prehistory and history.

How are A&P new and old fields?

We are learning more, with more sophisticated technology. New developments, new ideas etc

Homeostatic mechanisms

include those that regulate body temperature, blood pressure and blood glucose concentration. Homeostatic mechanisms also employ negative feedback.

Thoracic membrane

Parietal serous membranes line the walls of these cavities, visceral serous membranes cover organs within them. They secrete serous fluid. Thoracic membranes 1) Pleural membranes-line the thoracic cavity and cover the lungs 2) Pericardial membranes- surround the heart and cover its surface

Maintenance of Life-structure and function of body parts maintain life of an organism

Requirements of Organisms 1) Water-is used in many metabolic processes. It provides the environment for metabolic reactions and transports substances. 2) Nutrients-supply energy, raw materials for building substances and chemicals necessary in vital reactions 3) Oxygen-is used in releasing energy from nutrients, this energy drives metabolic reactions 4) Heat-is part of our environment and is a product of metabolic reactions, heat controls the rate of these reactions

List several examples how a structure of a body part makes possible its function.

The functional role arises from the way the body part is constructed. Ex. The arrangement of bones and muscles in the human hand with its long jointed fingers, make grasping possible. ex. The heart's powerful muscular wall contract and propel blood out of the chambers into the blood vessels, heart vlaves keep blood moving in the proper direction. Other ex, mouth, teeth and tongue etc

How do body parts at different levels of organization vary in complexity?

The heart consists of muscle, fat and nervous tissue. Cells of complex organisms such as humans contain structures called organelles that carry out specific activities. Organelles are composed of large molecules, including proteins, carbs, lipids, and nucleic acids. Most human cells contain a complete set of genetic instructions allowing cells to speicalize.

Organ Systems

The human organism consists of several organ systems. Each system includes interrelated organs.

What are the characteristics of life?

The most fundamental characteristics of life are shared by all organisms. We can respond to our surroundings. Our bodies grow. We gain energy by ingesting, digesting, absorbing and assimilating the nutrients in food.

Which physical and chemical events constitute metabolism?

The process of respiration, use the energy in these nutrients for such vital functions as growth and repair of tissues. The final process is the excretion of wastes the body does not use. The physical and chemical events that obtain, release and use energy are a major part of metabolism.