Human Anatomy Chapter 24

Identify the letter that indicates blood vessels that absorb solutes from the convoluted tubules.

A

Identify the letter that indicates the efferent arteriole.

A

Identify the letter that indicates blood vessels covered by podocytes.

C

Identify the letter that indicates the blood vessel that branches from the abdominal aorta carrying oxygenated blood to the kidney.

C

Identify the letter that indicates the region of the nephron with receptors sensitive to antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

C

Identify the letter that indicates the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule.

C

Identify the letter that indiates an expanded portion of the ureter.

D

Identify the letter that indicates the parietal layer of glomerular capsule.

D

Identify the letter that indicates the major calyx.

E

The epithelial cells of the distal convoluted tubule have an abundance of the absorptive microvilli.

FALSE

The kidneys are located just below lumbar vertebrae L2 and L3.

FALSE

The ureters enter the bladder obliquely at the anterolateral corners.

FALSE

The urinary bladder, when empty, lies within both the abdominal and pelvic cavities.

FALSE

Based on what you know about the location of the kidneys in the posterior abdominal wall, the hilum of the kidney must be at the level of which verterbra?

L1 or L2

The descending thin limb of the nephron loop consists of a simple squamous epithelium.

TRUE

The internal urethral sphincter is composed of smooth muscle and is under involuntary control.

TRUE

Urine drains from the kidney in the following sequencel; from the collecting duct to the minor calyx to the major calyx to the renal pelvis and then to the ureter.

TRUE

Urine flows from the kidney to the bladder by gravity and peristalisis.

TRUE

Venous structures of the kidney mirror those of the arterial circuit, except for the absense of segmental veins.

TRUE

Glomeruli arise from branches off the _________ arterioles of the cortex.

afferent glomerular

An increase in the permeability of collecting tubule cells to water is due to _________.

an increase in the production of ADH

The _______ artery is located between the interlobar and cortical radiate arteries.

arcuate

The external urethral sphincter is located _________.

at the urogenital diaphragm

Which of the following regions of the nephron is most likely to be found in the renal medulla?

collecting duct

The most superficial layer of the kidney is the ____________.

cortex

The embryonic urogenital sinus __________.

derives from the cloaca

Which segment of the nephron has a simple squamous epithelium?

descending limb of the nephron loop

Contraction of this muscle forces urine from the bladder.

detrusor

Which of the following is NOT normally found in urine.

glucose

___________ cells are modified smooth muscle cells of the afferent and efferent arterioles that secrete the hormon renin.

granular (juxtaglomerular)

The mucosal folds in the bladder (ruage) ________.

have the same basic function as traditional epithelium - accommodating stretch as the bladder fills

The medial concave cleft in which vessels, ureters, and nerves enter/leave the kidney.

hilum

Why are urinary tract infections more common in females than in males?

in females the urethra is shorter than in males

Which of the following statements about the urinary bladder is FALSE?

in females, the bladder lies posterior to the uterus but anterior to the rectum

Which of the following statements about the internal urethral sphincter is FALSE?

it is surrounded by the urogenital diaphragm

Blood pressure is regulated by a specialized structure, known as the _________, that contracts both the afferent arteriole and the terminal end of the nephron loop.

juxtaglomerular apparatus

Region of the distal tubule that monitors concentration of the filtrate.

macula densa

Vessels and nerves enter and leave the kidney through the __________.

medial hilum

From which embryonic tissue layer does the kidney arise?

mesoderm

The only embryonic kidney that survives into adulthood is the _________.

metanephros

Voiding of urine, known as ___________, involves sympathetic, parasympathetic, and somatic fibers.

micturition

The ________ layer of the ureters propel urine to the bladder by peristalsis.

muscularis

The U-shaped ____________ is located between the proximal and distal convoluted tubules.

nephron loop

Which of the following is found exlusively in the renal medulla?

nephron loop of juxtamedullary nephrons

If you looked closely at the tip of the renal papilla with a hand lens, the hundreds of little oepnings you see on its surface are __________.

openings of papillary ducts

Adjacent collecting ducts join to form larger _______ that drain into the minor calyx.

papillary ducts

Which of the following supportive tissues is most superficial?

paraneal fat

In the micturition reflex, the detrusor muscle is stimulated to contract by ____________.

parasympathetic fibers

The condition in which the metanephros has failed to ascend is _________.

pelvic kidney

Between the fibrous renal capsule and the renal fascia is a cushioning and supportive ________ fat capsule.

perirenal

Most water and solutes are resorbed from the convoluted renal tubules into the ___________.

peritubular capillaries

___________ are large cells with complex "footlike" processes that wrap around the glomerular capillaries.

podocytes

Which of the following is NOT usually associated with the formation of the renal calculi?

polyurea

The micturition center is located in the ____________.

pons of the brain stem

The parts of the nephron whose epithelial cells contain the most mitochondria are the ____________.

proximal and distal tubules

Infection of the renal pelvic and calyces is known as ___________.

pyelitis

Which of the following would NOT iinhibit micturition?

relaxation of the internal urethal sphincter

Which structure is most important for holding the kidney in place in the abdomen?

renal fascia

Before it enters the ureter, urine collects in the ____________.

renal pelvis

The descriptive term for the location of the kidneys relative to the abdominal cavity.

retroperitoneal

Five ________ arteries branch from the renal artery and enter the hilus.

segmental

Of the following, the only epithelial type that does NOT line the urethra is ___________.

simple squamous

A large fat-filled space within the kidney that also contains the renal pelvis, blood vessels, and nerves.

sinus

The longest of the three parts of the male urethra is the __________.

spongy urethra

Which of the following is NOT found in the renal corpuscle?

the nephron loop

An important difference between a cuboidal epithelial cell of the proximal versus the distal convoluted tubule is that __________.

the proximal tubule cells have long microvilli that are fewer than or absent from the distal tubule cells

An important difference between the peritubular capillaries and the vasa recta in the kidney is that _____________.

the vasa recta are in the medulla, whereas the peritubular capillaries are in the cortex

Cortical nephrons are different from juxtamedullary nephrons in that ___________.

their nephron loop is shorter, with a shorter thin segment

The _______, a clinical landmark in the urinary bladder, is bounded by the two ureteric openings and the internal urethral orifice.

trigone

Cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons can be distinguished by the absence of a vasa recta in the cortical nephrons.

TRUE

In females, the urinary bladder lies anterior to the vagina and uterus.

TRUE

The correct sequence of arterial blood flow is the artery to the segmental arteries to the interlobar arteries.

TRUE

The glomerular capsule and the glomerular capillaries together make up the renal corpuscle.

TRUE

The location and length of the urethra are two factors that contribute to the high incidence of urinary tract infections in women.

TRUE

When Melinda was asked to identify a "mystery" slide on a histology test, she immediately identified it as renal cortex because of the presence of scattered ________.

renal corpuscles

Which of the following structures is most numerous within a kidney?

renal corpuscles

Urine passes through the __________.

renal pelvis to the ureter to the bladder to the urethra

In the juxtaglomerular apparatus, the macula densa belongs to the __________.

terminal nephron loop

Renin is produced in ___________.

the granular cells

During a dissection, Arnie saw the ureters entering the lateral corners of the bladder but found the internal openings of the ureters in the trigone near the midline of the bladder. His observation necessarily means that _________.

the ureters run medially for some distance within the posterior bladder wall

The epithelium lining the urinary bladder that permits distension is ___________.

transitional

The calyces and renal pelvis are all flared branches off the ________, which is an organ that transmits urine to the bladder.

ureter

Which of the following conditions is most often seen in elderly males with prostatic hyperplasia?

urinary retention

Ladderlike looping blood vessels within the medulla.

vasa recta

The layer of podocytes is the same as the _________.

visceral layer of glomerular capsule

Which of the following is NOT part of the filtration membrane?

granular cells

Another name for the neck of the bladder is the __________.

inferior angle

Which vessels lie within the renal columns?

interlobar arteries

The name of the inferior of the three openings in the trigone of the bladder is the ____________.

internal urethral orifice

The left renal vein __________ the right renal vein.

is longer than

Cup-shaped tubes that enclose the papillae of the pyramids.

minor calyx

Which gland sits atop each kidney?

adrenal

The ureters develop from ___________.

a duct that branches from the mesonephric duct

Pyelography is _________.

a type of X-ray procedure (radiology)

The kidney lies behind the ___________ cavity.

abdominal

How much of the fluid filtered by the kidney actually becomes urine?

1%

Identify the letter that indicates a cortical radiate artery.

A

Identify the letter that indicates the blood vessels that delinate the cortex from the medulla.

B

Identify the letter that indicates the glomerulus.

B

Identify the letter that indicates the afferent arteriole.

D

Identify the letter that indicates the proximal convoluted tubule.

E

Identify the letter that indicates the vasa recta.

E

A network of peritubular capillaries surrounds the covoluted tubules and nephron loop for the purpose of filtration.

FALSE

Blood vessel that contains granular cells involved in blood pressure regulation.

afferent arteriole

85% of nephrons are described by this term that relates to their location in the kidney.

cortical

Arteries that branch to form the afferent arterioles to the glomeruli are _________.

cortical radiate arteries

The function of the collecting duct is to __________.

determine the final volume and concentration of urine

Which of the following processes does NOT participate in the production of urine in the kidney?

evaporation

The __________ urethral sphincter is composed of skeletal muscle and under voluntary control.

external

The part of the nephron whose epithelial cells are most responsible for resorption and secretion is the __________.

glomerular capsule (pdodcytes)

Knot of capillaries that directs blood into the efferent arteriole.

glomerulus