Human Bio Chap 11

The number of deaths in the human population of Pennsylvania in 2017 was:

18.5 per 100,000 people

Sodium potassium pumps will move . . . potassium ions into the cell for every . . . sodium ions that they move out of the cell:

2, 3

The resting potential of a neuron is approximately minus:

70 millivolts

An action potential is brought about by:

A local change in membrane permeability caused by a greater-than-threshold stimulus

Which of the following occurs first during an action potential?

A local disturbance triggers the resting voltage to exceed the threshold level

What statement is correct?

A motor unit will have multiple dendrites and a single axon that signals a muscle or gland

Functionally speaking, a nerve impulse is:

A series of changes in membrane potential

For sodium to accumulate rapidly in a neuron:

A stimulus above the threshold must open sodium gates in an accelerating manner

An abrupt reversal in the electric gradient across the plasma membrane is called a:

Action potential

Insufficient production of acetylcholine in the synapses of the brain, abnormal tangled neurons, and large deposits of beta amyloid are problems associated with:

Alzeihmer's disease

Which statement is false?

An action potential continues indefinitely until a quenching signal is released

Oligodendrocytes are similar to Schwanna cells in that they:

Are a type of neuroglial cell

Transmitter substances:

Are expelled from the presynaptic cells and interact with membrane receptors of the postsynaptic cells

Which of the following statements concerning opioids is true?

At least three different opioid receptors are found in humans, opioid receptors bind synthetic drugs such as fentanyl and oxycodone, natural opioids can function as endorphins, opioids are highly addictive

The single long process that extends from a typical motor nerve cell is the:

Axon

Which portion of the neuron specializes in sending a message?

Axon

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS is a disease that results from damage to motor neurons) in the:

Brain and spinal cord, upper motor neurons in the brain along with the spinal cord

Which is a junction between two neurons?

Chemical synapse

Which of the following events associated with the transmission of an impulse across a synapse occurs last?

Chemically gated channels for sodium open in the postsynaptic membrane

Within a single neuron, the direction an impulse follows is:

Dendrite → axon → cell body

Which of the following is not true regarding the sodium-potassium pump?

Due to the actions of the sodium-potassium pump, the charge of the cytoplasm of a neuron is slightly more positive than the charge of the interstitial fluid surrounding it

Which of the following concerning transport proteins in the neuron membrane is true?

Energy moves ions against the concentration gradient

The principal job of the human nervous system is to:

Facilitate communication among the body systems

Disturbances in sensory neurons will result in an action potential if the:

Graded stimulus reachers a trigger zone

Active transport:

Helps to establish the resting potential of a neuron, counters the process of diffusion, and allows transport of atoms across the plasma membrane of the neuron against the concentration gradient

Which area of the brain is responsible for determining the strength of the heartbeat and the rhythm of breathing?

Medulla Oblongata

Neuroglial cells:

Metabolically support other neurons, form sheaths around neurons and control the rate of impulse transmission, form more than half of the volume of the brain, provide physical support

If a nerve impulse is traveling from the central nervous system to the organs of the body, the impulse would be traveling on a:

Motor neuron

The phrase "all or nothing," used in conjunction with discussion about an action potential, means that:

Nothing can stop the action potential once the threshold is reached

Which neurological disorder is characterized by tremors, a loss of balance, and difficulty speaking? A head injury results in the loss of consciousness increases the risk:

Parkinson's disease

When an impulse passes from neuron to the next, it:

Passes from axon to dendrite

During an action potential the loss . . . causes the membrane potential to decline below the resting potential:

Potassium

What happens immediately following the closing of the sodium gates during an action potential?

Potassium ions leave the cell

At rest, a nerve cell has a high concentration of . . . inside and a high concentration of . . . outside:

Potassium; sodium

The recovery time from the passage of a nerve impulse is called the:

Refractory period

During which of the following phases of an action potential do the sodium channels close and potassium channels open, releasing potassium from the neuron?

Repolarization

When neurotransmitter breakdown is prevented by a product like sarin gas, which of the following will occur?

Skeletal muscle paralysis, acetylcholinesterase accumulation, mental confusion, headaches

During the all - or - nothing spike . . . ions rush into the axon to cause it to become positive relative to the outside:

Sodium

Which of the following is the first response a neuron makes to a stimulus?

Sodium ions enter the cell

During the passage of a nerve impulse:

Sodium ions pass through gated channels, positive feedback causes more sodium ions to enter the cell, the interior of the cell becomes positive, changing voltage increases the number of open gates

The membrane-bound enzyme system that restores and maintains the resting membrane is which of the following pumps?

Sodium-potassium

Which portion of the nervous system will directly relay commands to the skeletal muscles that are under voluntary control?

Somatic

The occurrence of an action potential can best be compared to a:

Switch to turn a lamp on and off

Which branch of the neural system will cause an increase in heart rate, blood pressure and respiration during times of stress?

Sympathetic

Which of the following processes is depicted in the above diagram?

Synaptic transmission

The heavily phosphorated (hyper-phosphorylated) protein found in both Alzheimer's Disease and CTE is known as:

Tau protein

The basic unit of the nervous system is:

The neuron

Which of the following occurs during the absolute refractory period?

The neuron cannot generate an action potential

Once a threshold is reached:

The opening of sodium gates and the accompanying flow of sodium ions is an example of positive feedback

During the recovery period between action potentials:

The sodium gates are shut and the potassium gates are opened

Which of the following is a true statement regarding the synapse?

The synaptic cleft is a fluid-filled gap located between the presynaptic neuron and the postsynaptic neuron

When a neuron is at rest:

There is a voltage difference across the membrane of about -70 millivolts, the interior is negatively charged, it is not responding to a stimulus, the fluid outside the membrane has more sodium and less potassium than the cytoplasm

Which of the following is not true concerning sensory neurons?

They lie in the pathway between the interneurons and the motor neurons

Which of the following terms most accurately describes the cellular activity associated with the actual passage of a nerve impulse?

Wave of depolarization

Cerebrum:

controls muscle functions, and also controls speech, thought, emotions, reading, writing, and learning

The nucleus and most of the organelles of a neuron are located in the dendrites

false

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE)is characterized by a brain pathology that includes both beta-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles

false, because only NF tangles are present

Cerebellum:

maintains balance, posture, coordination, movement, and motor movements/skills

Pons:

relays info about motor function, sensation, eye movement, hearing, taste, etc.

Thalamus:

serves as the main relay station for your brain, all motor and sensory signals (except smell) pass through it

A student noticed that every time he smelled a certain perfume, it reminded him of his mother. This is due largely to the activity of the limbic system

true

Fentanyl is a particularly dangerous opioid because this compound is lipophilic, and more readily crosses the blood-brain barrier than do other opioids

true

The absolute refractory period characteristic of neurons is important in ensuring that action potentials travel in only one direction

true

The two subdivisions of the nervous system are the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system

true