Human Biology
the viscera
"somatosensory" does not refer to sensory signals from ___________
True
(T/F) Several muscles of facial expression are stimulated by the facial nerve. In other words, these muscles are innervated by the facial nerve.
myasthenia gravis
A 35-year-old woman complains of drooping eyelids, weakness in her limbs, and poor physical endurance. What is a likely cause of her symptoms?
gland
A ________ is an effector.
Reflex
A ___________ is a quick involuntary stereotyped reaction of glands or muscles to stimulation
Ruptured calcaneal tendon
A clinician induces contraction of the gastrocnemius and soleus and notices that the foot does not plantar flex as expected. Which of the following would be a logical diagnosis?
tunnel
A condition caused by prolonged repetitive motions of the wrist and fingers is called carpal ________ syndrome.
myoglobin
A dark pigment in skeletal muscle fibers that stores oxygen is ____________
supraspinatus
A football player's arm is dislocated during a tackle. Which of the following muscles was most likely injured?
a functional group of muscles surrounded by fascia.
A muscle compartment is best defined as __________________.
major
A muscle that attaches to the intertubercular groove, adducts the arm, and is important when one does push-ups is the pectoralis __________
Gastrocnemius
A muscle with two heads that forms part of the triceps surae and plantar flexes the foot is the __________
lipids
A myelin sheath is composed primarily of _________
Spina bifida
A neural tube defect called __________ _________ occurs when the vertebrae fail to develop properly and the spinal cord is exposed
unipolar
A neuron that has a single process leading away from its neurosoma is structurally classified as __________.
flexor (withdrawal)
A nurse pricks your finger to type your blood. you flinch at the pain, pulling back your hand. This is called the ________ reflex
Secretion
A presynaptic neuron releases neurotransmitters to be received by a postsynaptic neuron. Which general property of neurons does this presynaptic neuron demonstrate?
Contralateral
A reflex in which the sensory input and motor output are on opposite sides of the spinal cord is called a/an _________ reflex arc
Fascia
A sheet of connective tissue that separates neighboring muscles is called a/an _________
synaptic
A small gap called the _________ cleft lies between a presynaptic neuron and postsynaptic cell.
Skeletal muscle fibers
A somatic motor neuron carries signals to which of the following?
Sciatic nerve
A stab wound to the buttocks produces a sharp pain that travels from the gluteal region along the posterior side of the thigh and leg as far as the ankle. Which nerve was damaged?
hernia
A/an __________ is a condition where the viscera protrude though a weak point in the abdominopelvic cavity.
orbicularis oris
After taking their wedding vows, a bride and groom often ceremonially use which of the following muscles before walking away from the altar?
peripheral nervous system
All of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord is called the ___________ ________ ________
contracture
An abnormal shortening of a muscle that is not stimulated by the nervous system is called _____________
abductor digiti minimi
An injury that results in complete functional loss of the ulnar nerve will affect the _________ ______ ______ muscle
NO
Are electrical synapses useful for integrating information and making decisions?
Cauda equina
Below L2, the vertebral canal is occupied by a bundle of spinal nerve roots called the _________ __________
soleus
Both the gastrocnemius and _____________ muscles attach to the heel by the way of the calcaneal tendon
NO
Can some smooth muscle be autorhythmic?
There are more T tubules
Compared with skeletal muscle, which of the following is not true of smooth muscle?
Large diameter myelinated fiber
Conduction of a nerve impulse would be the fastest in a _________ __________ ___________ _________
Sartorius
Crossing your legs while sitting employs primarily which muscle?
It is not complete until late adolescence
Developmentally, when is myelination complete?
NO
Do elastic filaments fun through the core of thin myofilaments?
NO
Does the Mylohyoid belong to the infrahyoid group of hyoid muscles?
NO
Does the Thyrohyoid produce chewing movements of the mandible?
NO
Does the pectineus attach to the linea aspera?
NO
Does the pronator teres flex the wrist?
unitary smooth muscle
Gap junctions are characteristics of _______ _______ _________
Fasciae
Groups of muscles are separated by _________
Fasciae
Groups of muscles are separated by __________
Pattern
Groups of neurons in the spinal cord that coordinate the simple, repetitive alternating movements of the lower limbs that facilitate walking are called central _____________ generators.
frontal belly of occipitofrontalis
If a dentist were to slip while giving a novocaine injection and damage the facial nerve, what muscles would be affected?
Direct
If a muscle joins a bone without any visible tendon, it is said to have a/an _________ attachment.
Stimulation of the sarcolemma will not be possible and muscles will be paralyzed.
If a person is injected with a toxin that blocks acetylcholine receptors, what will occur?
it grows within a regeneration tube
In PNS nerve fiber regeneration, how is a growing axon directed to its original destination?
Thick
In a sarcomere, myosin makes up the _______ myofilaments.
Z
In a sarcomere, thin myofilaments are anchored to a __ disc.
L1
In an adult, the spinal cord ends at which vertebra?
in the middle.
In joints that are first-class levers, the fulcrum is __ ___ ______
atrophy
In response to disuse, skeletal muscle will shrink in size, or ____________
extracellular fluid
In smooth muscle, where does the calcium needed for contraction come from ?
compartments
In the upper and lower appendages, the fasciae divide the muscles into ____________
compartments
In the upper and lower appendages, the fasciae divide the muscles into _____________
Endomysium
In which layer does one find numerous blood capillaries that supply oxygen and glucose to muscle cells?
tennis
Inflammation at the attachment of the extensor carpi muscles on the lateral epicondyle of the humerus due to activity that requires rotation of the forearm and firm grip of hand is known as ________ elbow
NO
Is autorhythmicity a feature of skeletal muscle?
NO
Is the Levator palpebrae superioris innervated by the facial nerve?
NO
Is the moving of contents through the digestive tract associated with the skeletal muscle?
NO
Is the sternocleidomastoid an intrinsic muscle of the head?
NO
Is the zygomaticus major essential to taking a bite of food and chewing it?
Serratus anterior
Jil has taken up boxing and notices her thoracic musculature becoming more defined. What muscle would show the greatest definition given her new activity?
intermuscular
Major compartments are separated from each other by __________ septa
Vesicles
Membrane enclosed sacs in the axon terminals called synaptic ___________ contain neurotransmitters
Flexor hallucis longus
Mikako has sprained her big toe and can no longer flex it. Which muscle has she likely injured?
smallest
Minimus, as in gluteus minimus, means __________
Neuroglial
Most brain tumors originate from __________ cells
efferent; effectors
Motor neurons, or _________ neurons, send signals predominantly to muscle and gland cells, which are known as the ____________
phospholipids
Myelin consists mainly of which of the following?
lipids
Myelin is mostly composed of 20% protein and 80% ______.
oligodendrocytes
Myelin sheaths in the CNS are formed by _________
Schwann cells
Myelin sheaths in the PNS are formed by ____________.
Endoneurium
Nerve fibers are insulated from one another by ____________
visceral motor
Nerves that directly control the motility of the stomach or rate of the heartbeat would be considered part of the _____________ division of the nervous system.
Dendrites
Neurons receive incoming signals by way of specialized processes called ____________
afferent
Neurons that convey information to the CNS are called sensory, or ___________, neurons
multipolar
Neurons that have one axon and numerous dendrites are structurally classified as __________
motor
One motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates constitute a _______ unit
ganglion
Outside the CNS, the somas of neurons are clustered in swellings called ___________
Slow oxidative (SO)
Posture is maintained mainly by _______ fibers
extensor digitorum
Prominent tendons on the dorsum of the hand belong to the ______ __________ muscle
extensor digitorum
Prominent tendons on the dorsum of the hand belong to which muscle?
monosynaptic
Reflex arcs that only use two neurons are called _________ reflex arcs
Thalamus
Second order neurons synapse with third order neurons in the ____________
fasciae
Sheets of fibrous connective tissue called _________ separate a muscle or muscle group from neighboring muscles.
voluntary
Skeletal muscle is called __________ because it is usually subject to conscious control
Myoglobin; lactic acid
Slow oxidative fibers have more _________ and less _________ than fast glycolytic fibers
shock
Soon after a region of the spinal cord is severed, victims exhibit a syndrome called spinal __________
True
T/F A deficiency of acetylcholine receptors leads to muscle paralysis in myasthenia gravis
False
T/F As a lever produces more force, it also produces greater speed and distance
true
T/F Clinically, dystrophin is the most important noncontractile protein to occur in muscle fibers?
True
T/F Ependymal cells line the inner cavities of the CNS.
True
T/F Extensibility refers to the ability of a muscle to stretch
False
T/F In skeletal muscle, Titin is found in a thin myofilament.
True
T/F Injury to the deep fibular nerve would cause inability to extend one's toes.
True
T/F Most neurons have multiple dendrites.
True
T/F Nerve fibers in a given white matter tract are similar in origin, destination, and function.
False
T/F Oligodendrocytes serve the same purpose in the CNS that satellite cells do in the PNS.
True
T/F One of the important functions of the muscle in the body is the regulation of blood glucose
True
T/F Posterior root ganglia contain somas of unipolar neurons
False
T/F The cervical and lumbosacral enlargements are wide points in the spinal cord marking the emergence of the motor nerves.
True
T/F The sarcoplasmic reticulum is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of a muscle fiber.
False
T/F The somatic reflexes are monosynaptic
False
T/F The vastus femoris belongs to the quadriceps
true
T/F locomotion is a function of the spinal cord.
Z discs
The _ ______ move closer together during the contraction of skeletal muscle/
T tubules
The _ _______ propagates action potentials from the surface of a muscle fiber to its interior.
adductor magnus
The _______ _________ muscle adducts and medially rotates the thigh.
Thick
The _______ myofilament is predominantly made up of myosin
lumbar
The _______ plexus gives rise to the femoral nerve.
Palmaris longus
The ________ ________ would be compromised by damage to the median nerve.
Vastus intermedius
The ________ _________ would be compromised from damage to the femoral nerve.
Skeletal
The ________ muscle is under voluntary control.
phrenic
The ________ nerves arise from the cervical plexus and innervate the diaphragm.
ependymal cells
The _________ _______ line the ventricles of the brain.
Internal intercostals
The _________ _________ contracts when one is bling out birthday candles
iliotibial tract
The _________ _________ is a connective tissue band on the lateral thigh that helps stabilize the knee.
rectus femoris
The _________ _________ muscle is the only muscle of the quadriceps femoris group that flexes the hip.
visceral motor
The _________ __________ division carries signals to the smooth muscle in the large intestine.
rectus
The _________ abdominis is an abdominal muscle separated into two halves by the linea alba.
latissimus
The _________ dorsi is nicknamed the "swimmer's muscle."
Digastric
The _________ muscles help to open the mouth (depress the mandible)?
posterior root
The __________ _____ ganglion contains the somas of neurons that carry sensory signals to the spinal cord.
Adductor longus
The __________ ________ muscles is in the medial compartment of the thigh.
Biceps brachii
The __________ ________ supinates the forearm
Descending tracts
The __________ __________ carry motor commands from the brain along the spinal cord.
visceral motor
The __________ division carries signals to the smooth muscle in the large intestine
sympathetic
The __________ division of the nervous system tends to prepare the body for action.
dura mater
The __________ is the outermost meninx covering the brain and spinal cord.
Temporalis
The __________ muscle attaches to the coronoid process of the mandible.
radial
The __________ nerve innervates the posterior arm, forearm muscles, and skin.
sacral
The __________ plexus gives rise to the tibial nerve
dermatomes
The ___________ are overlapping regions of skin innervated by different spinal nerves
ependymal
The ___________ cells line the ventricles of the brain.
Perimysium
The ___________ is the connective tissue covering around a single muscle fascicle.
Sartorius
The ___________ muscle's action is to aid in both hip and knee flexion
Sternocleidomastoid
The ___________ muscles diverge like a V from the middle of the upper thorax to behind the ears.
biceps femoris
The ____________ _________ attaches to the head of the fibula
quadriceps femoris
The ____________ _________ is a group of muscles that extend the knee and all attach to the patella
Bulbospongiosus
The ____________ perineal muscle exhibits the greatest difference between males and females.
perimysium
The ______________ is the connective tissue covering around a single muscle fascicle.
linea alba
The abdominal aponeuroses converge on a median fibrous band on the abdomen called ____________ _____________.
Continued muscle contraction
The absence or inhibition of acetylcholinesterase at a synapse would lead to __________ _________ ___________
gray matter
The anterior and posterior horns of the spinal cord are composed of _________ ___________
Thoracic
The anterior rami of the spinal nerves form nerve plexuses in all regions except the ________ region.
visceral motor division
The autonomic nervous system is also called the ___________ __________ ________
Tuberosity of radius
The biceps brachii attaches to the ________ __ ______.
central nervous system
The brain and spinal cord constitute the _________ _____ ______
Cauda equina
The bundle of nerve roots that occupy the vertebral canal from L2 to S5 is called the ___________ ___________
phrenic
The cervical plexus is the origin of the _______ nerve(s)
buccal
The cheek area is known as the _________ region
Perineurium
The connective tissue covering around a bundle of fibers (fascicle) within a nerve is called the _________
epineurium
The connective tissue covering of an entire nerve is called the ________________
transverse
The deepest abdominal muscle is the ______ abdominal
Phrenic
The diaphragm is innervated by the __________ nerve
somatic
The division of the nervous system that carries signals from receptors in the skin, muscles, bones, and joints to the CNS is the _________ sensory system.
interosseous
The dorsal _________ muscles are hand muscles that abduct the fingers.
acetylcholine (ACh)
The events leading to skeletal muscle contraction are initiated by the neurotransmitter ____________.
posterior
The extensor carpi ulnaris and extensor digiti minimi are both located in the ___________ compartment of the forearm.
third
The force (effector) is in the middle of a __________-class lever
Musculocutaneous
The forearm flexors (biceps brachii, and brachialis) are innervated by which nerve?
aponeurotica
The galea ___________ is the structure that connects the frontal belly and occipital belly of the occipitofrontalis.
monosynaptic reflex
The knee-jerk (patellar) reflex is classified as which of the following?
Trapezius
The largest muscle of the upper back is the ___________
The big toe
The latin term "hallucis" is used to refer to what?
arachnoid mater
The middle meninx around the spinal cord is the ____________
gracilis
The most medial adductor muscle of the thigh is the long slender ___________
fast glycolytic
The muscle fibers that exhibit the most severe age-related atrophy are _____ _______ fibers.
oris
The muscle that encircles the lips and enables them to pucker, as in a kiss, is the orbicularis __________
orbicularis
The muscle that squeezes the eye shut is the _________ oculi.
Proprioception
The nonvisual awareness of the body's position and movements is called ________________
patellar ligament
The patella is connected to the tibia via the _________ __________.
quadriceps
The patella is embedded in the tendon of the _____________ femoris muscle.
sarcolemma
The plasma membrane of a muscle fiber is referred to as the ___________
Triceps brachii
The prime mover for extension of the arm at the elbow is the __________ ___________
Tropomyosin
The regulatory protein that blocks the myosin binding site on G actin molecule is ______________
second
The resistance is in the middle of a ___________ class lever
Convergent
The respiratory center gathers information from a variety of sources in order to set the rate and depth of breathing. This is an example of what type of neural circuit?
reticulum
The sarcoplasmic __________ stores calcium and releases it into the sarcoplasm
Anterior
The serratus ___________ is a muscle that attaches to the scapula, wraps around to the ribs to the front and is visible as triangular points on the anterior chest of well muscled individuals.
glycolytic
The skeletal muscle fiber type most susceptible to fatigue is a fast _________ fiber
Orientation of the fascicles.
The strength of the muscle and the direction of pull are in part determined by ___________ __ ___ _________
posterior root
The structure found between the posterior rootlets and the posterior root ganglion is called the __________ __________
buccinator
The sucking muscle that is well-developed in infants is the __________
hamstring
The three large muscles on the posterior side of the thigh are collectively known as the _____________ muscles
Anterior
The tibialis __________ dorsiflexes and inverts the foot.
Gastrocnemius; soleus
The triceps surae includes the _____________ and the __________
hillock
The trigger zone of a neuron includes the axon __________
Cervicis
The word ________ indicates that a structure is associated with the neck.
capitis
The word __________ in a muscle name indicates a function related to the head
31
There are ______ pairs of spinal nerves
Hindbrain
Three anterior swellings of the neural tube that appear during the fourth week of development are the forebrain, midbrain, and ___________
synaptic vesicles
To stimulate muscle contraction, acetylcholine is released from the ________ _______ into the synaptic cleft
Quadratus lumborum
Unilateral contraction of which muscle causes ipsilateral flexion of the lumbar vertebral column?
Scapula and humerus
What are the attachments of the teres major and teres minor?
-Conduction -Locomotion -Reflexes -Neural integration
What are the functions of the spinal cord?
A defective gene for the protein called dystrophin
What characterizes Duchenne muscular dystrophy?
one nerve fiber and all the muscle fibers innervated by it
What comprises a motor unit?
A band
What contains overlapping thick and thin myofilaments?
Rough Endomplasmic Reticulum
What does the chromatophilic substance in a neuron consist of?
It becomes flatter and aids in inspiration
What happens to the diaphragm when it contracts?
Smooth muscle contracts and relaxes more slowly
What is a good comparison of skeletal muscle to smooth muscle?
The outermost layer of a schwann cell
What is a neurilemma?
a muscle that may stabilize a joint or modify direction of movement at the joint.
What is a synergist?
Semispinalis capitis
What is an extensor of the neck?
Goosebumps
What is caused by contraction of smooth muscle?
cerebrospinal fluid
What is found in the central canal of the spinal cord?
Brevis
What is the Latin term for "short"
It acts in climbing stairs by extending the thigh.
What is the action of the gluteus maximus
Ipsilateral flexion of the neck.
What is the function of the scalenes?
labium
What is the latin term for "lip" ?
sartorius
What is the longest muscle in the human body?
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
What is the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain?
Proprioception
What is the nonvisual awareness of the body's position in space called?
The dendrites
What is the primary site on a neuron for receiving signals from other neurons?
depressor anguli oris
What is the prime mover for frowning?
They release neurotransmitters onto smooth muscle cells
What is the purpose of motor nerve varicosities as they relate to smooth muscle?
it binds to troponin to expose a myosin binding site
What is the role of calcium in muscle contraction?
Z discs
What marks the boundaries of sarcomere?
Extensor carpi ulnaris
What might you expect to name a muscle that lies alongside the medial bone of the forearm, crosses the wrist and acts to open a fist?
Palmar interosseus
What muscle adducts the fingers?
sartorius
What muscle attaches at the anterior superior iliac spine, and crosses both the hip and knee joints?
Biceps femoris
What muscle attaches to the head of the fibula?
Adductor magnus
What muscle is an adductor of the thigh that attaches to both the pubis and ischium.
Skeletal muscle
What muscle type depends solely on the sarcoplasmic reticulum as its calcium source?
-Biceps femoris -Semitendinosus -Semimembranosus
What muscles belong to the Hamstrings?
-Rectus femoris -Vastus lateralis -Vastus medialis
What muscles belong to the Quadriceps?
-Supraspinatus -Infraspinatus -Teres minor
What muscles belong to the rotator cuff?
Adipose tissue
What occupies the epidural space around the spinal cord?
excitability
What property of neurons allows them to respond to changes in the environment?
the first-order neuron detects the stimulus and transmits a signal to the spinal cord or brain-stem
What role does a first-order neuron play in the passage of a sensory signal to the brain?
parallel
What shape would you classify a muscle that is composed of fascicles all running in the same direction?
First class
What type of lever is the atlanto-occipital joint?
The muscles of facial expression would droop on one side.
What would happen if a virus infected one of the two facial nerves (cranial nerve VII)?
Paraplegia
What would you expect to be the result of an accident where a person severed the spinal cord at the level of T12?
calcaneal tendon; his triceps surae.
When attempting a jump shot, a man falls to the ground in pain, grasping at the calf of his leg. There is an enormous bulge in his leg immediately below the popliteal fossa, and he is unable to plantar flex that foot. Most likely he has injured his __________ and the bulge is ___________.
Week 3 of development
When does the heart begin beating
Iliopsoas
When you take a deep bow, which muscles do you use?
the ventral horns of the spinal cord
Where are most lower motor neurons located?
synaptic knob
Where are the synaptic vesicles found?
In the PNS
Where are unmyelinated nerve fibers surrounded by Schwann cells?
The A band
Where in a sarcomere do actin and myosin overlap?
Precentral gyrus of the cerebrum
Where is the soma or an upper motor neuron that controls skeletal muscle found?
Multifidus
Which back muscle connects vertebrae to each other and helps maintain posture?
Oligodendrocytes
Which cells form myelin in the spinal cord?
Microglia
Which cells would you expect to increase in number during an infection of the CNS?
Lateral pterygoid
Which chewing muscle attaches to the sphenoid bone?
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Which condition is associated with an accumulation of glutamate in the nervous tissue fluid?
Spina bifida
Which condition occurs when the vertebrae fail to develop a complete neural arch and part of the spinal cord is exposed?
sympathetic division
Which division of the nervous system is responsible for accelerating the heart rate in an emergency?
parasympathetic division
Which division of the nervous system is responsible for maintaining day-to-day activities at rest?
Myoblasts
Which embryological cells give rise to muscle fibers?
Dicephalon
Which embryonic structure gives rise to the retina of the eye?
Astrocytes
Which flial cells convert glucose to lactate and contribute to the nourishment of neurons?
rectus femoris
Which head of the quadriceps femoris extends the knee and flexes the thigh at the hip?
erector spinae
Which muscle acts as an antagonist to erectus abdominis?
Sternocleidomastoid
Which muscle acts as an antagonist to trapezius?
Temporalis
Which muscle attaches to the coronoid process of the mandible?
fibularis longus
Which muscle everts the foot?
rectus abdominis
Which muscle is divided by tendinous insertions into segments externally visible on a well-muscled person?
omohyoid
Which muscle is not part of the suprahyoid group of hyoid muscles?
Genioglossus
Which muscle is the prime mover for sticking your tongue out?
Levator ani
Which muscle of the pelvic floor is the deepest?
Ischiocavernosus
Which muscle plays a role in erection of the penis and clitoris?
Mentalis
Which muscle pulls the skin of the chin upward?
skeletal muscle
Which muscle type depends solely on the sarcoplasmic reticulum as its calcium source?
Diaphragm
Which muscle(s) of respiration is/are innervated by the phrenic nerve?
smooth and cardiac muscle
Which muscle(s) tissue can contract without the need for nervous stimulation?
Serratus anterior
Which muscles(s) might be used to assist breathing if a person was experiencing an asthma attack?
Radial
Which nerve innervates the muscles of the posterior arm and forearm?
axillary
Which nerve supplies the deltoid muscle?
Lipofuscin
Which neuron cytoplasmic inclusion is the product of organelle digestion by lysosomes?
anaxonic
Which neuron does not have an axon and communicates over short distances?
thick myofilaments
Which of the following attaches to the M line of a sarcomere?
zygomaticus major
Which of the following contracts when one smiles?
semimembranosus
Which of the following is a hamstring muscle?
Gracilie fasciculus
Which of the following is an ascending tract of the spinal cord?
gracile fasciculus
Which of the following is an ascending tract of the spinal cord?
Troponin
Which of the following is considered to be a myofibril regulatory protein?
plasticity
Which of the following is not a characteristic of a muscle cell?
production of CSF
Which of the following is not a function of astrocytes?
lipofuscin
Which of the following is not a neurotransmitter?
it consists of somas, dendrites, and myelinated axons
Which of the following is not true of gray matter
nerves
Which of the following is/are found only in the PNS?
vertebrae
Which of the following is/are supplied by the meningeal branch of a spinal nerve?
biceps femoris
Which of the following muscles attaches to the head of the fibula?
biceps femoris
Which of the following muscles does not extend the knee
gracilis
Which of the following muscles is innervated by the obturator nerve?
rhomboideus major
Which of the following muscles is located above the knee?
Supinator
Which of the following muscles is not in the anterior compartment of the forearm?
levator palpebrae superioris
Which of the following muscles of facial expression is not innervated by the facial nerve?
soleus
Which of these muscles that act on the foot should not be grouped with the others?
somatic motor division
Which part of the nervous system controls the movement of your hand as you take notes during an anatomy lecture?
The anterior horns
Which part of the spinal cord contains somas of somatic motor neurons?
brachial
Which plexus contains nerves that supply the upper limib?
Sacral
Which plexus is formed from the ventral rami of nerves L4 to S4?
Troponin
Which protein acts as a calcium receptor in skeletal muscle?
touch
Which sensory function involves neurons in the posterior root ganglion?
to inhibit the function of cholinesterase
Which statement best describes the goal of medications used to treat myasthenia gravis?
The gray commissure
Which structure links the right and left sides of the gray matter in the spinal cord?
Sarcomplasmic reticulum
Which structures store calcium ions that trigger skeletal muscle contraction.
Synergist
Which term best describes the relationship of the deltoid and SITS muscles during shoulder abduction?
Decussate
Which term describes nerve fiber tracts that cross from one side of the body to the other?
Diverging
Which type of neural circuit allows one motor neuron in the brain to cause thousands of muscle fibers to contract?
erector spinae
While sitting at your desk, you drip your pencil onto the floor. You bend over to pick up the pencil, in order to straighten up and continue your exam, you must use the ____________ _______ muscles
The moving and nonmoving ends of muscle may change with different actions.
Why are the attachment points of a muscle no longer referred to as an origin or insertion?
Men have weaker inguinal canal due to the descent of the testes.
Why do men experience inguinal hernias more often than women?
It blocks the release of acetylcholine from motor neurons
Why does botox diminish frown lines?
The resistance is in the middle
Why is the temporomandibular joint considered to be a second-class lever?
spinothalamic tract; thalamus; cerebral cortex
You step on a sharp pin, which pathway does the pain signal follow?
Schwann
_________ cells form myelin sheaths in the PNS
Endomysium
_________ is a connective tissue sheath that surrounds an individual muscle fiber.
Glutamate
__________ is an excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain.
Rhabdomyoma
___________ is a rare, benign muscle tumor usually found in various head and neck muscles.
Fascicles
muscle fibers are arranged in bundles called _______________
thalamus
second-order neuron syanpse with third-order neurons in the ___________
tropomyosin
the regulatory protein that blocks the myosin binding site on G actin molecules is ________
stimulation of the sarcolemma will not be possible, and muscles will be paralyzed
what can occur if a person is injected with a toxin that blocks acetylcholine receptors
it is a sensory pathway
what does the word root "spino" in the name of a spinal tract indicate?
Sartorius
what is the longest muscle in the human body?
a monosynaptic reflex arc
what kind of reflex arc does not require an interneuron?
poliomyelitis
which paralytic condition is caused by a viral infection that destroys motor neurons in the brainstem and ventral horns of the spinal cord?
Sacral
which plexus gives rise to the sciatic nerve?